Learning Team A analyzed the decades-long history of tobacco advertising and marketing tactics. In the 1920s, Edward Bernays pioneered the use of social science in public persuasion campaigns. He arranged for models to light cigarettes as a symbol of women's rights at a New York City parade, framing smoking as a gesture of freedom. Since then, tobacco companies have targeted specific demographics through magazine ads, movie placements, and branding like the Marlboro Man. More stringent government regulations and health warnings have curtailed tobacco advertising in recent decades.
19th February 2013, AWS User Group UK, Meetup #3, Quaterbacking The AWS Estat...AWS User Group UK
Agenda entry: Quarterbacking the AWS Estate, Ian Meyers, AWS Solutions Architect. In this session we'll review real world ways to ensure your AWS estate is secure and that you can keep good controls over what happens, when, and how much it costs. Covered in this session will be Account Management best practices, how to enable and configure programmatic billing, as well as setup for cost allocation tagging and billing alerts. Ian will also give a quick update on new AWS Services of Data Pipeline, Redshift and new High Capacity instances.
Organiser's commentary: Delighted as always to welcome a speaker from AWS. This time we had Ian, AWS Solutions Architect, to talk on security, programmatic billing, and exciting new products such as Red Shift and OpsWorks. This session was a particular coup as we had a good Q&A on OpsWorks with Ian on the very same day it was put on general release.
19th February 2013, AWS User Group UK, Meetup #3, The CentraStage Experience,...AWS User Group UK
Agenda entry: The CentraStage experience, Ian van Reenen, CTO CentraStage: With 200,000 distributed agents with persistent SSL connections, keeping them all alive in the cloud can be a challenge. In this talk Ian will share the learnings of CentraStage regarding ELB vs HAProxy, and give insight into their strategies to cater for connection avalanches after outages.
Organiser's comment: Our first double-act as Ian from CentraStage brought up his DevOps lead, Jason, for a strong discussion-led session about how CentraStage have worked with ELB and HAProxy. This was a great talk with some really engaging Q&A, thanks guys for bringing us an interesting topic.
Meetup #0 of the AWS User Group UK. This meetup was to bring a small group together to kick off a UK User Group for AWS. It was a great session, and we're hoping to have the first proper open meetup towards the end of February 2012. Check the "Notes" on the slides for speakers notes/minutes.
19th February 2013, AWS User Group UK, Meetup #3, Managing your apps on AWS: ...AWS User Group UK
Agenda entry: Managing your apps on AWS: Real life lessons with GigaSpaces, Ron Zanver. We’ve all learned Murphy’s inevitable law the hard way – if it can go wrong, it often will! But that doesn’t mean we can’t be ready for such scenarios in the cloud. In this talk, GigaSpaces will focus on the AWS environment, which is dynamic and volatile by nature, and how to maximise your utilisation and minimise downtime. This session will show you how you can architect your cloud-hosted systems to sustain such outages, delving into how to choose the right PaaS for the job, addressing data centre failures, how to avoid single points of failure, and more.
Organiser's commentary: Ron Zanver from GigaSpaces came to talk about the inherent instability of life in the cloud, and what you can do to protect yourself - it's all about good design and architecture. He also introduced us to GigaSaces' new Cloudify product, for abstracting estate management across multiple clouds and cloud vendors.
Required TextEffective Public Relations,” 11th edition, Glen M. anitramcroberts
Required Text:“Effective Public Relations,” 11th edition, Glen M. Broom and Bey-Ling Sha.
Read
1) Please read Chapter 2: "Practitioners of Public Relations" in the course textbook
Watch
Below is a classic video about the invention of modern public relations. In the video, "A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers" host Bill Moyers examines the rise of PR and the public relations campaign designed by Ivy Ledbetter Lee in 1914 to improve the image of John D. Rockefeller. This sheds light on the powerful role of the media in influencing how we feel about corporations and their leaders.
The host also talks with Edward L. Bernays, one of the founding fathers of public relations who was responsible for helping immortalize Thomas Edison through a creative global PR event and who first coined the term "public relations." Bernays was psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's nephew and often used psychological principals to help influence his PR campaigns. Though he later regretted it, Bernays was hired by a tobacco company in the 1920's to try and attract more female smokers. Bernays tried to break down the social taboo against women smoking cigarettes in public by depicting it as a feminist issue and convinced some debutantes into marching in the Easter Parade in New York with burning cigarettes, which they were instructed to call "torches of freedom." Bernays regretted the campaign after cigarettes were linked to cancer and worked to ban tobacco advertising from radio and TV in 1970.
Source:
"A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers"
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzQyoEphlXY
Discussion Board Post #2: "A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers"
After watching "A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers" please submit a Discussion Board post on the three most interesting things that you learned from the film.
...
Essay On Mass Media
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Research Paper On Mass Media
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Essay on Effects of Mass Media on Society
Essay On Mass Media
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Mass Media And Technology Essay
Essay on Mass Media and Pop Culture
Essay on Mass Media
Essay on Mass Media Society
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Essay on Development of Mass Media
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Culture And Psychology: The Role Of Mass Media
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≫ Muhammad Ali's Life Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Muhammad Ali Biography | Muhammad Ali | Middleweight. Essay: What Muhammad Ali Taught Me About My Faith and Identity. Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. and Muhammad Ali - Free Essay Example .... ⚡ Muhammad ali essay. Muhammad Ali Research Papers. 2022-10-30. Excellent Muhammad Ali Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali, a legend remembered. ≫ Muhammad Ali as an Athlete Activist Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Muhammad Ali sample chapter - Scholastic Shop. Muhammad Ali Biography by Reading Through History | TpT. FREE Muhammad Ali Essay - exampleessayscom. Muhammad ali essay introduction - lawwustl.web.fc2.com. A Mighty Striving - Biography of Maulana Muhammad Ali.
The Cold War between Digital and Traditional.. A Prospectus of what will Happen.MediaSci
Advertising is a well established industry since a hundred years ago. It passed with many different stages over the last decades. The 2000's is considered the is the beginning of war between both traditional and digital media.
A lot of shocking facts that are being revealed in the history of both traditional and digital media, yet the battle is still in the consumer's mind.
Cause And Effect Of Smoking Essay. Buy Cause And Effect Essay On Smoking Pdf;...Jamie Lynn
The Causes and Effects of Smoking Among Students (600 Words) - PHDessay.com. Cause and effect - Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Essay Problem And Solution About Smoking – Sketsa. The health hazards of smoking essay. Cause and effect essays on smoking | Hyderabad.
Tobacco Underground is an introduction to the tobacco industry in all it's forms.
From targeting young people, to animal cruelty, and all the lies in between this is a comprehensive multi-media presentation. It's got videos, tons of great photos and stats, and everything you need to start your career as an anti-tobacco activist. We are extremely excited about this presentation and hope you can use to educate the masses.
Check out more about this presentation here.
http://www.bethecatalyst.org/users/andyberndt/posts/56-Tobacco-Underground-Presentation
19th February 2013, AWS User Group UK, Meetup #3, Quaterbacking The AWS Estat...AWS User Group UK
Agenda entry: Quarterbacking the AWS Estate, Ian Meyers, AWS Solutions Architect. In this session we'll review real world ways to ensure your AWS estate is secure and that you can keep good controls over what happens, when, and how much it costs. Covered in this session will be Account Management best practices, how to enable and configure programmatic billing, as well as setup for cost allocation tagging and billing alerts. Ian will also give a quick update on new AWS Services of Data Pipeline, Redshift and new High Capacity instances.
Organiser's commentary: Delighted as always to welcome a speaker from AWS. This time we had Ian, AWS Solutions Architect, to talk on security, programmatic billing, and exciting new products such as Red Shift and OpsWorks. This session was a particular coup as we had a good Q&A on OpsWorks with Ian on the very same day it was put on general release.
19th February 2013, AWS User Group UK, Meetup #3, The CentraStage Experience,...AWS User Group UK
Agenda entry: The CentraStage experience, Ian van Reenen, CTO CentraStage: With 200,000 distributed agents with persistent SSL connections, keeping them all alive in the cloud can be a challenge. In this talk Ian will share the learnings of CentraStage regarding ELB vs HAProxy, and give insight into their strategies to cater for connection avalanches after outages.
Organiser's comment: Our first double-act as Ian from CentraStage brought up his DevOps lead, Jason, for a strong discussion-led session about how CentraStage have worked with ELB and HAProxy. This was a great talk with some really engaging Q&A, thanks guys for bringing us an interesting topic.
Meetup #0 of the AWS User Group UK. This meetup was to bring a small group together to kick off a UK User Group for AWS. It was a great session, and we're hoping to have the first proper open meetup towards the end of February 2012. Check the "Notes" on the slides for speakers notes/minutes.
19th February 2013, AWS User Group UK, Meetup #3, Managing your apps on AWS: ...AWS User Group UK
Agenda entry: Managing your apps on AWS: Real life lessons with GigaSpaces, Ron Zanver. We’ve all learned Murphy’s inevitable law the hard way – if it can go wrong, it often will! But that doesn’t mean we can’t be ready for such scenarios in the cloud. In this talk, GigaSpaces will focus on the AWS environment, which is dynamic and volatile by nature, and how to maximise your utilisation and minimise downtime. This session will show you how you can architect your cloud-hosted systems to sustain such outages, delving into how to choose the right PaaS for the job, addressing data centre failures, how to avoid single points of failure, and more.
Organiser's commentary: Ron Zanver from GigaSpaces came to talk about the inherent instability of life in the cloud, and what you can do to protect yourself - it's all about good design and architecture. He also introduced us to GigaSaces' new Cloudify product, for abstracting estate management across multiple clouds and cloud vendors.
Required TextEffective Public Relations,” 11th edition, Glen M. anitramcroberts
Required Text:“Effective Public Relations,” 11th edition, Glen M. Broom and Bey-Ling Sha.
Read
1) Please read Chapter 2: "Practitioners of Public Relations" in the course textbook
Watch
Below is a classic video about the invention of modern public relations. In the video, "A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers" host Bill Moyers examines the rise of PR and the public relations campaign designed by Ivy Ledbetter Lee in 1914 to improve the image of John D. Rockefeller. This sheds light on the powerful role of the media in influencing how we feel about corporations and their leaders.
The host also talks with Edward L. Bernays, one of the founding fathers of public relations who was responsible for helping immortalize Thomas Edison through a creative global PR event and who first coined the term "public relations." Bernays was psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's nephew and often used psychological principals to help influence his PR campaigns. Though he later regretted it, Bernays was hired by a tobacco company in the 1920's to try and attract more female smokers. Bernays tried to break down the social taboo against women smoking cigarettes in public by depicting it as a feminist issue and convinced some debutantes into marching in the Easter Parade in New York with burning cigarettes, which they were instructed to call "torches of freedom." Bernays regretted the campaign after cigarettes were linked to cancer and worked to ban tobacco advertising from radio and TV in 1970.
Source:
"A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers"
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzQyoEphlXY
Discussion Board Post #2: "A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers"
After watching "A Walk Through the 20th Century: The Image Makers" please submit a Discussion Board post on the three most interesting things that you learned from the film.
...
Essay On Mass Media
Essay about Mass Media
Essay on Mass Media Society
Mass Media Essay
Essay on Mass Media
Mass Media Essay
Essay On Mass Media
What Is Mass Media? Essay
Essay on Mass Media
Mass Media in America Essay
Research Paper On Mass Media
Essay On Mass Media
Essay on Effects of Mass Media on Society
Essay On Mass Media
Essay about Mass Media
Mass Media And Technology Essay
Essay on Mass Media and Pop Culture
Essay on Mass Media
Essay on Mass Media Society
Mass Media Transformation
Essay on Development of Mass Media
Essay On Effects Of Mass Media On Teen Media
Culture And Psychology: The Role Of Mass Media
What Is Mass Media? Essay
Mass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life
Effect of Media and Mass Communication Essay
Mass Media Essay
Essay on Mass Media
≫ Muhammad Ali's Life Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Muhammad Ali Biography | Muhammad Ali | Middleweight. Essay: What Muhammad Ali Taught Me About My Faith and Identity. Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. and Muhammad Ali - Free Essay Example .... ⚡ Muhammad ali essay. Muhammad Ali Research Papers. 2022-10-30. Excellent Muhammad Ali Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali, a legend remembered. ≫ Muhammad Ali as an Athlete Activist Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Muhammad Ali sample chapter - Scholastic Shop. Muhammad Ali Biography by Reading Through History | TpT. FREE Muhammad Ali Essay - exampleessayscom. Muhammad ali essay introduction - lawwustl.web.fc2.com. A Mighty Striving - Biography of Maulana Muhammad Ali.
The Cold War between Digital and Traditional.. A Prospectus of what will Happen.MediaSci
Advertising is a well established industry since a hundred years ago. It passed with many different stages over the last decades. The 2000's is considered the is the beginning of war between both traditional and digital media.
A lot of shocking facts that are being revealed in the history of both traditional and digital media, yet the battle is still in the consumer's mind.
Cause And Effect Of Smoking Essay. Buy Cause And Effect Essay On Smoking Pdf;...Jamie Lynn
The Causes and Effects of Smoking Among Students (600 Words) - PHDessay.com. Cause and effect - Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Essay Problem And Solution About Smoking – Sketsa. The health hazards of smoking essay. Cause and effect essays on smoking | Hyderabad.
Tobacco Underground is an introduction to the tobacco industry in all it's forms.
From targeting young people, to animal cruelty, and all the lies in between this is a comprehensive multi-media presentation. It's got videos, tons of great photos and stats, and everything you need to start your career as an anti-tobacco activist. We are extremely excited about this presentation and hope you can use to educate the masses.
Check out more about this presentation here.
http://www.bethecatalyst.org/users/andyberndt/posts/56-Tobacco-Underground-Presentation
Running head YWCA - PLAN FOR INTEGRATION INTO MUSEUM EXHIBIT .docxjeffsrosalyn
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Young Women Christian Association have over time worked towards empowering girl child through so many initiatives. There are so many photographic evidence that clearly defines their mission and objectives since the time it began. The concept of equality on all works of life has been a major challenge to the association and it has been the topic of the organization since it began (George, 2018). The Young Women Christian Association poster of 1919 with the initials of the organization, a portrait of a woman at the middle and the message the organization intended to carry tells more about the assistance in which the girls are being by the organization in the whole world. Through this, their young women from the disadvantaged communities are accredited from information, and advice among other services that the organization offers.
In the creation of the presentation which resonated with either the LinkedIn or Twitter, the organization has to major on what is composed of it together with what could be of the organization. This composed of what is happening at the organization together with what can be improved in order to make the audience feel interested (Berger, 2017). This can be achieved by assessing the achievements of the organization, challenges faced and how best a situation can be resolved. This is followed by explaining facts to the audience so that they can have new insights, abilities and information of the organization. Following this is the pitch where the presenter gets to know different ideas get to improve the situation. Next we have the drama where the influential history of the company is being told from how it was founded. All these are presented in the situation, opportunity resolution or the situation, complication, resolution way in the presentation.
Among the topics to be presented in highlighted way of creating a plan are violence preventions, racial justice, women and girls’ empowerment, women and girls’ economic advancement, and the civil rights among other topics. The targeted population for benefit and women and the girls while the ones responsible for such presentations are the different top leaders of the specific people that have been chosen by the organization.
The visual image has the picture of women holding hands which shows a sign of support on which the girls and the women receive from the YWCA organization.
Girls and the women are taken into consideration in order to fulfil the mission, vision and the goals of the organization.
Supporting the women and the girls in such a manner helps in elimination of the racism hence empowering them together with enabling them to contribute to the socioeconomic development of the.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. Introduction
Decades of Advertising
Targeted Messaging
Government Regulations
A Kinder Tobacco Industry
3. “Edward Bernays, nephew to Sigmund Freud, pioneered the use of social science in delivering public persuasion.
In the 1920s, working for the American Tobacco Company, he sent a group of young models to march in the New York City parade.
He informed the media that a group of women’s rights marchers would light “Torches of Freedom”.
On his signal, the models lit Lucky Strike cigarettes in front of the eager photographers (Taylor Herring Public Relations, 2009).”
The New York Times (1 April 1929) printed: “Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of ‘Freedom’”.
6. More Doctors Smoke Camels! - 1946 RTC Ad Campaign
(Camel Ad, 1930s)
“ What Cigarette Do You Smoke?”
7. • Insecurities: body image, peer acceptance, coolness,
need for power.
• Magazines: Rolling Stone, People
• PG and PG-13 movies
• Viewed as the next generation of smokers
8. 1920’s: Lucky Strikes
1970’s : Virginia Slims
Appealing to working class women with a desire to be
independent and successful
12. Advertolog. (2005). Marlboro Cigarettes: Marlboro Man 2. Retrieved on Sunday, Feb 7, 2010, from http://www.advertolog.com/marlboro/print-outdoor/marlboro-man-3-194440/
Borio, G. (2007). Tobacco BBS. Retrieved on February 5, 2010, from http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History20-2.html
Carney, S. (2007). Advertising to Teens: Why and How Marketers Target Kids. Retrieved on February 5, 2010 from http://youthdevelopment.suite101.com
Cigarette Health Warnings. (2009). History & Economics of Tobacco. Retrieved on Saturday, February 5, 2010 from http://healthliteracy.worlded.org/docs/tobacco/Unit1/2history_of.html
Ingram, B. (2010). Cigarette Commercials: Cigarette Advertising on TV. Retrieved on February 5, 2010 from, http://www.tvparty.com/vaultcomcig.html
John, R. (2009). How do I help a smoker quit smoking?. Retrieved on Saturday, February 5, 2010 from http://whyquit.com/pr/Images/winston.jpg
Kowalski, K. M. (2002). How Tobacco Ads Target Teens. Current Health 2.
Study. (2004). Working-Class Women are Target of Tobacco Companies' Marketing Campaigns. Women's Health Weekly.
Olstad, S. (2009). A Brief History of Cigarette Advertising. Time Magazine, 173(24).
MoALPHA: Missouri Association of Local Public Health Agencies. (). Partnership for smoking and health: Tobacco industry targeting of women and girls. Retrieved from
http://www.moalpha.org
R.J. Reynolds. (2010). Voluntary Cigarette Advertising and Promotional Code. Retrieved on February 6, 2010 from http://www.rjrt.com/advprmn.aspx
Taylor Herring Public Relations. (2009). The Publicity Stunt Hall of Fame. Retrieved on February 5, 2010, from http://www.taylorherring.com/blog/index.php/tag/madonna-and-britney-kiss
Wikipedia. (2010). Fairness Doctrine. Retrieved on February 6, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine
Editor's Notes
Thank you for joining us today. I look forward to presenting you with a historical overview of advertising in the tobacco industry and illustrating how government regulation has resulted in a kinder, friendlier tobacco industry.
From the first cigarette advertisement in a New York City newspaper in 1789 to the distribution of free cigarettes to soldiers during WWII, tobacco companies have always found a way to reach their target audience with their products. Through the use of catchy slogans such as “Light up a Lucky” or “Have a Camel” tobacco companies have found numerous ways to market their products. Early tobacco advertising was done primarily through print ads in newspaper and flyers.
As technology progressed, so did the advertising tactics of the tobacco industry. Product placement in movies and cartoons became common in the unregulated industry. They even went as far as sponsoring television shows like Gun Smoke and The Flintstones and famous athletes such as Mickey Mantle and George Herman Ruth in an effort to promote smoking to children and sports fans.
“If I told you the original network run of The Flintstones (1960-1966) was sponsored by a cigarette maker and that you could watch the main characters smoking Winstons at the end of the show, you probably wouldn't believe me. This animated series was a prime-time show, considered adult fare in 1960, so I guess nobody thought any better of it. With a large audience of youngsters tuning in at 8:30pm, was this proof that the tobacco companies were targeting younger potential smokers decades before Joe Camel? The Flintstones could also be seen selling beer during commercial breaks, for what that's worth (Ingram, 2010)”.
Not that long ago, it was a common occurrence to drive down the road and see a billboard with a tall handsome cowboy all dressed in black leaning against a barn and smoking a Marlboro cigarette. That cowboy, later deemed The Marlboro Man, became the symbol of cool to every hardworking man in the nation. From vending machines to store fronts, billboards to barn doors, television to magazines, cigarette smoking is portrayed as cool or hip in every type of media. The characters may change but the underlying message has always remained the same.
In 1946 the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company ran an informative ad campaign using a statistic that claims doctors smoke their products.
"According to a recent nationwide survey more doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette! Family physicians, surgeons, diagnosticians, nose and throat specialists, doctors in every branch of medicine-a total of -113,597 doctors were asked the question: "What cigarette do you smoke?" And more of them named Camel as their smoke than any other cigarette! Three independent research groups found this to be a fact. You see, doctors too smoke for pleasure. That full Camel flavor is just as appealing to a doctor's taste as to yours...that marvelous Camel mildness means just as much to his throat as to yours. Next time, get Camels (Borio, 2007).”
Although the advertisement is persuasive, it misrepresents the product as an appetite suppressant and does nothing to mention the health hazards associated with smoking.
Tobacco companies have targeted teens through numerous campaign ads that can be seen in magazines, billboards, and in movies. Cigarette ads can be seen in magazines that are read by teenagers such as Rolling Stone and People. In movies, smoking is promoted through actors/actresses that are popular with teens, who are smoking in the movie. Tobacco companies are focusing their ads on the insecurities of teenagers, such as anxieties about their body image, peer acceptance, being cool, and having a need for power. The ads will contain pictures of sexy, thin models smoking a cigarette, or groups of people having fun while smoking. Tobacco companies are targeting teens because they need to replace the millions of smokers who quit everyday, and those who die of tobacco related health issues. Phillip Morris was documented in 1981 as saying, “Today’s teenager is tomorrow’s potential regular customer, and the overwhelming majority of smokers first begin to smoke while in their teens (Kowalski, 2002).”
Tobacco companies have been targeting women since the 1920’s. In the 1920’s tobacco companies used ads such as Lucky Strikes, which used the slogan, “Reach for Lucky instead of a sweet.” In the 1970’s Virginia Slims, which is a cigarette product from Phillip Morris, used women who were perceived as independent and successful in their ads, and used the slogan, “You’ve come a long way baby.” In an article titled, “Tobacco industry targeting of women and girls,” it states, “Cigarette companies began to target women more directly, using the fashion, beauty, and sophistication themes that still continue today (MoAlpha).” In a study conducted by Elizabeth M. Barbeau and A. Leavy Sperounis of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, they found, “Two of the largest cigarette manufacturers in the U.S. consider "working class" young adults to be a critical market segment to promote growth of key brands. Through their own market research, these companies discovered that socially disadvantaged young women do not necessarily desire a "feminine" cigarette brand (Study, 2004).” The information found by tobacco industries lead them to direct more tobacco resources toward working-class women, in efforts that they would buy cigarettes. Tobacco companies started targeting women since the 20’s, then it was seen in the 70’s, and these types of ads can still be seen today, through the ads which depict sexy, thin, independent, successful women.
The methods that tobacco companies have used to advertise their products have changed with restrictions imposed by the government. The Fairness Doctrine was a policy of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) introduced in 1949 requiring the holders of broadcasting licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was honest, equitable, and balanced (Wikipedia, 2010). In 1967, Attorney John Banzhaf challenged the application of the Fairness Doctrine against tobacco advertising on televisions. The courts ruled in Banzhaf’s favor and consequently cigarette sales and youth smoking declined significantly as smokers became more aware of the health risks associated with cigarettes. From 1968 to 1970, there was one health advisory to every three cigarette advertisement on television. In 1971, a ban against broadcasting cigarette advertisements on television was enacted leading to additional smokers dropping the habit. This was a huge win for the public as cigarettes could no longer be advertised on television.
Despite the number of health warning issued about smoking, consumers of tobacco products continue to suffer from preventable diseases such as emphysema and lung cancer. The Food and Drug Administration have taken a large role in acting as an advocate for the public and educating them on the adverse health effects of smoking. On June 22, 2009, the United States Government passed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FDA, 2010). This act gave the Food and Drug Administration the right to regulate the tobacco industry including advertising and package design. “Among the new restrictions are a ban on tobacco advertising within 1,000 ft. of schools and playgrounds, a requirement that warning labels cover 50 percent of the front and back of cigarette packs and the end of sweetened and spice-flavored cigarettes (Olstad, 2009).” The tobacco industry has complied with the new regulations although they were not happy about doing so. Now, Cigarette packages must be clearly labeled with the negative effects of smoking such as impotence in men, birth defects in unborn children, and the possibility of addiction. If a product is harmful to the public, it should be common knowledge so that individuals can make educated decisions related to their health. After many years of misleading the public and downplaying the health hazards of smoking, the tobacco companies are finally being forced to advertise the truth on the front of their packages for everyone to see.
In the past few years, tobacco companies have been working to improve their image. After decades of misleading advertisements targeted at the youngest and weakest in our population, government regulations have forced the tobacco industry to admit their wrong doing and develop a strategy to mend the broken trust.
In response, Philip Morris launched “Quit Assist”, an informational website aimed at educating smokers on how to quit should they choose to do so. The website includes tips for quitting, motivational success stories, and a resource center to find the help you need to break the habit.
The R. J. Reynolds tobacco company adopted a voluntary cigarette advertising and promotion code. They have chosen to follow several rules in their advertising efforts to limit the audience their messaging reaches. For example:
No one depicted in cigarette advertising shall be or appear to be under 25 years of age.
Cigarette advertising shall not suggest that smoking is essential to social prominence, distinction, success or sexual attraction, nor shall it picture a person smoking in an exaggerated manner.
Cigarette advertising may picture attractive, healthy looking persons provided there is no suggestion that their attractiveness and good health is due to cigarette smoking.
Cigarette advertising shall not depict as a smoker anyone who is or has been well known as an athlete, nor shall it show any smoker participating in, or obviously just having participated in, a physical activity requiring stamina or athletic conditioning beyond that of normal recreation.
No sports or celebrity testimonials shall be used or those of others who would have special appeal to persons under 21 years of age.
(RJ Reynolds, 2010).
The tobacco companies have made a real effort to improve their image while maintaining their bottom line. It’s unfortunate that it took many rounds of government regulation to force them to clean up their act. It will be a long time before they can earn the trust of the public again after years of misleading advertisements and unethical business practices. With that being said, it appears that they are on the right track.