Research Methodology

2. Research
 RESEARCH=RE+SEARCH
 “RE” MEANS AGAIN AND AGAIN
 “SEARCH” MEANS TO FIND OUT
SOMETHING
 It include collecting, organizing and
evaluating data.
 The systematic approach concerning
generalization and the formulation of theory is
also research

3. Objectives of Research
 Defining and redefining the problems
 Find out truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered yet.
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon to achieve new
insight into it.
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
 To test a hypothesis of casual relationship between variable
 To portray accurately the characteristics of particular
individual, situation or a group.
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else.
 Making deductions and reading conclusions .
 Testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypotheses

4. DEFINITION
“ Research is a careful & systematic afford of gaining
new knowledge”.
- Marry and Redman
“A collection of methods and methodologies that
researchers apply systematically to produce
scientifically based knowledge about the social world”.
- Neuman

5. Motivation in Research
 Desire to get research degree
 Desire to face challenges in solving the
unsolved problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy doing
some creative work
 Desire to be of service to the society
 Desire to get responsibility

6. Type of
Research
Descript
ive vs.
Analytic
al
Applied
vs.
Fundam
ental
Quantita
tive vs.
Qualitati
ve
Concept
ual vs.
Empiric
al
Some
Other
Types of
Researc
h

7. Conceptual Research
• Related to some abstract idea(s) or theory.
• In generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to
reinterpret existing ones.
Empirical Research
• Data based research which depends on
experience or observation alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.
CONCEPTUAL & EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

8. SOME OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Research confined to a single time
period
• E.g. Population Censes
One-time Research
• Research carried on over several time periods.
• It repeatedly draw sample units of a population over time.
• • One method is to draw different units from the same
sampling frame.
• • A second method is to use a “panel” where the same people
are asked to respond periodically
• e.g. Trend studies, Panel studies
Longitudinal
Research
• Such research follow case-study methods or in
depth approaches to reach the basic causal
relationst.
• E.g. Researches done by doctors on a crucial
disease
Diagnostic
Research / clinical
research

9. A researcher is
free to pick up a
problem,
redesign the
enquiry as he
proceeds and is
prepared to
conceptualize
as he wishes
Conclusion
Oriented Research is always
for the need of a
decision maker and
the researcher in
this case is not free
to embark upon
research according
to his own
inclination.
E.g Operations
research is an
example of decision
oriented research
since it is a
scientific method of
providing
Decision-
oriented
research

10. Historical
Research
• Utilizes historical sources like
documents, remains, etc. to study events
or ideas of the past, including the
philosophy of persons and groups at any
remote point of time
Exploratory
Research /
Formulative
Research
• It is the preliminary study of an
unfamiliar problem, about which the
researcher has little or no knowledge.
Any research starts with an exploratory
research that's a basic step.
Field-setting
research
/laboratory
research
/simulation
research
• Depending upon the environment in
which it is to be carried out.
• E.g gathering the data

11. Research approaches •
Three types of research approaches are
 Quantitative approach.
 Qualitative approach.
 Mixed methods approach
Quantitative
approach
• in terms of using numbers
• closed-ended questions
• testing objective theories by examining the relationship among
variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically on
instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using
statistical procedures.
• The final written report has a set structure consisting of
introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and discussion.
• This approach can be further sub- classified into
• inferential,(guess) - same characteristics
• experimental - effect on other variables and
• simulation approaches - construction of an artificial environment
within which relevant information.

12. Qualitative
Research
• in terms of using words
• open-ended questions
• approach for exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human
problem.
• The process of research involves emerging questions
and procedures, data typically collected in the
participant’s setting, data analysis inductively building
from particulars to general themes, and the researcher
making interpretations of the meaning of the data.
• The final written report has a flexible structure.
• Those who engage in this form of inquiry
support a way of looking at research that
honors an inductive style, a focus on
individual meaning, and the importance
of rendering the complexity of a situation