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FACTORS INFLUENCING
THE STRUCTURE OF
COMMUNITIES
The fundamental niche
constrains community
structure
Ecological Niche- refers to the role of
organism to the environment
• Fundamental Niche
• Realized Niche
factors influencing the structure of communities
All living organisms have range of
environmental conditions under which
they can successfully survive , grow
and reproduce
Species interaction are diffuse
One reason such experiments tend to
underestimate the importance of species
interactions in communities is that such
interactions are often diffuse, involving a
number of species.
factors influencing the structure of communities
Pollination
Diffuse interactions, where one species may be
influenced by interactions with many different
species, is not limited to competition.
Food webs illustrates indirect
interactions
• Food webs also illustrate a second important
feature of species interactions within the
community: indirect effects. Indirect
interactions occur when one species does not
interact with a second species directly, but
instead influences a third species that does
directly interact with second
factors influencing the structure of communities
several of the mussel and barnacle species that
were superior competitors excluded the other
species and reduced overall diversity in the
community. This type of indirect interaction is
called keystone predation.
factors influencing the structure of communities
apparent competition occurs when a single
species of predator feeds on two prey species
.When the predator species is absent, each
population of the two prey species is regulated
by purely intraspecific, density dependent
Mechanisms.
The structure of food chains suggests that the
productivity and abundance of populations at any given
trophic level are controlled (limited) by the productivity
and abundance of populations in the trophic level below
them. This phenomenon is called bottom-up control.
Plant population densities control the abundance
of herbivore populations, which in turn control
the densities of carnivore populations in the next trophic
level. However, as we have seen from the previous
discussion of predation
and food webs, top-down control also occurs when
predator populations can control the abundance of prey
species
factors influencing the structure of communities
Species interactions along
environmental gradients involve both
stress tolerance and competition
Adaptations of plants to variations in the
availability of light, water, and nutrients result in
a general pattern of trade-offs between the
characteristics that enable a species to survive
and grow under low resource availability and
those that allow for high rates of photosynthesis
and growth under high resource availability
factors influencing the structure of communities
Environmental heterogeneity
influences community diversity
• Heterogeneity in the soil environment of
prairie communities caused by the borrowing
of small mammals results in small-scale
variations in plant species composition.

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factors influencing the structure of communities

  • 2. The fundamental niche constrains community structure
  • 3. Ecological Niche- refers to the role of organism to the environment • Fundamental Niche • Realized Niche
  • 5. All living organisms have range of environmental conditions under which they can successfully survive , grow and reproduce
  • 6. Species interaction are diffuse One reason such experiments tend to underestimate the importance of species interactions in communities is that such interactions are often diffuse, involving a number of species.
  • 9. Diffuse interactions, where one species may be influenced by interactions with many different species, is not limited to competition.
  • 10. Food webs illustrates indirect interactions • Food webs also illustrate a second important feature of species interactions within the community: indirect effects. Indirect interactions occur when one species does not interact with a second species directly, but instead influences a third species that does directly interact with second
  • 12. several of the mussel and barnacle species that were superior competitors excluded the other species and reduced overall diversity in the community. This type of indirect interaction is called keystone predation.
  • 14. apparent competition occurs when a single species of predator feeds on two prey species .When the predator species is absent, each population of the two prey species is regulated by purely intraspecific, density dependent Mechanisms.
  • 15. The structure of food chains suggests that the productivity and abundance of populations at any given trophic level are controlled (limited) by the productivity and abundance of populations in the trophic level below them. This phenomenon is called bottom-up control. Plant population densities control the abundance of herbivore populations, which in turn control the densities of carnivore populations in the next trophic level. However, as we have seen from the previous discussion of predation and food webs, top-down control also occurs when predator populations can control the abundance of prey species
  • 17. Species interactions along environmental gradients involve both stress tolerance and competition Adaptations of plants to variations in the availability of light, water, and nutrients result in a general pattern of trade-offs between the characteristics that enable a species to survive and grow under low resource availability and those that allow for high rates of photosynthesis and growth under high resource availability
  • 19. Environmental heterogeneity influences community diversity • Heterogeneity in the soil environment of prairie communities caused by the borrowing of small mammals results in small-scale variations in plant species composition.