30. Fig. 23-6
Frequencies of alleles
Alleles in the population
Gametes produced
Each egg: Each sperm:
80%
chance
80%
chance
20%
chance
20%
chance
q = frequency of
p = frequency of
CR
allele = 0.8
CW
allele = 0.2
70. Fig. 23-13
Original population
(c) Stabilizing selection(b) Disruptive selection(a) Directional selection
Phenotypes (fur color)FrequencyofindividualsOriginal
population
Evolved
population
71. Fig. 23-13a
Original population
(a) Directional selection
Phenotypes (fur color)
Frequencyofindividuals
Original population
Evolved population
83. Fig. 23-16
SC male gray
tree frog
Female gray
tree frog
LC male gray
tree frog
EXPERIMENT
SC sperm × Eggs × LC sperm
Offspring of
LC father
Offspring of
SC father
Fitness of these half-sibling offspring compared
RESULTS
1995Fitness Measure 1996
Larval growth
Larval survival
Time to metamorphosis
LC better
NSD
LC better
(shorter)
LC better
(shorter)
NSD
LC better
NSD = no significant difference; LC better = offspring of LC males
superior to offspring of SC males.
84. Fig. 23-16a
SC male gray
tree frog
Female gray
tree frog
LC male gray
tree frog
SC sperm × Eggs × LC sperm
Offspring of
LC father
Offspring of
SC father
Fitness of these half-sibling offspring compared
EXPERIMENT
85. Fig. 23-16b
RESULTS
1995Fitness Measure 1996
Larval growth
Larval survival
Time to metamorphosis
LC better
NSD
LC better
(shorter)
LC better
(shorter)
NSD
LC better
NSD = no significant difference; LC better = offspring of LC males
superior to offspring of SC males.
90. Fig. 23-17
0–2.5%
Distribution of
malaria caused by
Plasmodium falciparum
(a parasitic unicellular eukaryote)
Frequencies of the
sickle-cell allele
2.5–5.0%
7.5–10.0%
5.0–7.5%
>12.5%
10.0–12.5%
99. Fig. 23-UN2
Sampling sites
(1–8 represent
pairs of sites)
Salinity increases toward the open ocean
N
Long Island
Sound
Allele
frequencies
Atlantic
Ocean
Other lap alleleslap94
alleles
Data from R.K. Koehn and T.J. Hilbish, The adaptive importance of genetic variation,
American Scientist 75:134–141 (1987).
E
S
W
1 2 3 4 5 9 106 7 8 11
1
11
10
2 3
4 5 6 7 8
9