DESCRIPTIVE Book BY VISHAL SIR C.pdf

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Dear Students,
In these times of immense competition, success is not something that’s easier to
achieve. You have to excel in your preparation and perform exceptionally well at various
stages. And to achieve this you need the best material present out there.
With an initiative to provide you with the best, Vishal Parihar has come with this new
book ‘DESCRIPTIVE Writing Book’ for all competitive exams. DESCRIPTIVE Writing Book in
this series are the most useful content in English. They were found by analysis of a collection
of different previous year papers from different competitive examinations like SSC CGL, SBI,
IBPS, RBI Grade-B, NABARD Grade-A & Other Exams. Each essay in this book is a high-
frequency content. This means that the effort in understanding the essays is well repaid by
the number of times learners have a chance to encounter or answer them. You can rely on
this book to improve your writing ability that will help you to achieve better scores in the
examinations.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank our team (Bhavesh Patni, Aanchal Singh,
Rishika Jain) for their relentless efforts towards the design and the quality content of the
book.
Good Luck!
Vishal Parihar

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Dedication
I dedicate this book to "my parents
and my family" for their relentless
support. Hope this book will help
students to achieve their goal.

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The information you will find in this book and any publications or other study materials published by Vishal
Parihar is for information only, which is to be used for learning English grammar.
Tips, strategies, methods of study, lessons and all the resources are only recommendations for the aspirants,
and reading any information in this book is provided ‘as is’.
The whole book is made keeping in mind, all the previous years questions asked in bank & other
relevant exams and expected to be asked in the upcoming exams. The author has made reasonable efforts to
provide current and accurate information to his readers. The author will not be held liable for any
unintentional errors or omissions that may be found.

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Essay WritingHow Long Is a 200 Word Essay?
When you are given the task to write this type of essay, you have already been limited to
the word count - up to 200. We will try to orient you in more detail, what size of the text
you need to follow.
We can talk about the length of the essay in two parameters:
 the number of paragraphs;
 the number of pages
No matter how many words an essay has, it should have a standard structure. That is,
the text should consist of an introduction, central part, and conclusions. You can divide
the main part into two or three paragraphs. So if you are interested in the number of
paragraphs in such an essay, we can talk about three to five ones. It depends on the
writing style and length of the sentences you choose.
The quantity of pages depends on several factors. This is the font size and the selected
spacing. It is also important whether the work is handwritten or printed. Of course, a
printed essay will take up much less space than a handwritten one. Basically, the
printed text will be placed on about half or 2/3 of the page.
Basic Elements of a Short Essay
There are some elements that you cannot do without when writing a short essay.
Thesis Statement
The thesis is the main statement around which your entire text is built. It should be
controversial, complex, and specific; it should combine your composition's whole
essence in one phrase.
If you have correctly formulated the thesis, you will have a lot of material for the essay,
since the idea is usually challenging to substantiate.
An interesting thesis on a topic that can cause questions and controversy will make it
easier for you to write an essay. If you lack in volume, revise your thesis by making it
narrower and more complex.
A 200-word essay thesis should be precise and narrow.
 For example, when writing an essay on universities' sports life, a weak thesis will
look like this: "The sports life of universities is very controversial." It's too blurry
to tell your position. The reader may not understand what you are trying to
prove.
 Here is an example of a strong thesis for the same topic: "University athletes
should receive monetary rewards." So you state the subject in question. It is
narrow enough for you to see in two pages.
Prompt: Imagine the thesis is a tabletop. Your essay should support it because, without
this support, the table will turn into a pile of rubble. Key arguments, rationales, and
references to other people's statements are the legs that hold your essay in place so that
it takes shape.

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Opening Sentences
The main thing you need to remember is that each paragraph of your essay should start
with a thematic phrase. This is one opening sentence, the primary and most important
argument you will develop in the paragraph.
Many teachers insist that a five-paragraph structure is an optimal form for presenting
an essay.
This structure implies at least three reasons and usually looks like this:
 Introduction, description of the topic, a summary of their ideas, thesis.
 A paragraph describing the first argument.
 A paragraph describing the second argument.
 A paragraph describing the third argument.
 A short conclusion summarizing everything that has been said.
Since we are talking about a 200-word essay, you can limit yourself to 3 paragraphs. In
this case, the diagram will look like this:
 Introduction, description of the topic, a summary of their ideas, thesis.
 A paragraph describing the argument.
 A short conclusion that summarizes everything that has been said.
Supporting Phrases
After the introductory sentence, there should be a supporting example in every
paragraph. Do not use long, complex constructions in short essays; argue your thoughts
clearly and specifically.
Concluding Section
The conclusion should tie all the threads of the argument together. In some case you can
include a call to action. You can also go back to the opening sequence or example in the
introduction to keep your work perfectly symmetrical.
It is also essential to make sure that you support the central thesis with clear and well-
reasoned arguments.
200 Word Essay Writing: Useful Information
The structure of the essay, the style, your opinion on a particular issue, and your
vocabulary's richness are important. Each of these factors will affect the final result of
evaluating your essay. But what if you've followed all of these rules, but haven't met the
word count? This is the next part of our article.
Eliminating Extra Details
Brevity is the soul of a talented writer. Writing succinctly forms a pleasant first
impression of talent. Moreover, brevity should not conflict with information richness
and actual presentation.
We agree that putting all your thoughts in 200 words is a real challenge for many
students. But it is vital to learn how to eliminate unnecessary things, cut like a knife.

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How Do You Make the Text Shorter?
1. Let the text rest.
Very often, what seems to you to be an essential part of the content when writing loses
its charm a couple of days later, and you can see what is in the text gist and what is a
husk.
2. Down with all the introductory and uncertain words.
All this “in general,” “it seems,” “probably,” is most often verbal rubbish, which gives
nothing to the content but adds volume to the text. Go through your text carefully and
cross out unnecessary words. Most likely, the text will not lose anything in meaning but
will gain in the narrative's density and clarity.
3. Simplify.
Heaped up complex sentences, and even with complicating elements, are also a path to
lengthening. They confuse both the author and the reader; they often create
unnecessary volume as well. Rebuild your complex in 2 simple ones - and you will see
that the text is reduced.
4. Focus on the essentials.
Take a fresh look at your text. And try to identify the most critical thoughts as
objectively as possible. Now delete everything else. Get rid of even those parts of the
document that you think are well written. You just have to connect the main sentences
literally. This is one of the best ways to keep your essay concise.
5. Sort out your text.
Read your text meticulously - is everything you said related to the main point? Are there
unnecessary "lyrical digressions" and thoughts "about something else"? If this is
present, cross out the excess.
What Shouldn't You Do?
 Don't take difficult essay topics. Don't try to demonstrate that you understand a
complicated idea when you really don't.
 Don't use conventional clichés: they show that you cannot express ideas on your
own.
 Don't use too many quotes. They give the impression that you do not have your
own opinion.
Petrol price
Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution
problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you
think might be effective?
There is no doubt that traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems,
both in cities and on motorways everywhere. Solving these problems is likely to need
more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.

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While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in
traffic and pollution, higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for
long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very
unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. But there are various other
measures that could be implemented that would have a huge effect on these problems.
I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. The
technology is already available to produce electric cars that would be both quieter and
cleaner to use. Persuading manufacturers and travellers to adopt this new technology
would be a more effective strategy for improving air quality, especially in cities.
However, traffic congestion will not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle
people can use. To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services
available to travellers. For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground train
systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the
roads would be dramatically reduced. Long-distance train and coach services should be
made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.
In conclusion, I think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on
educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public
money to construct and run efficiently.
Online meetings
Recent research has shown that business meetings and training are increasingly
taking place online. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?
Many businesses today choose to hold meetings and do training online, rather than in
person. While this has certain drawbacks related to interpersonal relationships, I still
feel this is a positive trend because of its positive impact on employees with families. In
this essay, I will discuss both sides in detail.
Conducting the majority of business meetings online has a potentially negative effect on
the social dynamics of a company. The preference for online communication sacrifices
essential elements of human interaction in the name of a more efficient, utilitarian
process. When people sit in a room together, for training or a meeting, they are more
likely to form strong interpersonal bonds. They will be able to see each other’s body
language better and there is a good chance they may socialise in person afterwards. For
example, employees might go for drinks or even just have a private chat about the
meeting or training while still at work. This is much less likely to happen when people
are working from home or a remote location and using online tools like Skype to
communicate.
Companies that choose to do more training and have more meetings online are making
life more convenient for their employees with families. At some point in their lives, most
people must face the challenge of working and having a family. If both the mother and
father work, then one of them might have to give up their job to stay home or they will

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have to hire an expensive caretaker to look after their child during the day. If more
meetings and training took place online, this could free up time for people in certain
jobs, such as IT workers, to work entirely from home and look after their children
during the day. They will still have to make time for the training and meetings but at
least they won’t waste valuable time commuting to the office.
The move towards increased online training and meetings may sacrifice some of the
social aspects of work but this is more than made up for by the convenience it allows
working families. In many families today, both the mother and father have to work to
make ends meet and we should support any efforts to relieve their financial and
physical burdens.
Dependency on technology
We are becoming increasingly dependent on computer-based technology. How do
you think it will change in the future? Is it good for us to rely so much on
computers?
It would be difficult to imagine life without computers. Over recent years in particular,
their use and potential have grown at an incredible rate and I strongly believe that this
growth will continue as more innovative ways to use them are developed. Although
there are definitely some downsides to their use, I do believe the positives outweigh the
negatives.
Computers enable us to do a wealth of tasks that would have been unthinkable for
previous generations. We can bank online, book holidays, do our weekly shopping – the
list of labor-saving activities is almost endless. Given the speed at which they have
evolved and altered the way we do things; I am convinced that this evolutionary trend
will continue. Take, for example, the rise of virtual reality. We can already do amazing
things with it, and, as a computer-based technology, it is only in its infancy. It has so
many practical applications, from improving gaming to providing training for doctors or
pilots to handle real-life situations. As computer processing power increases, so will its
potential to enhance everything we do.
Despite this, there are dangers in relying quite so heavily on computers. So much of our
daily lives is controlled by them, that without them, modern-day life as we know it
would be impossible. Furthermore, computers store all our important data and the risk
of hacking exposes us to crimes such as fraud. However, I would argue that the
technological advances made possible by computers have improved our world in so
many ways. I believe that most people would argue that any negative aspects of
computers are outweighed by all the benefits they have brought.
In conclusion, I believe we will probably become more dependent on computers but
that our lives will improve as the technology improves. While there is a negative side to
such a dependency, there are many more positives that we can focus on.

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Alternative energy
Alternative energy sources that use the natural power of the wind, waves and sun
are too expensive and complicated to replace the coal, oil and gas that we use to
power our cities and transport. To what extent do you agree or disagree with
this?
Alternative energy is thought by some to be the answer to our reliance on fossil fuels, as
sources of alternative energy are low emitters of CO2 and are a sustainable means of
providing electrical power. Critics of 'green energy' contend that current technologies
are either too costly or impractical to realistically replace our current energy needs.
The advantages of 'green energy' are obvious. There is no need to worry about
dwindling supplies of progressively more expensive resources. Solar power will never
run out and, once initial costs are paid off, the electricity is basically free. These sources
of energy have another major benefit in the shape of their low emissions. Although
there are emissions costs in the building of wind turbines or hydroelectric power
stations, there is no further air pollution or the risk of environmental contamination.
This notion of a perfect world of free and non-polluting energy does draw criticism,
however. It is obvious that solar power won't work at night or that not every country
has a coastline, rivers or windy hills. It is also a problem that replacing our current
energy supply will entail expensive research and development, which, in turn, involves
government cooperation. One last obstacle to the adoption of ‘green energy' is nuclear
power. Many countries see the huge energy production from this power source as a
more practical solution than messing around with the wind and waves.
In conclusion, there is little doubt that we will soon need to wean ourselves off fossil
fuels and on to an alternative fuel source. The only real question is whether we risk the
costs and delays of green energy or choose the productive, but potentially dangerous,
nuclear option.
Free education and healthcare
All education and healthcare should be funded by the government and free for
everyone. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Healthcare and education are both essential services that can be extremely expensive
and, as a result, unaffordable for those on a limited budget. Nevertheless, it is important
to establish just who is responsible for funding them. The health of a country's citizens
is vitally important, without adequate healthcare, people of all ages can become
extremely ill and thus unable to earn a living or take care of themselves. So it is essential
for governments to provide well-equipped hospitals as well as highly trained staff to
run them. There is also a need for appropriate emergency services. Furthermore,
without a good public education system, people may find they are limited in their work
choices. If education is not provided free to all. those born Into poverty may find
themselves unable to rise above that level.

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We may all wish for these essential services to be provided free of charge, but the
government needs to obtain the funds for them from somewhere. Even when they are
provided free of charge, there has to be some way of recouping the costs. One way of
acquiring the necessary funds Is by Imposing taxes. Alternatively, access to welfare can
be means-tested and based on personal levels of income. The Irony Is that, in
democratic societies, where a government Is elected based on its promises, It Is often
the political party that promises tax cuts that is elected to office.
It seems clear that poorer members of our society need this type of aid and If these
costs are covered, at least partially, by the government, then we need to accept that our
taxes will be used to fund them.
Preserving cultures
Some believe that people today have no interest in maintaining the traditional
culture of their country or region. Others believe that it is still important to
people that we preserve a traditional way of life. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Today we live in a globalized world and the development of global culture is often at the
expense of local traditions. There are certainly many people who show indifference to
local customs in favour of embracing global ideas, but there are still many who see the
value in maintaining them, myself included.
It is easy to argue that people are strongly influenced by the effects of globalization.
Technology in particular seems to dominate the leisure time of young people, whether it
be gadgets or the Internet. As a result, there are trends which can be described as global
in all aspects of culture. For instance, many people now prefer listening to music by Ed
Sheeran or Beyoncé rather than the traditional music of their country, which is often
seen as outdated by comparison. Similarly, many would rather try exotic ‘foreign’ foods
than use traditional recipes, which they might see as dull or old-fashioned.
However, it would be a mistake to think that everyone thinks this way. Older people
especially feel nostalgia for how things used to be done. For example, in the UK, the
Royal Family are as popular as ever, and thousands of people turn out to see them
herever they go. It should also be remembered that any of today’s global pop stars were
themselves inspired by more traditional genres of music. Ed Sheeran, for example,
embodies many musical traditions, such as folk music and busking. In the same way, it is
still common to see performances of more traditional forms of music, such as classical
and jazz.
My own opinion is that there is truth in both views. There are certainly people so
focused on global trends that there is so space in their lives for, or interest in,
preserving the past. On the other hand, there are many who prefer to live in their lives
more nostalgically and value the traditions that have been handed down. I would say
that I belong more to this second group of people, although I admit I would struggle
without the Internet.

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Newspaper versus the Internet
Some people think that newspapers are the best way to learn news. However,
others believe that they can learn news better through other media. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Newspapers have been considered the most reliable news source for more than a
century but in recent decades newer forms of media have supplanted their influence.
Some feel that these new sources of news are better but in my opinion, newspapers are
by far better because of the amount of time and research that writers put into their
articles.
The main reason that many people prefer newer media outlets is that they deliver news
more quickly across a variety of convenient platforms. The most notable example of this
is online news. The vast majority of people get their news from Facebook and other
social media websites which aggregate articles from various online publishers,
including the online version of print newspapers in some cases. The problem here is
that websites are solely concerned with increasing traffic and getting news up as fast as
possible. It is a common occurrence for a website to publish news quickly in order to
beat others to the scoop before it has been properly verified or even thoughtfully
analysed. The result is hordes of people clicking on links to amuse themselves for a
minute without casting a critical eye over the veracity of the news. These articles are
then shared online or by word of mouth and false information spreads rapidly.
Despite the conveniences of online media, the news that is printed in newspapers has
been better researched and verified in most cases. Newspapers frequently devote entire
departments to long-term investigative journalism. A standout example of this would be
the Boston Globe’s years long investigation into sexual abuse by the Catholic church.
They carefully interviewed victims and put together a convincing case which led to
long-lasting reforms and convictions of some individuals. They also published stories on
the topic for over a year which allowed for detailed and thoughtful analysis of the
problem, suggestions for solutions, and articles on wider societal implications. This type
of reporting is anathema to the fervent pace of online media.
In conclusion, even though newspapers are a dying industry I think they are more
informative and trustworthy than the largely online institutions that are replacing them.
This trend is irreversible and will have consequences for the future of democracies
around the world as people become less informed.
Sporting events
Some people think that it is a waste of money for countries to host big sporting
events like the world cup, and that the money would be better spent on other
things. However, others think that hosting large sporting events has a clear,
positive impact on a country.
There is fierce competition between nations to host major international sports events
like the World Cup or Olympics as it is a unique opportunity to boost the national

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reputation of the host nation. In spite of its undeniable benefits, I believe that the costs
are too great and therefore governments should prioritise other key issues to better
benefit their citizens.
On the one hand, becoming a host nation for global events such as the World Cup or the
Olympics brings a number of economic and infrastructural benefits. During these
events, there is an influx of tourists from all over the world who need places to stay,
restaurants to eat in and traditional products to purchase. The efforts made to cater to
these tourists will remain long after they have gone. The cost of renovating a hotel
might pay for itself during the event and then begin turning a large profit in later years.
The other main area of development is related to the rapid expansion of quality
infrastructure. Nations will be forced to invest in new sports facilities like swimming
pools and stadiums as well as make renovations to pre-existing infrastructure like roads
and airports. For example, China used the Beijing Olympics as an opportunity to
modernise old buildings and roads.
On the other hand, these competitions use up tremendous resources from the host
nation for a temporary competition. To ensure the success of these prestigious events,
governments must waste a large percentage of the nation budget in the years leading up
to the competition, oftentimes in the billions of dollars. The newly constructed facilities
usually fall into disuse after each tournament. A salient example of this is Brazil as many
of the swimming pools and sports facilities that were used in the 2014 Olympics are
currently abandoned and becoming decrepit. Meanwhile, there are other pressing
issues that have been festering including the need for new schools for underprivileged
students and quality healthcare for the elderly population. If the government had
prioritised these issues the country would be in a better position and its citizens would
have a higher standard of living.
To summarize, due to the exorbitant costs, I am of the belief that the government should
not allocate such a large percentage of its financial resources to hosting global events
with negligible long-term impact. Instead these events should be hosted in the same
countries year after year so that the new infrastructure pays for itself over time.
Economic progress
Economic progress is often used to measure a country's success. However, some
people believe that other factors are more important.
What other factors should also be considered when measuring a country's
success? Do you think one factor is more important than others?
The relative success of different countries is usually defined in economic terms. There
are several other factors, apart from the economy, that could be used to assess a
country, and in my opinion education is the most important of all.
Standards of education, health and individual human rights should certainly be
considered when measuring a country’s status. A good education system is vital for the
development of any nation, with schools, colleges and universities bearing the
responsibility for the quality of future generations of workers. Healthcare provision is

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also an indicator of the standard of living within a country, and this can be measured by
looking at average life expectancy rates or availability of medical services. Finally,
human rights and levels of equality could be taken into account. For example, a country
in which women do not have the same opportunities as men might be considered less
successful than a country with better gender equality.
In my view, a country’s education system should be seen as the most important
indicator of its success and level of development. This is because education has a
considerable effect on the other two factors mentioned above. It affects people’s health
in the sense that doctors and nurses need to be trained, and scientists need to be
educated to the highest level before they can carry out medical research. It also affects
the economy in the sense that a well- educated workforce will allow a variety of
companies and industries to flourish, leading to trade with other countries, and
increased wealth.
In conclusion, nations can be assessed and compared in a variety of ways, but I would
argue that the standard of a country’s education system is the best measure of its
success.
Punishments to drivers
Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to
reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be
more effective in improving road safety.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
People have differing views with regard to the question of how to make our roads safer.
In my view, both punishments and a range of other measures can be used together to
promote better driving habits.
On the one hand, strict punishments can certainly help to encourage people to drive
more safely. Penalties for dangerous drivers can act as a deterrent, meaning that people
avoid repeating the same offence. There are various types of driving penalty, such as
small fines, license suspension, driver awareness courses, and even prison sentences.
The aim of these punishments is to show dangerous drivers that their actions have
negative consequences. As a result, we would hope that drivers become more
disciplined and alert, and that they follow the rules more carefully.
On the other hand, I believe that safe driving can be promoted in several different ways
that do not punish drivers. Firstly, it is vitally important to educate people properly
before they start to drive, and this could be done in schools or even as part of an
extended or more difficult driving test. Secondly, more attention could be paid to safe
road design. For example, signs can be used to warn people, speed bumps and road
bends can be added to calm traffic, and speed cameras can help to deter people from
driving too quickly. Finally, governments or local councils could reduce road accidents
by investing in better public transport, which would mean that fewer people would
need to travel by car.

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In conclusion, while punishments can help to prevent bad driving, I believe that other
road safety measures should also be introduced.
Books & Reading
Ruskin calls books, "Kings' Treasures" -- treasuries filled, not with gold and silver and
precious stones, but with riches much more valuable than these -- knowledge, noble
thoughts and high ideals. Man has secured a life-long source of pleasure, instruction and
inspiration by acquiring the habit of reading the books. Poor indeed is the man who
does not read, and empty is his life.
The reading habits confer the many blessings. We should choose the right kind of books.
The reading gives the highest kind of pleasure. When we are tired or the brain is weary
with serious study, it is healthy recreation to lose ourselves in some absorbing story
written by a master hand.
As we need plain, wholesome food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the
mind. We can choose reading the books according to our taste. There are many noble
books on history, biography, philosophy, religion, travel and science which we ought to
read. The reading of books will give us not only pleasure but an education. Books are
the most faithful of friends. Our friends may change or die, but our books are always
patiently waiting to talk us. No wonder a reader becomes a "book-lover."
Child Labour
Child labour' is violation of human rights and is considered to be a ‘necessary evil’ in
any country in the whole world. It hampers their normal and natural physical, mental,
spiritual, intellectual, emotional, moral and social development. Children are doing
work as domestic servants. They are employed in hotels, workshops, service stations,
shops, construction sites and pulling rickshaws etc. They are even working in hazardous
and unhygienic forms of labour in manufacturing factories.
Article 24 of the Constitution of India, 1950 says, “No child below the age of fourteen
years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or employed in any hazardous
employment”. Indian legislature has also enacted the Factories Act, 1948, The Children
Act, 1960, The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 etc. for the
protection of rights of children. Article 45 of the Constitution of India, 1950 casts duty
on the State to endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to the children.
Article 25(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights also states about the special
care and assistance for the motherhood and children.
There may no other opinion that child labour should be restricted and if possible
completely vanished. It is a socio-economic national problem, which requires close
analysis and practical solutions to meet with this burning question.

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Freedom of Thought
The most important thing is that we should have “freedom of thought.” This is not as
easy as it sounds, for everyone likes to have this freedom for himself, but is not ready to
give it to others when they express different opinions.
This is particularly the case when the differences of opinion arise on such important
matters as religion or politics’. But if we refuse to let other people hold their opinions on
these matters, and specially, if we try to force them to accept our own, progress is
impossible. If everyone went on thinking the same things as his ancestors thought,
progress would come to an end because, as the Buddha said. “What a man thinks he
becomes”.
So if we think exactly what our forefathers thought, we shall remain in the Condition in
which they were. Our thought depends a great deal upon what we read and what we
talk about. Therefore, if we want to think new thoughts, we must try to study all sides of
the topic that comes before us, and not be content only with what we read in
newspapers or what others say.
Importance of Newspaper
Newspaper, as we know, is an essential part of our life. For a newspaper reader, it is the
first and foremost thing that he would like to have early in the morning. It connects us
with every field and every part of the world. Be it politics, entertainment, sports, films
etc.
Newspaper provides information about the burning topics from all over world and
keeps us well informed. Though news is also displayed on television and radio, there we
don't have an option to choose. It results in wastage of time, as the news is repeated
over and over again and is followed by a number of advertisements.
Apart from the information newspaper provides, it can be useful in a number of ways.
The puzzles given in it develop the thinking ability. The job vacancies column helps the
people. A regular reader can improve his knowledge of language in which language he
reads the newspaper. Newspaper also tells us about the different policies introduced by
the Government and makes us aware about everything happening around us.
We can conclude by saying that the newspaper broadens our outlook and is an
enormous source of information. Therefore, one must develop the habit of reading
newspaper every day.
Indian Culture
'Indian culture' is the Mother of all cultures, be it art of living or apparently the rich
knowledge of Science and Music. All the regions and religions of the world have their
own culture with many customs, traditions and refined qualities. It is a culture of love,
respect, honouring others and humbling one’s own ego so that the inner nature, which
is naturally pure and modest will shine forth.

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Respect and reverence for elders is a key stone of Indian culture. This genuine
acknowledgment of seniority is demonstrated through endearing customs, like, not
sitting while they are standing, even serving their food first. We find the youngsters
never using the proper names of their elders. In respect, we touch the feet of all elders,
holy men and women in recognition of their great humility and attainment. A student
touches the feet of his teacher. Purity in mind, body, speech, thought, word and deed is
vitally important for us. The concept of Zero and the primordial sound of 'Om' was given
by India.
We should never use harsh, angered and indecent language and keep our body healthy
and clean. Giving things with the left hand to others is considered a subtle insult. One
must not sniff flowers picked for offering to the Deities. It is very important for a
cultured Indian to apologize immediately if one touches someone with his shoes or
sandals. The same applies inadvertently if you bump into each other. Thus our Culture is
unique and irreplaceable and places responsibility of preservation on the current
generation. Thus, a Nations culture resides in the hearts and souls of its people.
Man Made Disaster
A disaster is a hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant
physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment.
Disasters fall into two major categories. These include man made and natural disasters.
Man-made disasters are disasters due to result of human intent, negligence or involving
a failure of a man-made system that leads to human suffering and environmental
damage. Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards.
Fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/
radiation are some examples resulting the human hazards. Man has cut forests
recklessly to clear the land for cultivation and along with this environmental
degradation has taken place, which also affects human life.
Man-made hazards or disasters are sometimes referred to as anthropogenic. Man-made
disasters can be divided into different categories. As with natural hazards, man-made
hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters
are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an
event. The rising population has resulted in high fuel consumption and reduction of
natural resources. Over population also affects our social environment. Another type of
disaster that falls in this category is nuclear bomb. Other types of man-made disasters
which are just as catastrophic include chemical spill, oil spill, arson and terrorism.
Protect Atmosphere, Save Life
The Atmosphere is a transparent envelope of gases and suspended particles that
surround the Earth. Without Chemical processes involving several of the atmospheric
gases, life could not exist. Even the physical processes that operate in the atmosphere
are of vital importance because they are responsible for the Earth's varied climates. The
Atmosphere is composed almost entirely of Oxygen and Nitrogen.

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The Atmosphere is the source of every living thing in the world. It plays a very
important role in serving the world's needs. It provides ventilation to the Earth, as the
atmosphere filters the ultraviolet rays, coming from the Sun. Thus, it acts as the Earth's
protective armour without which all living things in the world would die. The ozone
layer is a matter of tremendous concern as it profoundly influences the environmental
conditions on the planet’s surface. The Atmosphere provides the air we breathe, the
food we eat, the water we drink and above all it supports LIFE.
Atmosphere is very imperative to sustain life on Earth. To protect the atmosphere, it is
possible and simple, avoid polluting the air and water basically. Fight global warming by
planting more trees and keeping your surrounding clean. You can reduce fuel
consumption by using energy efficient appliances. We can preserve the atmosphere by
practicing and encouraging good hygiene, reducing green-house gases and emissions
that are going into the air. Thus there are several solutions and ways that we can
practice to protect the Earth's atmosphere. Effort is the key in life to your success.
Preservation of Health
Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. Health is thus a level of functional efficiency of living
beings and a general condition of a person mind, body and spirit, meaning it is free from
illness, injury and pain. It is a resource of everyday life and a positive concept
emphasizing physical capabilities.
Good health is a secret of every happy man. There is an old saying, 'Health is Wealth'.
Staying healthy for children is vital for proper growth and development of mind and
body as they need to focus in the class and fully participate in the activities on the field.
Parents must take their children for medical check-up and learn from experts about
their development in terms of height and weight, as it has a huge impact on their overall
performance and efficiency. If you are strong and healthy, you can be a shining example
to others and teach them how to achieve vibrant health.
Good health is a matter of great concern, to maintain it, healthy living and a disciplined
life is a must. One of the best ways is to drink plenty of water as it reduces the risk of
infection, keeps your skin healthy, reduces the risk of heart attack, burns body fat and
regulates our body temperature. We should sleep well as it relaxes our body and
reduces stress. We need to have a balanced diet and go for long, brisk walks. Our motto
should be to keep our body clean in order to remain healthy. We must laugh more as
laughing is a therapy and a secret of good health. The government should include
integrated health programs into their public policies and control specific health
problems.
Wildlife
'Wildlife' is a term that refers to animals that are not normally domesticated. They are a
living resource that will die and be replaced by others of their kind. Wildlife plays an
important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural
processes of nature. It can be found in all ecosystems, desert, rainforests, plains and

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other areas. India's wildlife is both rich and varied, it includes all flora and fauna,
animals, plants and macro organisms.
Wildlife is important for its beauty, economic, scientific and survival value. It helps to
maintain the ecological balance of nature and maintains the food chain. It provides
useful substances and wild animal products like ivory, leather, honey, tusk etc. Besides
being a country's cultural asset it also provides aesthetic value to man. We largely
depend on wildlife for every elementary requirement in our life eg. the clothes we wear
and the medicines we consume.
Wildlife conservation encompasses all human activities and efforts directed to preserve
wild animal from extinction it involves both protection and scientific management of
wild species. Wildlife and nature have been largely associated which humans for
numerous emotional and social reasons. Wildlife plays an essential role in the ecological
and biological processes that are yet again significant to life. The normal functioning of
the biosphere depends on endless interaction among animals, plants and micro-
organisms. Wildlife has occupied a special place of veneration and preservation in
various cultures of the world.
RURAL UPLIFT PROGRAMME IN INDIA
In free India, rural uplift programmes were initiated in the year 1952 under community
development programme. These were aimed at changing the face of the countryside,
and building a new outlook among the village folk. Under the Five Year Plans, a high
priority is being given to these programmes. Much is yet left to be done as most of the
people live in villages. However, a new awakening is growing among the people living
in villages.
The goals of the community development programme are quite ambitious. With the
advent of scientific methods of agriculture, increased production of wheat, rice, barley,
cotton and other crops has been achieved and efforts go unabated in this direction. Co-
operative credit societies have sprung up to cope with the increasing demand of capital
by small farmers and workers engaged in cottage industries.
An important aspect of the community development is the Panchayati Raj which has
been introduced in all the provinces. The panchayat system has been thought necessary
to decentralize and democratize the administration of community development. The
system envisages a far reaching change in the structure of local administration and rural
development. Its chief purpose is to involve all the people living in rural areas to work
for their own development and betterment. Banks have also been pressed into service
to help entrepreneur from villages to start new projects and generate job opportunities
in the countryside.
The village uplift programme is poised for a bold advance. Much, however,
remains to be done. Prosperity has, no doubt, percolated to villages. But the landless
agricultural labourers are still a neglected lot. Red tapism and unscrupulous and
dishonest officers are blocking the roads to the prosperity of villages. It is time that
village people recognized their new role in the new set-up and managed their
affairs. Let us hope that villages in India regain their old glory, health and prosperity.

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Advertisement or The Age of Advertisements
Today, the craze of advertisement of manufactured goods is on the increase. The art of
advertisement is, in fact, a modern development. It has revolutionised the modern
trade. Modern life is highly complex and mechanical. People have no time to go into the
soul of things. They want to buy largely advertised goods. The manufacturer, in his
turn, wants to popularize his goods before these are manufactured. Such is the craze for
advertised goods. We are living in the age of advertisement. No wonder, one sees
shining and multi-coloured bill-boards hung on poles displaying goods advertised. The
city walls are found lettered with eye-catching advertisements of products that are
manufactured today.
Advertisements has now developed both as an art as well as a science. Several
universities in the country have introduced academic courses leading to some degree or
diploma in the art of advertisement. No wonder, these graduates from the universities
are coming out with newer and newer ways of advertising things.
The world of advertisement is very large. It is a run between the manufacturer and the
consumer without wickets. Certain advertisements are catching while others are
repulsive to hear or to see. In fact, there is going on a mad race in dress materials
advertised in words becoming or unbecoming and very often the advertising agency
crosses all limits of decency and propriety.
Role of Judiciary in the Country Today
The role of judiciary became the object of discussion when, a few years ago, several top
leaders and bureaucrats of the country were arraigned and made to face trials in
various courts of the country on different charges involving huge amounts of public
money. Every country stands safe on three important pillars that sustain it – the
political leadership, the executive machinery and the judicial system. Each of these
three systems is not only complementary to the other two but is also a sort of watch-
dog to ensure that the other two systems do not go astray.
The role of judiciary was brought into focus when several cases and scams involving
VIPs and VVIPs were brought to light either by the CBI or through some public interest
litigations. In spite of several constraints, the judiciary continues to play its role to the
best of its ability. Many corrupt leaders, politicians and officers continue to be brought
before the court on various charges.
Judiciary is the only hope of the country. There is no doubt that politicians and
bureaucrats have failed in their duty to give this country a clean, honest government
answerable to the masses. It is judiciary alone that can assert itself and call a spade a
spade without fear or favour. The law of the land must be allowed to prevail. This is

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possible only if the judiciary is made stronger. Quick and efficient administration of
justice must be ensured to one and all.
Reservation for Women in Legislative Assemblies and Parliament
“Men have already made a mess of the world. Let them quit the field and make way for
women.” This is what a lady member of the Lok Sabha said one day during a discussion
on the Women’s Reservation Bill. There has been a strong demand from a section of the
society to reserve at least 33 per cent seats for women in the legislative bodies like the
Panchayats, Municipal Corporation, State Assemblies, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
Sabha.
Apart from the women themselves, several political parties are also strongly supporting
this idea of reservation of seats for women. They argue that ever since the creation of
this world, women have always been at the receiving end. They have been exploited
and burdened with the household duties. All this has led to a strong feeling that women
should be given their proper place and status in the society. This can be possible if they
are given some powers to control their own destiny. That is why the demand for
reservation of seats for women in the state assemblies and the parliament is gaining
strength day by day.
Those who oppose the idea of reservation for women say that family life in the country
would be totally upset if women are called upon to work in such large numbers. Some
women who are already occupying top positions in the country openly say that they do
not need the crutch of reservation and that they would go ahead in life on their
own. Some people express the fear that if women are given thirty-three per cent in the
open competition on their own merit. Although some believe that the presence of
women in the decision making bodies would lend them grace, decency and decorum,
others say that it would only bring in glamour, indecency and scandal mongering.
The debate is continuing. It is not a healthy sign for any nation to be divided so sharply
on the issue of the status of a particular sex. Men and women are both complementary
to each other like the two wheels of a vehicle. None can work without the support of the
other. They must enjoy equal status and none of them should have any grudge against
the other.
The Coalition Politics
India is a land full of diversities. People in different states of the country have their own
ways of life, their languages and political views. This has led to a growth of regionalism
in the country where every region thinks it number of regional political parties in
different parts of the country. As a results, no single party in the country is able to win
an absolute majority in the 540-member Lok Sabha. As soon as the elections are over,
different parties with their respective strengths start closed door meetings to form a
group that constitutes a majority. This gives rise to a coalition government at the
Centre.

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Experience has now shown that a coalition government can run as smoothly as any
single party government. The only requirement is that the coalition partners have to
stick to a code of conduct. Every coalition party has to own the responsibility for all
government policies or actions. No partner is expected to air the views of a particular
group in public. All differences must be referred to the coordinating group set up to
coordinate and accommodate the views of the coalition partners. No party or person in
a coalition government must also act like the head of a family and respect the views of
all the parties making up the coalition.
The successive coalitions at the Centre, the NDA and the UPA have proved that the
working of coalition governments is difficult but it is not an impossibility. For sheer
survival, the partners have to continue to work together even where there are serious
differences. In spite of all these problems, the coalition governments are doing well in
the country, both at the state as well as the national level. There is, however, no denying
the fact that a single party government is always better than a coalition government.
Global Terrorism- The Fight Against Terrorism
The world is today witnessing a rise of terrorist activities in different parts of the
world. A number of groups, owing allegiance to some political ideology or some
particular religious beliefs, have chosen the path of violence and terror to achieve their
objects. These vested interests are rabid fundamentalists or fanatics having no sanctity
for life. The know no principles or values. They believe in the power of the gun and
want to achieve their objects overnight.
While some of these groups are fighting for control over some pieces of land, others are
fighting for spreading their own ideology or religious philosophies. They choose to defy
public opinion and refuse to see reason. They think that their own view point or stand
is the only right view point or stand, and that they have a right to convert other people
to their thinking by force. For this avowed purpose they do not hesitate from
committing the worst of crimes including murder of innocent citizens, looting or
burning property, kidnapping people, hijacking planes and creating terror in one way or
the other.
The UNO has, in a resolution, called upon various nations to join hands and work as
United Alliance to face this threat of terrorism anywhere at any time in the world.
It is a shame that even as the human civilization is marching ahead, some people are
bent upon pushing the world back to the age of barbarism and brutality full of chaos and
indiscipline. The law of the jungle will take us nowhere. We can only pray for good
sense of prevail so that the world is able to share and enjoy the blessings bestowed
upon mankind by new leaps in the field of science and technology.
FEMALE FOETIDICE- ACULTURATE BLEMISH
We are all the citizens of a country which can rightly boast of a proud past, a past, a
culture in which there was never any discrimination on the basis of sex. Woman in this
country has always been looked upon as more important than man. Look at our

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nomenclature: Sita — Ram, Radhey –Sham, the names of the women take precedence
over those of men. No auspicious ceremony is supposed to be complete without the
presence of a woman.
The practice of female foeticide is a curse on our intellect, our wisdom and our total
ethos. It is a sin, a blasphemy against our ancient cultural values. It is fraught with
dangerous consequences. The Act, 1994 states that the determination of the sex of an
unborn child is illegal. “The Pre-Natal Diagnostic the doctor, the woman and the
motivator is three years imprisonment, Rs. 10000 fine and suspension of the doctor’s
licence.” But in spite of all the measures like this, the sex-ratio of girls versus boys is
decreasing with every passing decade. This national ratio has come down from 945
females to 1000 males in 1991 to 927 females to 1000 males in 2001. In Punjabi it has
fallen from 882 in the year 1991 to 875 in the year 2001.
It is unfortunate that the Indian psyche appears to be heavily loaded against the birth of
a female child. Somebody has to have the guts to change it. Why can’t some bold
reformers declare that their last rites would be performed only by their daughters, not
sons? What’s wrong in that?
Information Technology is a developing technology
Information Technology is a developing technology that aims at obtaining the maximum
information with minimum of resources, labour or time. The technological progress
during the past sixty years has brought about an explosion in knowledge. Today we
have super computers imitating the human brain and even beating it in various fields
like fast data processing, huge memory storage and quick retrieval capacity. This
wonder machine called computer has revolutionised life in a big way.
The Information Technology today is rightly called the Technology of the Century as it
has found its application and use in every walk society of the world. Distances no
longer exist and the world appears to have shrunk into a Global Village. The wisdom of
the wisest is today available to the stupidest of the person thus ushering in an era of
real equality of opportunity to all. It is really a landmark achievement that more than
six billion population of the world will soon be living in a virtual village, as compact as
any small Indian village of a fun thousand population.
Information Technology, as expected, has brought about a sea change in the functioning
of this world. It has proved to be a great boon to industrial productivity. Internet
makes all the information available regarding product design, product quality, latest
technologies, market survey, financial conditions and the like at any given point of time
on a continuous basis at any place in the world. Systems like Supply Chain Management
(SCM) and Enterprises Resources Planning (ERP) and coming up fast to provide mutual
help and information to producers, buyers, distributors, and consumers all over the
world.
In short, every aspect of the human life under the sun will see a vast change. We used to
talk of a utopia, a heaven of our dreams. I am sure it is coming. We are soon going to

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witness an age where every head will be high, where every heart will be happy, where
every hand will be busy.
Freedom of Speech
The phrase “Freedom of Speech” has been misinterpreted by some individuals who
either do not actually understand the meaning of the phrase completely or have a totally
different agenda in mind altogether. Every democratic country gives its citizens this
freedom. The same is guaranteed by the Constitution of India too. Irrespective of your
gender, religion, caste, or creed, you are guaranteed that freedom as an Indian.
Indians stand out for their secularism and for spreading democratic values across the
world. Thus, to save and celebrate the democracy, enforcing freedom of speech in India
becomes a necessity. Freedom of speech is not only about the fundamental rights, it’s
also a fundamental duty to be done by every citizen rightfully so as to save the essence
of democracy.
In developed democracies like the US, UK, Germany or France, we see a “freedom of
speech” that is different from what we see in authoritarian countries like China,
Malaysia or Syria and failed democratic countries like Pakistan or Rwanda. These
governance systems failed because they lacked freedom of speech. Freedom of press
gives us a yardstick to gauge the freedom of speech in a country. A healthy, liberal and
strong democracy is reflected by a strong media presence in a country, since they are
supposed to be the voice of the common people. A democracy that has a stomach for
criticisms and disagreements are taken in a positive way.
Cultural Diversity in India
Indian culture is an amalgamation of diverse cultures and traditions influenced by the
great Indian history. India is the second most populated country in the world and is also
a culturally diverse country. India comprises of 29 different states rich in their own
cultures and traditions. Indian culture is the heart of the country and its people. Its
diverse religions and communities mainly influence Indian culture. India’s diversified
culture gathers people of various communities and cultures to celebrate festivals with
brotherhood and love.
India is a hub of many multicultural and multi-traditional festivals like Holi, Diwali,
Christmas, Guru Nanak, Ganesh Chaturthi, Dussehra, Ramazan, and many more. Each
Indian festival unfolds its own cultural and national tale and significance and is
celebrated with different customs. In India, Deity is an essential part of every person’s
life. Indians hold different prayers, beliefs, and values. The Hindu tradition and belief
system worships and respects Cows, Banyan tree, Neem tree, and Peepal tree as their
religious connotations. India comprises many rivers such as Ganga, Bramhaputra,
Yamuna, Narmada, Godavari, and Tapti River, which holds great religious significance
and sentiments. The people occasionally worship these rivers.
India homes many sacred and religious places like the Amarnath temple, the Haridwar
temple, Vaishno Devi, Badrinath, and Varanasi, which are located in the northern part of
the country. However, in the southern region, one can visit the Rameshwaram temple,
Sabrimala, and Sringeri that hold great significance. India holds other significant

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religious places such as the Somnath Temple and the Dwarkadish Temple in Gujarat.
The Siddhi Vinayak Temple in Mumbai is another pure Indian beauty. The famous
Golden Temple, located at Amritsar, holds great beauty and importance on the Sikh
pilgrimage site in India. Thus, India is enriched with traditional and modern culture.
People have the freedom to practice or follow the religion of their choice.
Start Up India
Start-up India stand-up India is an initiative launched on January 16, 2016 with its full
work plan. However, this plan was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during
his Independence Day speech in 2015. This program is a new gift to the youth by the
Indian government of 2016. This will help them to establish their new businesses or
innovative projects. In this way, almost all the youth of the country will be encouraged
and their new innovative ideas will be used to create jobs. It will prove to be very
helpful in improving the country's economic growth and the development of the career
of the youth.
To make this initiative successful, through online connectivity, we want to take part in
almost all the major higher education institutions in India. This program will help India
make the start-up capital of the world. The entire plan of the scheme has been started
with the start of the start-up India standup India campaign. While establishing a high-
level inter-ministerial panel also went planned to create a favorable ecosystem after
innovation, as well as to ensure that the evaluation of the startup proposals that are
eligible for incentives or not.
This initiative is an effective effort by the government to help startup new business
ventures, especially for people with innovative ideas and skills. It will help in improving
the situation of small and new entrepreneurs and create new job opportunities for
others. There is no shortage of talented and skilled youth in India with innovative plans,
but they need some effective support to encourage and move forward without fear of
failing. All Indian IITs, Central Universities, IIMs, NITs and other institutions were
associated with each other for successful launch of this campaign.
Violence in India
Violence is the expression of physical or verbal force against self or different, compelling
action against one can on pain of being hurt. The word violence covers a broad
spectrum. It will vary from physical words between 2 beings, wherever a small injury
could also result, to war and killing, wherever millions might die as a result. Violence
could be a comparatively common form of human behaviour that happens throughout
the globe. Individuals of any age could also be violent, though older adolescents and
young adults are presumed to interact in violent behaviour. Violence features various
adverse effects on those that witness or expertise it, and youngsters are particularly
liable to its damage. As luck would have it, numerous programs are productive in
preventing and reducing violence. Human is a peaceable entity, but greed, passion,
misguidance, etc. lead an individual to adopt violent behaviour. Violence has created

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mayhem throughout the planet. Each country within the world faces some reasonable
violence or the opposite.
Violence may be an international development leading to the deaths of over one. Six
million folks annually, creating it one of all the leading causes of death worldwide.
Violent crimes square measure usually divided into four main classes, supported the
character of the behaviour: killing, assault, theft, alternative varieties of violence
overlap with these classes, like kid sexual and violence.
Sexual violence will occur at associate degree social or collective level. Sexual violence
incorporates non-consensual sexual contact and non-consensual non-contact acts of a
sexual nature, like paraphilia and harassment.12 Acts qualify as sexual violence if
they’re committed against somebody unable to consent or refuse, as an example,
attributable to age, disability, misuse of authority, violence, or threats of violence.
Women safety in India
Women safety in India is widely discussed everywhere nowadays. It has now become a
major issue. The crime rate is on the spike. Women travellers from other countries are
also in a dubious state while thinking about coming to India. However, this fear cannot
keep them away from any kind of social activity. There are laws but there should be
proper safety measures which we have to follow strictly to protect the women from
violence.
Women’s life is endangered due to violence and discrimination and kept them away
from participating in any social activity. Women are caged in the houses previously, but
urbanization forces them to break these jails and show their talent to the world at par
with men. Women showed their talent in every sector from the taxi driver to the CEO of
multinational corporate companies. People must shrug off the idea that women can't do
anything by going out of the house. They should admit that she has set foot on the moon
too.
Violence is widely observed in public transports, so she should try to avoid travelling
with public transports at night, and if it's not possible then make sure you travel with
enough crowd. If she is driving alone, don't give a lift to strangers, because we are not
sure about their intentions. Using a smartphone wisely can provide a bodyguard in
emergencies. Precautions are always better than cure! To protect women from domestic
violence ‘The Parliament of India’ passed ‘The Protection of Women from Domestic
violence Act 2005’.
Naxalism in India
The Naxal movement also presents the greatest overall concern to India in the future, as
it highlights various underlying weaknesses of India’s governance, political institutions
and socio-economic structure. Naxalism is the biggest problem that India is facing today
because it affects several areas including the economy, security and foreign affairs, its
citizens and rule of law. Because of the multi-dimensional aspect of the Naxal problem, a
three-pronged approach should be taken in dealing with the threat. It calls for a balance

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between military forces, social and economic development, as well as dialogue between
all parties.
The Indian Maoist movement, popularly known as the Naxal movement, arose from the
broader communist movement in India. The words Naxal/Naxalism/Naxalite owe their
origin to the Naxalbari village of the Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal, from
where the peasant insurgency led by the Maoists began in 1967. The Naxal uprising was
led by Charu Majumdar (chief ideologue), Kanu Sanyal (peasant leader) and Jungel
Santhal (tribal leader).
The success of the Maoist movement is deeply rooted in the weakness of some parts of
the Indian state to fulfil its ideally functions and responsibilities. Although India, in
comparison to other former colonised states, was able to develop a powerful apparatus
of state, state control remains in large parts precarious in terms of its conception. State
administration is especially in those areas sparsely developed which are most affected
by Naxalite violence.
In 2013, the government identified 26 districts in the country as highly Naxal-affected
with 80% violence in the last three years being reported from there. The districts are
spread over seven Maoist-hit states – Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal. There was some debate in India on number of
districts or the area in the country that is affected by Naxalism. These numbers have
been varying from 60 to 200 plus depending on the intensity of violence. At the same
time allotment of special funds for development and security by the Planning
Commission as well as the Ministry of Home Affairs had led to declaration of even less
affected districts as under Naxal control by states, 83 such districts in the country had
been identified, mainly in the seven most affected states as mentioned.
Schemes of Government of India
The social welfare services of the Government of India are intended to cater to the
special needs of persons and groups who, because of some handicap, or social, economic
and physical reasons are unable to avail themselves of the amenities and services
provided by the community. These weaker sections include women, children,
handicapped, aged and infirm, SC and STs etc. Social welfare activities in the country
find their inspiration in Constitution which postulates the goal of welfare state. Article
38 of the Constitution says that the steps of government shall strive to promote the
welfare of the people by securing and protecting their interests.
India adopted a mixed economy, where state took initiative to develop the masses. This
initiative included establishment of Planning Commission which was nodal agency for
flagship programming. Various programmes and schemes of government can be
categorised as (i) Rural Development Schemes, (i) Child Welfare Schemes, (iii) Women
Empowerment Schemes, (iv) Employment Schemes etc.
Indian Government’s intention to provide assistance to poor and their upliftment is
clear, but at the implementation part government fails. The reason of inefficiency can be

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attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption and misalignment
of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the scheme MGNREGA has failed in Bihar
and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Making a policy and
implementing it as a scheme are two totally different aspects; if either of them is not
done efficiently, the policy will be a total failure.
There are a number of schemes launched by government focused on a range of public
services. Among them, 10 big flagship programmes like MGNREGS, Make in India, Digital
India, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan etc. account for 90% of the resources, leaving other small
programmes to only increase administrative burden. It significantly affects the
implementation of even bigger schemes. Government should prioritise schemes and
should go according to the administrative capacity of implementation. Proper surveys
should be done before formulating a scheme. There is also a need of better coordination
among Centre and State Governments.
Corruption in India
Corruption refers to a form of criminal activity or dishonesty. It refers to an evil act by
an individual or a group. Most noteworthy, this act compromises the rights and
privileges of others. Furthermore, Corruption primarily includes activities like bribery
or embezzlement. However, Corruption can take place in many ways. Most probably,
people in positions of authority are susceptible to Corruption. Corruption certainly
reflects greedy and selfish behavior.
First of all, Bribery is the most common method of Corruption. Bribery involves the
improper use of favours and gifts in exchange for personal gain. Furthermore, the types
of favours are diverse. Above all, the favours include money, gifts, company shares,
sexual favours, employment, entertainment, and political benefits. The graft is a global
form of Corruption. Most noteworthy, it refers to the illegal use of a politician’s
authority for personal gain. Furthermore, a popular way for the graft is misdirecting
public funds for the benefit of politicians. Extortion is another major method of
Corruption. It means to obtain property, money or services illegally. Above all, this
obtainment takes place by coercing individuals or organizations. Hence, Extortion is
quite similar to blackmail.
One important way of preventing Corruption is to give a better salary in a government
job. Many government employees receive pretty low salaries. Therefore, they resort to
bribery to meet their expenses. So, government employees should receive higher
salaries. Consequently, high salaries would reduce their motivation and resolve to
engage in bribery. Tough laws are very important for stopping Corruption. Above all,
strict punishments need to be meted out to guilty individuals. Furthermore, there
should be an efficient and quick implementation of strict laws. Applying cameras in
workplaces is an excellent way to prevent corruption. Above all, many individuals
would refrain from indulging in Corruption due to fear of being caught. Furthermore,
these individuals would have otherwise engaged in Corruption.

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To sum it up, Corruption is a great evil of society. This evil should be quickly eliminated
from society. Corruption is the poison that has penetrated the minds of many
individuals these days. Hopefully, with consistent political and social efforts, we can get
rid of Corruption.
DIGITAL INDIA
The “Digital India” campaign was launched by the government of India to uplift the
usage of technology in India. The objective was to make the Government services easily
available to the citizens electronically by improving its online infrastructure all over the
country. The process would be structured to increase internet connectivity to make the
country digitally empowered. It helps to reach out to the masses and encourage them to
use technology in their daily lives. Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi launched the
campaign on July 1, 2015. The initiative aims at connecting rural India with the help of
high-speed internet connectivity.
With the Digital India Programme, the Government of India is hoping to achieve an all-
round growth on multiple fronts collectively. The awareness of the importance of
technology has been successfully created among the masses of India by the Digital India
campaign. There has been a vast growth in the usage of the internet and technology in
past few years. The Panchkula district in Haryana was awarded the best and top
performing district under the Digital India campaign on the 28th of December 2015.
Technology giants from all over the world paid attention to the Digital India campaign
and are readily and happily supporting the initiative. Even Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of
Facebook, had changed his profile picture to support Digital India. He started a trend on
Facebook and promised to get the WiFi Hotspots in rural India working. Google started
on its commitment to providing broadband connectivity at 500 railway stations in India.
Microsoft agreed on providing broadband connectivity to 500,000 villages in the
country. Microsoft is also making India its cloud hub via the Indian data centres. Oracle
planned on investing in 20 states to work on Smart City initiatives and payments.
Disaster Management in India
Disaster management refers to the response to an emergency. Due to its unique
geographical conditions, India is prone to natural disasters. Some of the major natural
disasters that India has often faced are floods, landslides, earthquakes, droughts,
storms, and so on. Each year, some areas of the country are facing these dire situations
and the government is taking steps to manage these disasters.
Due to natural disasters, our country suffers enormous losses of public and private
property and many lives are also lost during severe natural disasters. The National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was created by the Indian National
Government to respond quickly to disasters caused by nature or otherwise. The
National Disaster Management Academy has been equipped with all the tools and
training needed to provide disaster relief.

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For many years, the National Disaster Management Authority has dealt with natural
disasters, but it needs to be regularly updated with modern equipment to handle
disaster situations much more effectively. If not all, but some of the natural disasters
were due to infrastructure developments. Several jungles have been cut to build cities
and industries. The river belts have been modified to ensure that development in the
neighbouring region is faster. Pollution becomes a major problem that negatively affects
the environment. Pollution in the form of solid, liquid and gas harms the environment at
an alarming rate. If these development problems are not dealt with tactfully, we will
create a serious imbalance in the global environment that will cause global warming
and increase the frequency of natural disasters.
Whatever the modernity of our response to natural disasters, if we are unable to create
a balance in our environment, we will face the dullness of nature. In summary, it is
important to modernize our response to disaster management by purchasing
equipment, training and state or art techniques. However, it will be much wiser to
reduce the natural imbalance to reduce natural disasters.
Smart cities in India
The project of ‘Smart Cities’ was announced soon after the Narendra Modi led
government came into power. This was considered as a step in the direction of urban
India’s renewal. Over the past few years, the urban cities have been witnessing an
increase in migration of population from rural to urban India. This influx has posed a
number of challenges for the natives, migrants as well as the government. Smart cities
are considered as a solution to cope with the challenges of urbanisation. ‘Smart city’ is
an urban region that is environment friendly, technologically well-equipped and has an
efficient core infrastructure along with market viability. The core infrastructure of a
smart city includes adequate water supply, assured electricity, sanitation, solid waste
management, efficient public transport and affordable housing, especially for the poor.
Robust IT connectivity and digitalisation, e-governance and citizen participation, safety
and security of citizens are some of the additional components of the core infrastructure
of a smart city. With the availability of ‘real-time data’, computers can ensure nearly
perfect operations such as synchronisation of traffic signals during the peak traffic
hours, striking a balance between the demand and supply of electricity networks etc. As
the premise of a smart city is based on the market drivers of demand and supply, these
cities promise benefits to the businesses, citizens, environment and the government
along with sustainable development.
Ever since the launch of this project, government’s think tanks, ministries and private
firms have been working together to make this dream project a success. As of now, the
government has announced an initial target of 100 smart cities in the next five years.
Instead of building brand new cities, the government plans to develop and build smart
towns on the lines of smart cities in the vicinity of the existing urban areas, upgrade the
existing mid-sized cities, and build settlements along the industrial corridors. The smart
cities are expected to have ‘special investment regions’ along with a modified tax
structure in order to attract foreign investments. These cities are considered to be the
magnets for investments which will eventually lead to the creation of a large number of
jobs in the region. The project will witness a large number of ‘public-private
partnerships’ in its due course.

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Role of Media in India
Media is the means of communication that reaches or influences people widely, has a
significant place in the statecraft machinery especially in the age of information
revolution. It is the source of information for a society regarding any issue be it local,
regional or global, people rely and even trust on what is presented to them by media.
The media has become an important tool of the statecraft in the modern era. It is the
'fourth estate' which helps the state to further its interests, objectives and goals.
Therefore, media act as an influential and instrumental tool with regards to building
confidence or promoting mistrust among people on issues related to national security.
It is, therefore necessary to ensure that the media is prompt, responsible, sensitive,
accurate and objective in its presentation of news. In the context of maintenance of
public order, the role of the media could go a long way in preventing rumour mongering
and incorrect or mischievous coverage by a small section of the media which could be
supportive of partisan elements. The central issue is how to have an effective interface
with the media. Given the technological environment in which the media functions
today, the fact that there is no monopoly over sources of information and the need to
have an informed public, control measures are neither feasible nor desirable To ensure
that government officials interact with the media in a professional manner, media
management modules should be integrated in various training programmes.
Ideally, media should be impartial and free from the propaganda mechanisms. It should
provide balanced account to the people. Media educates and keeps the public informed
about the national and international political and other human realities taking place in
everyday life.
However, the potential of media as a force multiplier and a weapon of war must be
realized. Failure to recognize and counter enemy’s usage of media could lead to
unprecedented military and national failures. It must be realized that today decisions
are no longer based on events but on how the events are presented.
Unemployment in India
Unemployment is a very serious issue not only in India but in the whole world. There
are hundreds and thousands of people out there who do not have employment.
Unemployment refers to a situation in which a skilled and talented people wanted to do
a job. But cannot find a proper job due to several reasons. In a country like India, there
is much reason for a large section of the population for being unemployed. Some of
these factors are population growth, slow economic growth, seasonal occupation, slow
growth of the economic sector, and fall in the cottage industry.
Moreover, these are the major reason for unemployment in India. Also, the situation has
become so drastic that highly educated people are ready to do the job of a sweeper.
Besides, the government is not doing his work seriously. Apart from all these, a large
portion of the population is engaged in the agricultural sector and the sector only
provides employment in harvest or plantation time. If things will go on like the current

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scenario then unemployment will become a major issue. Apart from this, the following
things happen in an economy which is an increase in poverty, an increase in crime rate,
exploitation of labor, political instability, mental health, and loss of skills. As a result, all
this will eventually lead to the demise of the nation.
The government has taken the problem very seriously and have taken measures to
slowly reduce unemployment. Some of these schemes includes IRDP (Integrated Rural
Development Programme), DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme), Jawahar Rozgar
Yojana, Employment Assurance Scheme, NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojana), Training for self-
Employment, PMIUPEP (Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication
Program), employment exchange, Employment Guarantee Scheme, development of
organized sector, small and cottage industries, employment in forging countries, and
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana and few more.
To conclude, we can say that the problem of unemployment in India has reached a
critical stage. But, now the government and local authorities have taken the problem
seriously and working on it to reduce unemployment. Also, to completely solve the issue
of unemployment we have to tackle the main issue of unemployment that is the vast
population of India.
Caste Based Reservation In India
Reservation is a controversial and highly debatable topic in India. Furthermore, the
main aim behind the reservation was the empowerment of the weaker sections of
society. So, let’s learn all about it with this essay on reservation in India. Reservation in
India refers to the practice of reserving a certain percentage of seats in government
institutions for people belonging to backward and under-represented communities.
Furthermore, reservation in its essence is a type of quota-based affirmative action. The
primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies under the Constitution are the
Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
Furthermore, this concept was made part of the Constitution in order to let the deprived
classes come at par with the privileged classes.
Today, the division of the Indian society has taken place into Hindu, Muslim, SC, ST, OBC
etc. Furthermore, demands for newer reservation are also coming from Christians, Jats,
Pandits, Tribals etc.
Unfortunately, there has been the failure of the policy to achieve its aim to uplift
the marginalised classes. Rather, the reservation policy has become a political tool in
the hands of politicians. Furthermore, the rift in the caste system is becoming deeper.
The 93rd Amendment stirred the anger of the youth, in general, all over the country.
Furthermore, protests took place from various sections of society. Moreover, the reason
for the anger of the youth was that the development of one section of the society cannot
take place at the cost of the other sections.
Reservation in India has been playing a major role in the politics of India. Furthermore,
it has now become an integral part of Indian society, in spite of the criticism it had to
face. Overall, it can be said that while the intention behind reservation cannot be
blamed, it is the faulty implementation that has been the main problem.

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Climate Catastrophe
Billions of tons of CO2 are released into the atmosphere every year as a result of coal,
oil, and gas production. Human activity is producing greenhouse gas emissions at a
record high, with no signs of slowing down. According to a ten-year summary of UNEP
Emission Gap reports, we are on track to maintain a “business as usual” trajectory.
The last four years were the four hottest on record. According to a September 2019
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report, we are at least one degree Celsius
above preindustrial levels and close to what scientists warn would be “an unacceptable
risk”. The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change calls for holding eventual warming
“well below” two degrees Celsius, and for the pursuit of efforts to limit the increase even
further, to 1.5 degrees. But if we don’t slow global emissions, temperatures could rise
to above three degrees Celsius by 2100, causing further irreversible damage to our
ecosystems. While technology has contributed to climate change, new and efficient
technologies can help us reduce net emissions and create a cleaner world. Readily-
available technological solutions already exist for more than 70 per cent of today’s
emissions. In many places renewable energy is now the cheapest energy source and
electric cars are poised to become mainstream.
In the meantime, nature-based solutions provide ‘breathing room’ while we tackle the
decarbonization of our economy. These solutions allow us to mitigate a portion of our
carbon footprint while also supporting vital ecosystem services, biodiversity, access to
fresh water, improved livelihoods, healthy diets, and food security. Nature-based
solutions include improved agricultural practices, land restoration, conservation, and
the greening of food supply chains. If governments, businesses, civil society, youth, and
academia work together, we can create a green future where suffering is diminished,
justice is upheld, and harmony is restored between people and planet.
Demonetisation
Demonetization refers to the act of stripping a currency as legal tender. In
demonetization, the current form of money is removed from circulation and retired.
Furthermore, the replacement of this form of money occurs with new notes or coins.
Sometimes, a nation completely introduces a new currency in place of old currency.
Most noteworthy, demonetization is a move in which a government bans the notes or
coins of a certain denomination.
First of all, demonetization significantly reduces corruption from taking place. It
certainly puts a full stop to corrupt practices. Demonetization significantly hampers
individuals dealing in black money from carrying out their evil ideas. Most
noteworthy, corrupt people in the future will feel scared of hoarding cash.
Demonetization improves the banking system significantly. Moving in the cashless
direction would mean better access to credit and revamping of financial operations.
Demonetization will lead to fewer instances of tax avoidance. This certainly is a massive
advantage of demonetization. Money that is deposited will be taken track of by income
tax authorities. Therefore, people will hesitate to use tax avoidance tactics.

DESCRIPTIVE Book BY VISHAL SIR C.pdf

DESCRIPTIVE Book BY VISHAL SIR C.pdf

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