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11© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
FIGURE 1.15 World Regions These regions are the basis for the 12 regional
chapters in this book.
Chapter 1: Globalization and Diversity
FIGURE 1.4 Global Culture in the United States The multilingual welcome
offered by a public library in Montgomery County, Maryland, not only speaks
to the many different languages spoken by people in the suburbs of
Washington, DC, but also reminds us that expressions of globalization are
found throughout North America.

Learning Objectives
• Understand framework for studying world regional geography
• Examine varied aspects of globalization
– Environmental, cultural, geopolitical, economic, social
• Understand the following models and terms
– Demographic transition
– Measures of population growth and change
– Measures of economic development
– Indicators of social development
– State, nation, and nation-state
– Culture
– Core-periphery model

Diversity Amid Globalization
• Globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of people
and places through the converging processes of economic,
political, and cultural change
• Converging currents of globalization
– Communications and transportation
– Economic transformation
• Multinational corporations,
financial institutions
• Global free-trade agreements
• Market economies and
privatization
• Global markets
• Globalization of labor
FIGURE 1.1 Global Communications
South Indian family rents out TV viewing
time.
FIGURE 1.7 Protest Against
Globalization This took place at
a Washington, DC, meeting of
the World Bank and IMF.

• Globalization may threaten local diversity
• Globalization can cause tension between traditional
cultures and external globalizing influences
– Examples: clothing, food, movies
– Many global goods and services originate in
North America
• Hybridization or syncretism: sometimes
occurs when forms of American popular
culture spread abroad then are melded with
local cultural traditions
FIGURE 1.3 Global Shopping Malls Once a fixture only of suburban North America, the shopping mall
is now found worldwide. This mall is in the city of Kunming, in China’s Yunnan province.
Globalization and Cultural Change

• Globalization and geopolitics
– United Nations provides representation to all countries
– International agreements promote global trade and
cultural exchange
• Environmental concerns
– Globalized economy, transnational corporations create
environmental problems, disrupt local ecosystems
– Native peoples may lose resource base
– Globalization aggravates world environmental
problems (climate change, air and water pollution,
deforestation)
– International treaties may help
Globalization and Cultural Change (cont.)

• Social dimensions
– Increased international migration
– Criminal element of globalization
• Globalization of terrorism, drugs, gambling,
pornography, and prostitution
FIGURE 1.6
The Global Drug Trade
Globalization and Cultural Change (cont.)

• The pro-globalization stance (advantages)
– Globalization is logical expression of capitalism
– Removing trade barriers will increase efficiency, spread new
technology and ideas
– Free flow of capital will enhance global economic wealth
– The world’s poorer countries will catch up through globalization
Advocates and Critics of Globalization
FIGURE 1.10 World Trade Organization (WTO) The WTO,
created in 1995, is one of the most powerful institutions of economic
globalization. It oversees trade agreements, encourages open markets,
enforces trade rules, and settles disputes.

• Critics of globalization (disadvantages)
– Today’s core, developed countries did not use globalization’s
free-market economic model to foster their own development
– Globalization promotes free-market, export-oriented
economies at the expense of local, indigenous economies,
creating greater inequalities
– Spreads undesirable things (disease, crime, harmful plants and
animals)
• A middle position?
– Globalization is probably unavoidable but can be managed
– Even anti-globalization forces use the global reach of the
Internet to oppose globalization
– Strong and efficient governments, international organizations,
and watchdog groups can help manage globalization
Advocates and Critics of Globalization (cont.)

• Diversity in a globalizing world
– The world is still a diverse place, in spite of
homogenization
• Language, religion, politics, economics
• Foods, architecture, urban form
– Ethnic and cultural differences contribute to separatist
political movements
FIGURE 1.14 Tribal Warfare Rebels from the
Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) declared war
against the Sudanese government in the province
of Darfur. What started as two groups has
expanded into dozens of warring factions,
causing a major humanitarian crisis.
FIGURE 1.12 Economic Turmoil in
Iceland A protest against in Iceland against
its government’s handling of the 2009
economic crisis. Given the size of Iceland’s
economy, the collapse of its bubble economy
was the largest suffered by any country in
history.
Advocates and Critics of Globalization (cont.)

Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography
• Geography describes Earth and explains spatial
patterns
• Themes and issues in world regional geography
– Environmental geography (covered in Chapter 2)
– Population and settlement
– Cultural coherence and
diversity
– Geopolitical framework
– Economic and social
development
FIGURE 1.9 Global Sweatshops
Women working in a sweatshop perform labor-
intensive work for low wages.

• Earth’s population: more than 6.7 billion
– About 80 million born each year (15,000 each hour)
– 90 percent of population growth is
in developing regions (Africa,
South Asia, East Asia, Latin America)
• Important population issues
– Population growth rates vary
– Countries have different approaches to family planning;
France encourages more children, China limits family size
– Migration, including rural-to-urban migration, is an important
part of globalization
– The greatest international migration in human history is
occurring NOW
Population and Settlement: People on the Land
FIGURE 1.17

World Population
FIGURE 1.16 World Population Population densities vary from place to place.
• Usually, people live where water and other resources are available in
appropriate amounts. Thus, you can trace the path of the Nile River via the
population shown living along it. Population densities are highest in East
Asia and South Asia and are very low in Canada and Russia (too cold), the
Sahara (too dry), and the Amazon (too moist). Population densities are
higher in cities than in rural areas.

Population indicators for the ten largest countries (based on population)
World Population (cont.)

• Measuring population
– Rate of natural increase (RNI): annual growth rate for a
country or region as a percentage increase; world RNI is
1.2 percent per year
• Crude birth rate (CBR): total number of births divided by
the total population; world CBR = 21 per 1,000
• Crude death rate (CDR): total number of deaths divided
by the total population; world CDR = 8 per 1,000
– Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of
children born by a statistically average woman (world
average = 2.6; Europe = 1.5; Africa = 4.8)
• More or less the average number of children per family
• TFR of 2.1 results in a stable population (under 2.1 =
shrinking population; over 2.1= growing population)
Population Growth and Change

• Measuring population, continued
– Young and old populations
• Percentage of population under age 15 indicates growth
potential
– World average = 27 percent; Africa = 41 percent (some
African countries near 50 percent); Europe = 15 percent;
North America = 20 percent
• Percentage of population over age 65 reflects needs for
senior citizens (highest in developed regions; low in
LDCs)
– Life expectancy: average length of life expected at
birth; related to nutrition, sanitation, health care, and
so on*
• World average = 67; Africa = 51; Japan = 83
Population Growth and Change
*Life expectancy data are included in Table 1.2

Population Pyramids
FIGURE 1.19 Population Pyramids
Population pyramids show the gender and percentage of the population in each age group.

The Demographic Transition
BR, DR high;
low to no pop.
growth
DR drops due to
improved food
supply, sanitation;
pop. grows
BR drops due to
industrialization,
urbanization,
education; pop.
grows
BR, DR low;
low to no pop.
growth; population
high but stable
FIGURE 1.20

• Today >190 million people live outside the country of their
birth; one-third live in seven industrialized countries
• Linked to global economy
– Push forces: negative conditions that drive people from a
location. Examples: oppression, war, unemployment, natural
disasters (e.g., famine, Hurricane Katrina)
– Pull forces: favorable conditions that attract people.
Examples: economic opportunity (jobs), freedom, good
climate
– Most migration involves both push and pull forces
• Networks of families, friends, and
sometimes labor contractors connect
migrants from their origins to their
destinations
FIGURE 1.21 Refugees Worldwide, about 35 million people are
refugees. Here, refugees in southern Sudan wait in line for water.
Migration Patterns

• Cities are the focal points of the modern globalizing world
• Mexico City and São Paolo (Brazil): each has >20 million
residents; add 10,000 each week; expected to double in the
next 15 years
– Urbanized population: percentage of a
country’s people who live in cities
• On average, 48 percent of world’s population
lives in cities
• Developed areas: more than 80 percent urbanized
• Developing regions: often much lower than
50 percent (e.g, in Zimbabwe, only 34 percent
of the people live in cities)
An Urban World
FIGURE 1.24 Squatter Settlements Massive and rapid migration to world cities
makes it difficult to meet the needs for housing, sanitation, and other infrastructure.
This often leads to squatter settlements such as these in New Delhi, India.

Growth of World Cities
(2005–2015)
FIGURE 1.23 Growth of World Cities

• Culture is LEARNED (not innate), is SHARED (not
individual) behavior, and includes both ABSTRACT
(language, religion) and MATERIAL elements
(architecture, technology)
• When cultures collide
• Cultural imperialism: active promotion
of one cultural system over another
• Cultural nationalism: the process of defending a cultural
system against offensive cultural expression while at the
same time actively promoting local or national values
• Cultural syncretism or hybridization: the blending of
elements of culture to form a new culture
Culture in a Globalizing World

• Language and culture are closely tied
– Language is often the characteristic that best
defines cultural groups
• Dialect: a distinctive form of a language
associated with a specific region (e.g., American
English, British English)
• Lingua franca: a third language that is adopted by
people from different cultural groups within a
country who cannot speak each other’s language
(e.g., Swahili in Africa, English in India)
FIGURE 1.29 English as a Global Language
A bilingual traffic sign in Dubai.
Language and Culture in Global Context

World Languages
FIGURE 1.28 World Languages Most languages belong to one of a handful of major language families. About half the world’s people
speak a language in the Indo-European language family.

• Religion, like language, is an extremely important
defining trait of cultural groups
• Universalizing religion: attempts to appeal to all
people regardless of location or culture (examples:
Christianity, with 2 billion; Islam, with 1.2 billion;
Buddhism)
• Ethnic religion: identified closely with a specific
ethnic group; does not actively seek converts
(examples: Judaism; Hinduism, with 850 million in
India)
• Secularization: exists when people consider
themselves to be nonreligious or outright atheistic
(about 1 billion)
Geography of World Religion
FIGURE 1.31
Religious Landscapes
Statue of the sea deity Kwun
Yum at the Tin Hau Temple in
Repulse Bay, Hong Kong.

Major Religious Traditions
FIGURE 1.30 Major Religious Traditions

Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity
• Geopolitics: term that describes the close link between
geography and political activity
– Focuses on the interaction between power, territory,
and space at all scales
– State: a political unit with territorial boundaries
recognized by other countries and internally governed
by an organizational structure
– Nation: a large group of people who share many
cultural elements (e.g., language, religion, cultural
identity) and view themselves as a single political
community
– Nation-state: a relatively homogenous cultural group
with its own fully independent political territory (e.g.,
Japan, France); Kurds are a nation without a state
FIGURE 1.32
End of the Cold War
A monument to Lenin is
toppled in Bucharest,
Romania (1990).

Kurds: A Nation Without a State
FIGURE 1.33
A Nation Without a State
Not all nations or large cultural groups control their
own territories and thus are without a state. The
Kurdish people of Southwest Asia occupy a large
cultural region that is split among four different
political states (Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran). As a
result of this political fragmentation, the Kurds are
considered a minority in each of these four countries,
and have sometimes faced discrimination.

• Centrifugal forces: Cultural and political forces acting to
weaken or divide an existing state
– Examples: linguistic minority status, ethnic separatism,
territorial autonomy, disparities in income and well-being
• Centripetal forces: Forces that promote political unity and
reinforce the state structure
– Examples: shared sense of history, need for military
security, overarching economic structure
Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
FIGURE 1.34
Basque Separatism
Basques of northeast Spain have demanded
independence.

Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity (cont.)
• Global terrorism
– Today, many terrorist attacks (like those in the United States in
September 2001) are not attached to a nationalist or regional
geopolitical aspiration to achieve independence or autonomy
– Global terrorism is a product and an expression of globalization
• Asymmetrical warfare: the differences between a superpower’s
military technology and strategy and the lower-level technology
and decentralized guerilla tactics used by Al Qaeda and the
Taliban
FIGURE 1.35 Global
Terrorism England has
suffered attacks by
groups advocating
independence for
Northern Ireland, as
well as more recent
attacks by terrorists
allied with Islamic
extremism.

• Colonialism and decolonialization
• Colonialism: formal establishment of rule over a
foreign population
• Decolonialization: the process of a colony’s gaining
(or regaining) control over its territory and
establishing a separate independent government
Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity (cont.)
FIGURE 1.37 Colonial Vestiges in Vietnam The red
star flag of communist Vietnam flies in front of the
Hotel de Ville in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).
This juxtaposition of the contemporary government’s
symbol and the architecture of the French colonial
period captures the process of decolonialization and
independence.

The Colonial World in 1914
FIGURE 1.36 The Colonial World, 1914 This world map shows the extent of colonial power and territory
just prior to World War I. At that time, most of Africa was under colonial control, as were Southwest Asia, South
Asia, and Southeast Asia. Australia and Canada were very closely aligned with England. Also note that in Asia,
Japan controlled colonial territory in Korea and northeastern China, which was known as Manchuria at that time.

Economic and Social Development:
The Geography of Wealth and Poverty
• Economic development brings increased prosperity to
individuals, regions, and nation-states
• More- and less-developed countries
– Core-periphery model: United States, Canada, western
Europe, and Japan make up the economic core in the
Northern Hemisphere, and most areas to the south make
up a less-developed periphery
• Indicators of economic development
– Development: qualitative and quantitative measures
indicating structural changes (getting “better”)
– Growth: increase in the size of a system (getting bigger)

• Gross domestic product (GDP): the value of all final goods and
services produced within a country
• Gross national income (GNI): the value of all final goods and
services produced within a country, plus net income from abroad
– GNI per capita: obtained by dividing the GNI by a country’s
population
FIGURE 1.40 More- and Less-
Developed Countries Based upon
GNI per capita, PPP adjusted, one sees
the global pattern of more- and less-
developed countries (MDCs and
LDCs). Africa and the different parts
of Asia stand out as the regions with
the greatest number of developing
countries.
Indicators of Economic Development

• Poverty: living on less than $2/day; deep poverty defined as
living on less than $1/day
• Under age five mortality: number of children who die per 1,000
persons; related to availability of food, basic health care
• Adult literacy rates: percentage of a society’s males and females
who can read; related to economic development, birth rates
• Gender equity: ratio of males to
females enrolled in primary and
secondary school (<100 — more
males; >100 — more females
Indicators of Social Development
FIGURE 1.38 The Global Recession Two indicators of
global economic activity, the price of crude oil and the
Baltic Dry Index (BDI), reflect economic expansion
followed by contraction.

FIGURE 1.41 Human Development Index The United Nations tracks social development through the HDI, which combines
data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equity, income, and life expectancy. Data are from 2006.
Indicators of Social Development

Development Indicators

• Globalization is driving a fundamental reorganization of
economies and cultures through trade agreements,
supranational organizations, military alliances, and
cultural exchanges
• Discussion of each region includes five themes:
– Environmental geography
– Population and settlement
– Cultural coherence and diversity
– Geopolitical framework
– Economic and social development geographies
Summary

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