An introduction of bearing concepts will be discussed as a lead-in to the application and use of bearings in electric vehicles. Market trends and key influences such as social, regulatory, and commercial factors are driving the consumer market toward the adoption of electric vehicles. Electric vehicle drivetrain designs vary significantly from one manufacturer to another and the impact of the electrification strategy on a vehicle’s architecture highly depends on where an electric motor is integrated into the drivetrain. Consequently, design architecture, integration points, and challenging application drivers will impact bearing selection and the corresponding performance. Timken can offer valuable solutions to this emerging market leveraging technologies in the form of power dense, fuel efficient bearing solutions. Further details will be discussed on this bearing solution and the advantage it offers.

1. 1
Christopher Marks | March 13, 2019
STLE Canton Section 2019 Education Seminar
Bearings and Lubricants for
On-Highway Vehicle Electrification

2. 2
• Introduction to The Timken Company
• Bearings 101
• EV market drivers, forecast and technology
• Timken electric vehicle (EV) bearing solutions
Agenda

3. 3At a Glance
14,000+ employees
operating from
28 countries
Founded
in 1899
NYSE listed
since 1922
(TKR)
Headquarters in
North Canton, Ohio,
U.S.
$3.0 billion
in sales (2017)

4. 4Global Footprint
28
countries
57
sales offices
14K
associates
7%
Latin
America
Sales by Geography
60%
North
America
17%
Europe,
Middle
East,
Africa
16%
Asia
Pacific
75
plants and
service centers
24
logistics
centers

5. 52018 Sales: $3.6 Billion
76%
24%
Distribution/Services OEM
Process Industries
29%
25%
18%
14%
14%
Automotive Off-Highway
Rail Aerospace/Defense
Heavy Truck
Mobile Industries

6. 66
Bearings 101 — Basics

7. 7Bearing Objectives
• Rotate
• Carry a load
• Reduce friction

8. 84 Main Types of Anti-Friction Bearings

9. 9Application Parameters — Loading
Loading parameters can dictate the type of bearing

10. 10Application Parameters — Speed
Speed parameters also can dictate the type of bearing

11. 1111
Bearings 101 — Tapered Roller Bearings

12. 12History of the Tapered Roller Bearing
1898
H. Timken and R. Heinzelman obtained patent
#606,635 for tapered roller bearing wheel
applications

13. 13Anti-Friction Bearings — Tapered Roller Bearings
• Typically 1-, 2- or 4-row configurations
• Support high radial loads and high axial loads
• Moderate speed capabilities
• Only axially adjustable bearing
• High stiffness capabilities due to adjustability
Cage
Cone
Cup
Roller

14. 14
The space (axial clearance) between the rollers
and raceways can be changed, customizing
bearing performance to the application
Adjustable Setting
Axial Internal Clearance

15. 15K-Factor
K-Factor =
Radial Rating
Thrust Rating
K-Factor < 1K-Factor = 1K-Factor >1
Wind Turbine MainshaftVehicle Axle Center Transmission
Can control bearing spread and the ratio of
radial to axial capacity

16. 1616
On-Highway Vehicle Electrification

17. 17OEM Light Vehicle EV Guidance
References available in backup slides
2 New All-
Electric
Vehicles
Launched2
Released EV
Guidance in
June 20181
Release All-
Electric CUV
with 300-
Mile Range3 Release of
Hybrid
Wrangler4
All New
Models will
Be Full
Electric or
Hybrid5
10 New
Full-Electric
Vehicles in
Lineup6
50% of
Lineup to
be Full
Electric7
Release
First 2 EVs
in US and
China8
2 New All-
Electric
Vehicles
Launched9
Targeting
16 All-
Electric and
24 Hybrids
in Lineup3
8 All-Electric
Cars in
China9
18 New All-
Electric
Vehicles on
New
Platforms2
Will Offer
Hybrid
Version of
All Cars6
50 All-New
EVs in NA,
Europe, and
China across
All Brands8
Lineup to
Meet India
Government
Targets10
Will Offer 16
New Vehicles
with Hybrid,
EV and FCEV11

18. 18
Forecast — Passenger EV
Electric vehicles take
majority share of new
car sales
• EVs will account for 54%
of new car sales by 2040
Tumbling battery prices to
drive EV growth
• Take-off expected in
second half of the 2020s
due to plunging lithium-
ion battery prices, which
are set to fall by more
than 70% by 2030

19. 19
Forecast — Passenger EV
Bearing selection varies by eDrive architecture and power/speed strategy
VS.

20. 20
Medium Duty
• 80-85% of market drives fewer than 120 miles/day
• Longer ownership cycles
• School bus and refuse operate short, daily routes
out of central hubs
• Local “green” initiatives
Heavy Duty
• For-hire drive > 400 miles/day
• 42-45 kip payload capacity
• Recharging times
• Secondary market?
Market Drivers — Commercial EV
Source: ACT Research and Vertical Research Partners

21. 21
• MPGe is valuable to estimate fuel savings
• 1.0 US gallon of gasoline energy
equivalent to electrical output
– 115,000 BTU = 33.7 kWh
• Example vehicle (BEV)
• Example vehicle range is limited to 73
miles:
Electric Vehicle Window Sticker Basics
MPGe
kWh
miles
kWhGallonUS 99
34
100
7.331 
97.2$
12.0$
100
34
73
1

kWhmiles
kWh
miles
1US national average electricity costs (range 8.6-37 cents/KWh) per Edmunds
(https://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/the-true-cost-of-powering-an-electric-car.html)

22. 22Electric Machine Configurations
P0
The electric machine is connected with the ICE
through a belt
P1
The electric machine is connected directly with the
crankshaft of the ICE
P2
The electric machine is side-attached (belt) or
integrated between the ICE and the transmission; the
electric machine is decoupled from the ICE and has the
same speed as the ICE (or a multiple of it)
P3
The electric machine is connected through a gear mesh
with the transmission; the electric machine is decoupled
from the ICE and its speed is a multiple of the wheel
speed
P4
The electric machine is connected through a gear mesh
on the rear axle of the vehicle; the electric machine is
decoupled form the ICE and it’s located in the rear axle
drive or in the wheel’s hub
P0P1P3P4
P2

23. 23
Electric Axle Bearing Summary
Brg
Nos.
Shaft Position Speed Bearing Type Efficiency
01/02 Motor High ACBB, DGBB High/Super Precision
03/04 Input High ACBB, DGBB, TRB* High/Super Precision
05/06 Intermediate Medium TRB, DGBB, CRB Std., Enh., FE, ePDFE
07/08 Output Low TRB, DGBB Std., Enh.
*Feasible bearing solution in the proper rib speed range
Given the application conditions, the Timken fuel-
efficient (FE) TRB solution reduces power loss
compared to DGBB at estimated operating
temperatures
Additionally, the TRB advantage is attributed to
the following:
1. Power density
2. Axial setting sensitivity
3. Load-carrying capacity at reduced operating
settings
4. Enhanced non-conformal contact of a
roller on a raceway
5. Stiffness

24. 24
Driver Conventional Electric (P3,P4)
Mechanical Loading Hypoid Helical
~Maximum Speed (rpm) 5k 15-20K
Lubricant Type 75W80,85 ATF
Lubricant Method Splash Splash, Grease
Operating Temperature (°C) 65-100 85-120
Typical Housing Material Cast Iron Aluminum
Drivers impact bearing selection and bearing setting sensitivity
eAxle Key Application Drivers

25. 25Market Trends — Lower-Viscosity Fluids
for High Efficiency
Conventional:
• 1970s to 2000s —
140W gear oil
• 1990s to 2010s —
90W gear oil
• 2010s to 2020s —
85W gear oil
• Today —
85W gear oil
and lower
e-Axle:
Today —
similar
to ATF

26. 26Low-Viscosity Lubricant-Bearing Interaction
Tapered Bearing
Roller-Cup Contact
Rib-Roller Large EndRoller-Cage Contact
Roller-Cone Contact
Film thickness = f(velocity, load, contact patch, viscosity, curvature radius)
1
Ball Outer Contact
Ball Inner Contact
2
Ball-Cage
Contact
33
Ball Bearing
2
1
3
4
What will happen in thin film operating conditions?

27. 27Bearing Design — Impact on Bearing Fatigue Life
RelativeBearingFatigueLife
140W 90W 85W
Material
Bearing Geometry
Surface Topography

28. 28
• The market trend has moved to lower-viscosity oil over the years as OEMs
look for improvements in fuel economy (same trend in eSpace)
• Lower-viscosity fluids reduce the film thickness in the application
• Reduced film thickness increases the operating temperature and reduces
the calculated fatigue life of the bearings
• Bearing knowledge and fundamentals will be even more critical as OEMs
move to low-viscosity lubricants
• Premium bearing suppliers leverage materials, bearing geometries and
surface topography to combat the impact of low-viscosity lubricants
In Closing…

29. 29
Thank You
Christopher Marks
The Timken Company
4500 Mt. Pleasant Rd., NW North Canton, OH 44720
(234) 262-2701
Chris.Marks@timken.com
Bearings, Lubricants and On-Highway Vehicle
Electrification

30. 30

31. 31
1 https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/detroit-auto-show/2018/01/15/fiat-chrysler-
ceo-says-electric-cars-are-bad-bet/109467370/
2 https://auto.ndtv.com/news/auto-expo-2018-tata-motors-to-showcase-6-electric-vehicles-1806009
3 https://electrek.co/2018/01/15/ford-electric-vehicle-effort/
4 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-01-15/fiat-chrysler-s-marchionne-the-future-of-
cars-will-be-electric-and-commoditized
5 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/sep/07/jaguar-land-rover-electric-hybrid-cars-2020
6 https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/894224/Toyota-electric-car-hybrid-2020-Prius
7 https://electrek.co/2018/04/25/volvo-electrification-plan-fully-electric/
8 https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/volkswagen-id-electric-cars-2019-production/
9 http://fortune.com/2018/03/23/nissan-electric-vehicle-million/
10 https://auto.ndtv.com/news/auto-expo-2018-tata-motors-to-showcase-6-electric-vehicles-1806009
11 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-electric-vehicle-idUSKCN1AX039
Light Vehicle OEM EV Guidance References