Second green revolution for sustainable agriculture development

2. SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

3. “You can’t build a peaceful world on empty
stomachs and human misery.”
Norman Borlaug

4.  Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy
 More than two-thirds of work force work in agriculture
 1960s – Green revolution increased the agriculture
production
 Today more than 80 per cent want to leave the farming
Introduction

5.  To study the achievements of 1960 s Green
Revolution
 To know the shortcomings of 1960 s Green
Revolution
 To focus on present agriculture scenario of Indian
agriculture
 To understand the reasons for the second phase of
Green Revolution to attain long-term sustainability

6.  During mid 1960s, the Indian subcontinent
experienced famine and starvation
 In 1965, famine became so acute
 Dr M. S. Swaminathan requested the Director of
IARI Dr. B.P. Pal to arrange for visit of Borlaug
 In 1966 – India imported 18,000 tons of seeds

7.  In India yield increased from 12.3 million tons in
1965 to 20.1 million tons in 1970.
 William Gaud coined the term “Green revolution”
Contd.,

8.  Traditional agriculture was replaced by scientific practices
 Farmers tend to use HYV seeds
 The consumption of chemical fertilizers was increased
 Multiple cropping system was introduced
 The preparation of land, control of weeds, use of
pesticides, etc. were adopted more scientifically

9.  The Green Revolution has brought about a sharp
increase in the food grain production
 The Green Revolution has given a boost to
agricultural employment
 New technologies in agriculture have strengthened
the linkages between agriculture and industry.
Contd.,

10. AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF FOOD GRAINS ALONG WITH
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE UNDER IRRIGATION IN INDIA
Year
Area(Million
Hectare)
Production
(Million Tonne)
Yield (Kg.
/Hectare)
% Coverage
under Irrigation
1950-51 97.32 50.82 522 18.1
1960-61 115.58 82.02 710 19.1
1970-71 124.32 108.42 872 24.1
1980-81 126.67 129.59 1023 29.7
1990-91 127.84 176.39 1380 35.1
2k-01 121.05 196.81 1626 43.4
www.indiastat.com

11.  Limited coverage of crops
 Applicability was restricted to irrigated area
 Sidelining of small and marginal farmers
 Dualism in production techniques

12.  Displacement of labour
 Harmful economic and social effects

13.  Limited coverage of crops
The Green Revolution was initially limited to only a few
field crops
Major commercial crops have not made significant progress
 Applicability was restricted to irrigated area
 Limited applicability
The Green Revolution was applied to the areas which have
adequate water supply through irrigational facilities
The HYV seeds have been adopted only in land with assured
water supply
Contd.,

14.  Restricted area
The spectacular rise in food production has taken place
in Punjab, Haryana and Western UP
 Sidelining of small and marginal farmers
The big landlords who own large farms are capable of
making heavy investment
They are able to secure loan at low rate of interest
The small farmers borrow money from village money
lenders
Contd.,

15. DISTRIBUTION OF OPERATIONAL HOLDINGS IN INDIA
Year Category of Holdings
Marginal (Less
than 1 Hectares
Small (1.0 to 2.0
Hectares)
Semi-Medium
(2.0 to 4.0
Hectares)
Medium (4.0 to
10.0 Hectares)
Large (10.0 &
above)
Total
1960-61 88000 - 16000 - 26200 - 40100 - 40400 - 1314 -
1970-71 14545 (9.0) 19282 (11.9) 29999 (18.4) 48234 (29.8) 50064 (30.9) 162124 (100.0)
1980-81 19735 (12.0) 23169 (14.1) 34645 (21.2) 48543 (29.6) 37705 (23.0) 163797 (100.0)
1985-86 22042 (13.4) 25708 (15.6) 36666 (22.3) 47144 (28.6) 33002 (20.1) 164562 (100.0)
1990-91 24894 (15.1) 28827 (17.4) 38375 (23.2) 44752 (27.0) 28659 (17.3) 165507 (100.0)
1995-96 28121 (17.2) 30722 (18.8) 38953 (23.8) 41398 (25.3) 24163 (14.8) 163357 (100.0)
2000-01* 30088 (18.8) 32260 (20.2) 38305 (24.0) 38125 (23.8) 21124 (13.2) 159903 (100.0)
www.indiastat.com

16.  Dualism in production techniques
A significant group of peasants found themselves
handicapped by poor financial resources
They continue to work by traditional techniques
 Displacement of labour
Adoption of new technology has led to the substitution
of human labour with mechanical processes.
Contd.,

17.  Harmful economic and social effects
The Green Revolution has created three kind of conflicts
 Between big landlords and marginal farmers
 Between owners and tenant farmers
 Between employer and employees
Contd.,

18. INDIAN COMMODITY IN WORLD MARKET
Commodity Rank
Milk I
Vegetables and
fruits
II
Spice and spice
products
I
Cashew nut I
Areca nut I
Coconut III
Fish III
Inland fish II
www.indiastat.com

19.  Agriculture still a gamble with monsoon
 Restricted use of new technology
 Decline in Investment in Agriculture
 Decline in Agricultural production

20.  Lack of adequate credit facilities
 Conversion of Agricultural Land for non
agriculture purpose
 Growing rural poverty
Contd.,

21. Agriculture still a gamble with monsoon
Even after 60 years of planning, agriculture in India
continues to depend on the monsoon conditions
Rain fed area – 70% of total net sown area
Rain fed crop- 48% of total area under food crop
68% of area under non-food crops
50 % total work force depend on rain-fed agriculture

22. Restricted use of new technology
New agricultural technology succeeded only in wheat
and rice
Dry land cultivation was not touched
Decline in investment in agriculture
Public investment in real terms has declined considerably
The share of agricultural sector’s in GDP is declined
Contd.,

23. SHARE OF AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTOR IN TOTAL
GCF(%)
Year Public and Private
sector(%)
1999-2000 10.2
2000-01 9.7
2001-02 11.7
2002-03 10.3
2003-04 8.8
2004-05 7.7
2005-06 7.2
2006-07 7.0
Source: Agricultural statistics at a Glance 2008,
Directorate of Economics and Statistics

24. ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH RATE
Five year plans Overall GDP
growth rate
Agriculture and
allied sector
7th plan (1985-96) 6.0 3.2
Annual plan (1990-
92)
3.4 1.3
8th plan (1992-97) 6.7 4.7
9th plan (1997-2002) 5.5 2.1
10th plan (2002-07) 2.2
11th plan (2007-
2012)*
4.35*
2007-08 9 4.9
2008-09 6.7 1.6
2009-10 7.2* 0.2*
*- Estimated Source - CSO

25. Decline in Agricultural production
The agricultural production has declined sharply to 204
million tones during 2004-05 from 212 million tonnes
during 2003-04

26. 4th Advanced Estimates of Agriculture Production 2007-08
Crop 2008-09 2009-10
Rice 99.18 M.T 87.56 M.T
Wheat 80.68 M.T 80.28 M.T
Coarse cereals 40.40 M.T 34.27 M.T
Pulses 14.57 M.T 14.74 M.T
Oil seeds 277.30 L.T 263.20 L.T
Sugar cane 2850.30 L.T 2512.70 L.T
Cotton * 222.80 223.20
Jute and Mesta* 103.60 103.60
Source: Agricultural statistics at a Glance
2008, Directorate of Economics and Statistics
*- Million bales

27. FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION (MILLION TONNES)
2007-08 2008-09
Crop Final Targets 3rd Advance
estimates
% Increase(+)
Decrease (-) over
final 2007-08
% Increase(+)
Decrease (-) Vis-à-
vis target for 2007-
08
Rice 96.69 97.00 99.37 2.8 2.4
Wheat 78.57 78.50 77.63 -1.2 -1.1
Coarse
cereals
40.76 42.00 38.67 -5.1 -7.9
Cereals 216.02 217.50 215.67 -0.2 -0.8
Total
pulses
14.76 15.50 14.18 -3.9 -8.5
Total food
grains
230.78 233.00 229.85 -0.4 -1.4
Source: Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

28. PRODUCTION V/S IMPORT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Year
Urea (lakh ton) DAP (lakh ton)
Production Import Production Import
2000-01 196.24 nil 48.82 8.61
2001-02 190.03 220 50.91 9.33
2002-03 186.21 1.19 52.36 3.83
2003-04 190.38 1.43 47.09 7.34
2004-05 202.39 6.41 51.72 6.44
2005-06 200.85 20.57 45.54 24.38
2006-07 202.71 47.19 47.13 28.75
2007-08 198.39 69.28 42.11 27.2
2008-09 199.23 56.67 29.93 61.92
2009-10* 205.00 60.00 43.00 70.00
*- Estimated

29. Lack of adequate credit facilities
Banks are still beyond the reach of small and marginal
farmers.
There was an unprecedented number of farmers who
committed suicide on account of debts.
Conversion of Agricultural Land
In the name of SEZ the prime agricultural land is being
diverted
Increase in the cost of inputs and lack of adequate credit
force the small landholders to sell their land
Contd.,

30. Agriculture
land
Pressure on land
•Increasing population
•Changing life style
•Value for agriculture land
is decreasing
Agronomic practices
•Use of chemicals
•Less use of organic matter
•Reduced production
Environmental pressure
•Climate change
•Soil erosion
•Distraction of plant
species
youth perception in
agriculture
•Migrating towards cities
•Higher education level
•Neglecting agriculture

31. Growing rural poverty
Migration of agricultural laborers to town and cities for
their livelihood
Which creates scarcity of agricultural laborers in villages
Contd.,

32. RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION (%)
(1951-2001)
Census year
Per cent
Rural Urban
1951 82.7 17.3
1961 82.0 18.0
1971 80.1 19.9
1981 76.7 23.3
1991 74.3 25.7
2001 72.2 27.8

33.  Increasing the cultivable lands
 New strategies of Irrigation and Water
Management
 Covering more crops
 Adequacy of Inputs

34.  Providing Finance and Insurance
 Improving the human resource in agriculture
 Providing Marketing facilities
Contd.,

35.  Increasing the cultivable lands
Converting the dry land into wet lands
Government legislation-Prevent the sale of agricultural
lands to builders
 New strategies of Irrigation and Water
Management
According to experts 90% of water available is allocated to
irrigation, which is waste full use of water

36.  New strategies of irrigation are
Protection of water bodies by preventing construction of
roads, buildings, etc.
Control and proper method of irrigation in canal and tank
command areas
Repair and maintain the traditional system of water
harvesting
Using sprinkler irrigation
Introducing drip irrigation
Training farmers and extension workers in water
management
Contd.

37.  Covering more crops
The second Green Revolution should cover not only
wheat and rice but also other cereals
Additional area can be brought under pulses cultivation
This will results in production of more than 9 million
tonnes a year
Contd.

38.  Adequacy of inputs
Government must ensure the uninterrupted supply of
inputs.
Inputs should reach the small farmers – Co-operatives
The use of Bio-fertilizers has to be expanded.
Contd.

39.  Providing Finance and insurance
National Commission on Farmers-enhancing farm
productivity and avoid farmers suicide
Reduce the rate of interest on crop loans
Crop Insurance scheme must be made compulsory
Contd.

40.  Improving the Human Resource in Agriculture
Unemployment and very low wages drive away the laborers
from the rural area to urban areas
Retain of labourers for agriculture
Implementation of Minimum Wage Act.
Resettlement of land
Improving the stander of living
Implementation on NREGS during off season only

41.  Providing Marketing facilities
Providing co-operative marketing for agricultural
products
Regulated markets and Uzhavar Sandhai should be
established in large number.
Contd

42. “When people stop talking about farmer, when people
fail to recognize their role in feeding the country, be
sure there is something terribly wrong happening in
agriculture.”

43. Thank you