SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 32
Download to read offline
CHARTHA . GAGLANI
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 4. Leucoplasts
2. Chromoplasts 5. Amyloplasts
• Appearance 6. Elaioplasts
• Structure 7. Proteinoplasts
• Function
3. Chloroplasts
• Structure
• Function
INTRODUCTION
• The plastid is a membrane bound organelle found
in the cells of plants, algae, and some
other eukaryotic organisms.
• Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst
Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to
provide a clear definition.
• Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of
important chemical compounds used by the cells
of autotrophic eukaryotes.
• They often contain pigments used
in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments in
a plastid determine the cell's color. They have
a common evolutionary origin and possess a
double-stranded DNA molecule that is circular,
like that of prokaryotic cells.
Plastids presentation
CHROMOPLASTS
• Chromoplasts are plastids, heterogeneous orga
nelles responsible for pigment synthesis and
storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes.
APPEARANCE
• Chromoplasts are plastids that are colored due
to the pigments that are produced and stored
inside them.
• They are found in fruits, flowers, roots, and
senescent leaves.
• The color of these plant organs is associated
with the presence of pigments, apart
from chlorophyll.
STRUCTURE
• Chromoplasts vary in structural appearance under
an electron microscope.
• They may generally be grouped into five types:
(1) globular, (2) crystalline, (3) fibrillar, (4)
tubular, and (5) membranous.
• Nevertheless, some chromoplasts may be harder
to classify when their structure is rather
complicated, such as those of tomatoes that
appear both membranous and crystalline in
appearance.
FUNCTIONS
• Chromoplasts are found in fruits, flowers, roots,
and stressed and aging leaves, and are responsible
for their distinctive colors.
• This is always associated with a massive increase
in the accumulation of carotenoid pigments.
• The conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts
in ripening is a classic example.
• They are generally found in mature tissues and
are derived from preexisting mature plastids.
• Chromoplasts synthesize and store pigments such as
orange carotene, yellow xanthophylls, and various other
red pigments.
• The main evolutionary purpose of chromoplasts is
probably to attract pollinators or eaters of colored fruits,
which help disperse seeds.
• However, they are also found in roots such
as carrots and sweet potatoes.
• They allow the accumulation of large quantities of water-
insoluble compounds in otherwise watery parts of plants.
Tomato
PHAEOPLASTS
• These are yellow or brown plastids found in
brown algae, diatoms and dinoflagellates.
• Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid pigment which
masks the colour of chlorophyll a, which is
also present.
• It also absorbs light and transfer the energy to
chlorophyll a.
Brown algae Diatom
s
Dinoflagellates
RHODOPLASTS
• These are red coloured plastids. It is found in
red algae and its red colour is due to
phycoerythrin.
• It also absorbs light.
Red algae
CHLOROPLASTS
• The chloroplast, found only in algal and plant cells, is a cell
organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis.
• The word chloroplast comes from the Greek words khloros,
meaning “green”, and plastes, meaning “formed”.
• It has a high concentration of chlorophyll, the molecule that
captures light energy, and this gives many plants and algae a
green color.
• Like the mitochondrion, the chloroplast is thought to have
evolved from once free-living bacteria.
Plastids presentation
STRUCTURE
• Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, are oval-shaped and have two
membranes: an outer membrane, which forms the external
surface of the chloroplast, and an inner membrane that lies just
beneath.
• Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin
intermembrane space about 10-20 nanometers wide.
• The space within the inner membrane is called the stroma.
• While the inner membranes of mitochondria have many folds
called cristae to absorb surface area, the inner membranes of
chloroplasts are smooth.
• Instead, chloroplasts have many small disc-shaped sacs called
thylakoids within their stroma.
• In the stroma, enzymes make complex organic
molecules that are used to store energy, such as
carbohydrates.
• The stroma also contains its own DNA and
ribosomes that are similar to those found in
photosynthetic bacteria.
• For this reason, chloroplasts are thought to have
evolved in eukaryotic cells from free-living
bacteria, just as mitochondria did.
Plastids presentation
FUNCTION
• Chloroplasts are the part of plant and algal cells that carry out
photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy to
energy stored in the form of sugar and other organic molecules
that the plant or alga uses as food.
• Photosynthesis has two stages.
• In the first stage, the light-dependent reactions occur.
• These reactions capture sunlight through chlorophyll and
carotenoids to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the energy
currency of the cell) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADPH), which carries electrons.
• The second stage consists of the light-independent
reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. In the
Calvin cycle, the electrons carried by NADPH
convert inorganic carbon dioxide and to an organic
molecule in the form of a carbohydrate, a process
known as CO2 fixation.
• Carbohydrates and other organic molecules can be
stored and used at a later time for energy.
Plastids presentation
LEUCOPLASTS
• Leucoplasts are a category of plastid and as such
are organelles found in plant cells.
• They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such
as the chloroplast.
• Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are not green
and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such
as roots, bulbs and seeds.
• They may be specialized for bulk storage
of starch, lipid or protein and are then known
as amyloplasts, elaioplasts, or proteinoplasts (also called
aleuroplasts) respectively.
Leucoplasts Potato
AMYLOPLASTS
• Amyloplasts are a type of plastid, double-enveloped
organelles in plant cells that are involved in various
biological pathways.
• Amyloplasts are specifically a type leucoplast, a
subcategory for colorless, non-pigment-containing plastids.
• Amyloplasts are found in roots and storage tissues and
store and synthesize starch for the plant through
the polymerization of glucose.
• Starch synthesis relies on the transportation of carbon from
the cytosol, the mechanism by which is currently under
debate.
Cotyledon
ELAIOPLASTS
• Elaioplasts are a type of leucoplast that is specialized
for the storage of lipids in plants.
• Elaioplasts house oil body deposits as rounded
plastoglobuli, which are essentially fat droplets.
Orchids
Lily
Oil droplets
PROTEINOPLASTS
• Proteinoplasts are specialized organelles found only in plant cells.
• Proteinoplasts belong to a broad category of organelles known as plastids.
• Because they lack pigment, proteinoplasts are more specifically a kind
of leucoplast.
• They contain crystalline bodies of protein and can be the sites of enzyme
activity involving those proteins.
• Proteinoplasts are found in many seeds, such as brazil
nuts, peanuts and pulses.
• Although all plastids contain high concentrations of protein, proteinoplasts
were identified in the 1960s and 1970s as having large protein inclusions
that are visible with both light microscopes and electron microscopes.
Seeds
THANK YOU…

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Nucleus Structure
Nucleus StructureNucleus Structure
Nucleus Structure
 
Vacuoles
VacuolesVacuoles
Vacuoles
 
Cell wall
Cell wallCell wall
Cell wall
 
Nuclear pores
Nuclear poresNuclear pores
Nuclear pores
 
Vacuole
VacuoleVacuole
Vacuole
 
Nucleus structure and nuclear pore complex
Nucleus structure and nuclear pore complexNucleus structure and nuclear pore complex
Nucleus structure and nuclear pore complex
 
Nucleus
NucleusNucleus
Nucleus
 
The Nucleus
The NucleusThe Nucleus
The Nucleus
 
Plastids
PlastidsPlastids
Plastids
 
ribosomes
ribosomesribosomes
ribosomes
 
Chloroplast
ChloroplastChloroplast
Chloroplast
 
Endomembrane system
Endomembrane systemEndomembrane system
Endomembrane system
 
Vacuoles
VacuolesVacuoles
Vacuoles
 
MICROBODIES
MICROBODIESMICROBODIES
MICROBODIES
 
Cell wall
Cell wallCell wall
Cell wall
 
Chloroplast
ChloroplastChloroplast
Chloroplast
 
Nucleus
NucleusNucleus
Nucleus
 
Structure of model membrane
Structure of model membrane Structure of model membrane
Structure of model membrane
 
Chloroplast
ChloroplastChloroplast
Chloroplast
 
Plastids
PlastidsPlastids
Plastids
 

Similar to Plastids presentation

Plastid NEW.pptx
 Plastid NEW.pptx Plastid NEW.pptx
Plastid NEW.pptxAKHILRDONGA
 
Plant physio. Photosynthesis.pptx
Plant physio. Photosynthesis.pptxPlant physio. Photosynthesis.pptx
Plant physio. Photosynthesis.pptxShridhanAmbhore
 
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolution
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolutionChloroplast_structure_function_evolution
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolutionseenumohapatra
 
Chloroplast.pptx
Chloroplast.pptxChloroplast.pptx
Chloroplast.pptxBTechMagcom
 
Plastids presentation biology
Plastids presentation biologyPlastids presentation biology
Plastids presentation biologyPratyush Ray
 
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))Manoj Dhital
 
Cell Biology.pptx
Cell Biology.pptxCell Biology.pptx
Cell Biology.pptxjunedc1
 
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFETHE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFEPaulomi Das
 
The cell organelles and their functions
The cell organelles and their functionsThe cell organelles and their functions
The cell organelles and their functionsEhtisham Panhwar
 
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphology
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphologyParts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphology
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphologyBikashAdhikari26
 
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptx
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptxEUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptx
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptxVirionLowry
 
CELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptx
CELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptxCELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptx
CELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptxMUSharavanaPriyan
 

Similar to Plastids presentation (20)

Plastid NEW.pptx
 Plastid NEW.pptx Plastid NEW.pptx
Plastid NEW.pptx
 
Plant physio. Photosynthesis.pptx
Plant physio. Photosynthesis.pptxPlant physio. Photosynthesis.pptx
Plant physio. Photosynthesis.pptx
 
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolution
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolutionChloroplast_structure_function_evolution
Chloroplast_structure_function_evolution
 
Chloroplast.pptx
Chloroplast.pptxChloroplast.pptx
Chloroplast.pptx
 
plastids.pptx
plastids.pptxplastids.pptx
plastids.pptx
 
CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLLCHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL
 
Plastids presentation biology
Plastids presentation biologyPlastids presentation biology
Plastids presentation biology
 
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))
 
PLASTIDS SMG
PLASTIDS   SMGPLASTIDS   SMG
PLASTIDS SMG
 
Cell Biology.pptx
Cell Biology.pptxCell Biology.pptx
Cell Biology.pptx
 
Mitochodria
MitochodriaMitochodria
Mitochodria
 
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFETHE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
 
The cell organelles and their functions
The cell organelles and their functionsThe cell organelles and their functions
The cell organelles and their functions
 
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphology
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphologyParts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphology
Parts of Plant, plant tissues, microscopy and morphology
 
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptx
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptxEUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptx
EUKARYOTIC CELLS PPT BT I.pptx
 
Plastids
PlastidsPlastids
Plastids
 
Plastid presentation
Plastid presentationPlastid presentation
Plastid presentation
 
CELL.pptx
CELL.pptxCELL.pptx
CELL.pptx
 
LIFE PROCESSES.pptx
LIFE PROCESSES.pptxLIFE PROCESSES.pptx
LIFE PROCESSES.pptx
 
CELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptx
CELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptxCELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptx
CELL-the-unit-of-life-8.pptx
 

More from CharthaGaglani

Method Overloading In Java
Method Overloading In JavaMethod Overloading In Java
Method Overloading In JavaCharthaGaglani
 
Macromolecular interaction
Macromolecular interactionMacromolecular interaction
Macromolecular interactionCharthaGaglani
 
Characteristics and Advantages of Database Management System
Characteristics and Advantages of Database Management SystemCharacteristics and Advantages of Database Management System
Characteristics and Advantages of Database Management SystemCharthaGaglani
 
Cosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression Vectors
Cosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression VectorsCosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression Vectors
Cosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression VectorsCharthaGaglani
 
Transplantation immunology
Transplantation immunologyTransplantation immunology
Transplantation immunologyCharthaGaglani
 
Sex linked inheritance
Sex linked inheritanceSex linked inheritance
Sex linked inheritanceCharthaGaglani
 
Phylogenetics an overview
Phylogenetics an overviewPhylogenetics an overview
Phylogenetics an overviewCharthaGaglani
 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCharthaGaglani
 
Applications of computer
Applications of computerApplications of computer
Applications of computerCharthaGaglani
 

More from CharthaGaglani (13)

Reference Manager.pdf
Reference Manager.pdfReference Manager.pdf
Reference Manager.pdf
 
Method Overloading In Java
Method Overloading In JavaMethod Overloading In Java
Method Overloading In Java
 
Macromolecular interaction
Macromolecular interactionMacromolecular interaction
Macromolecular interaction
 
Characteristics and Advantages of Database Management System
Characteristics and Advantages of Database Management SystemCharacteristics and Advantages of Database Management System
Characteristics and Advantages of Database Management System
 
Cosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression Vectors
Cosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression VectorsCosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression Vectors
Cosmid Vectors, YAC and BAC Expression Vectors
 
Bayesian inference
Bayesian inferenceBayesian inference
Bayesian inference
 
Antiviral agents
Antiviral agentsAntiviral agents
Antiviral agents
 
Transplantation immunology
Transplantation immunologyTransplantation immunology
Transplantation immunology
 
Sex linked inheritance
Sex linked inheritanceSex linked inheritance
Sex linked inheritance
 
Phylogenetics an overview
Phylogenetics an overviewPhylogenetics an overview
Phylogenetics an overview
 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 
Applications of computer
Applications of computerApplications of computer
Applications of computer
 
Amino acids
Amino acidsAmino acids
Amino acids
 

Recently uploaded

Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentControlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentRahulVishwakarma71547
 
Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.
Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.
Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.ShwetaHattimare
 
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky WayShiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky WaySérgio Sacani
 
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptxIntensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptxHarshiniAlapati
 
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba casoft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba caohsadfeeling
 
IB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptx
IB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptxIB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptx
IB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptxUalikhanKalkhojayev1
 
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jetsThermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jetsSérgio Sacani
 
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptxApplication of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptxRahulVishwakarma71547
 
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)GRAPE
 
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रKrishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रKrashi Coaching
 
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...Sérgio Sacani
 
PSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docxPSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docxmarwaahmad357
 
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th SemUnit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th SemHUHam1
 
Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...
Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...
Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...Sérgio Sacani
 
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxCW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxmarwaahmad357
 
TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)
TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)
TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)chatterjeesoumili50
 
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptxRole of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptxVaishnaviAware
 
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptxTHE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptxAkinrotimiOluwadunsi
 
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsbiosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsSafaFallah
 
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsgeometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsHassan Jolany
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentControlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
 
Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.
Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.
Role of Herbs in Cosmetics in Cosmetic Science.
 
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky WayShiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
 
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptxIntensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
 
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba casoft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
 
IB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptx
IB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptxIB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptx
IB Biology New syllabus B3.2 Transport.pptx
 
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jetsThermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
 
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptxApplication of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
 
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
 
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रKrishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
 
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
 
PSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docxPSP3 employability assessment form .docx
PSP3 employability assessment form .docx
 
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th SemUnit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
 
Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...
Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...
Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky...
 
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxCW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
 
TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)
TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)
TORSION IN GASTROPODS- Anatomical event (Zoology)
 
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptxRole of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
 
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptxTHE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
 
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsbiosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
 
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsgeometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
 

Plastids presentation

  • 2. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4. Leucoplasts 2. Chromoplasts 5. Amyloplasts • Appearance 6. Elaioplasts • Structure 7. Proteinoplasts • Function 3. Chloroplasts • Structure • Function
  • 3. INTRODUCTION • The plastid is a membrane bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. • Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to provide a clear definition. • Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cells of autotrophic eukaryotes.
  • 4. • They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments in a plastid determine the cell's color. They have a common evolutionary origin and possess a double-stranded DNA molecule that is circular, like that of prokaryotic cells.
  • 6. CHROMOPLASTS • Chromoplasts are plastids, heterogeneous orga nelles responsible for pigment synthesis and storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes.
  • 7. APPEARANCE • Chromoplasts are plastids that are colored due to the pigments that are produced and stored inside them. • They are found in fruits, flowers, roots, and senescent leaves. • The color of these plant organs is associated with the presence of pigments, apart from chlorophyll.
  • 8. STRUCTURE • Chromoplasts vary in structural appearance under an electron microscope. • They may generally be grouped into five types: (1) globular, (2) crystalline, (3) fibrillar, (4) tubular, and (5) membranous. • Nevertheless, some chromoplasts may be harder to classify when their structure is rather complicated, such as those of tomatoes that appear both membranous and crystalline in appearance.
  • 9. FUNCTIONS • Chromoplasts are found in fruits, flowers, roots, and stressed and aging leaves, and are responsible for their distinctive colors. • This is always associated with a massive increase in the accumulation of carotenoid pigments. • The conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in ripening is a classic example. • They are generally found in mature tissues and are derived from preexisting mature plastids.
  • 10. • Chromoplasts synthesize and store pigments such as orange carotene, yellow xanthophylls, and various other red pigments. • The main evolutionary purpose of chromoplasts is probably to attract pollinators or eaters of colored fruits, which help disperse seeds. • However, they are also found in roots such as carrots and sweet potatoes. • They allow the accumulation of large quantities of water- insoluble compounds in otherwise watery parts of plants.
  • 12. PHAEOPLASTS • These are yellow or brown plastids found in brown algae, diatoms and dinoflagellates. • Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid pigment which masks the colour of chlorophyll a, which is also present. • It also absorbs light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a.
  • 14. RHODOPLASTS • These are red coloured plastids. It is found in red algae and its red colour is due to phycoerythrin. • It also absorbs light.
  • 16. CHLOROPLASTS • The chloroplast, found only in algal and plant cells, is a cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis. • The word chloroplast comes from the Greek words khloros, meaning “green”, and plastes, meaning “formed”. • It has a high concentration of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures light energy, and this gives many plants and algae a green color. • Like the mitochondrion, the chloroplast is thought to have evolved from once free-living bacteria.
  • 18. STRUCTURE • Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, are oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane, which forms the external surface of the chloroplast, and an inner membrane that lies just beneath. • Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin intermembrane space about 10-20 nanometers wide. • The space within the inner membrane is called the stroma. • While the inner membranes of mitochondria have many folds called cristae to absorb surface area, the inner membranes of chloroplasts are smooth. • Instead, chloroplasts have many small disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids within their stroma.
  • 19. • In the stroma, enzymes make complex organic molecules that are used to store energy, such as carbohydrates. • The stroma also contains its own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those found in photosynthetic bacteria. • For this reason, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved in eukaryotic cells from free-living bacteria, just as mitochondria did.
  • 21. FUNCTION • Chloroplasts are the part of plant and algal cells that carry out photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy to energy stored in the form of sugar and other organic molecules that the plant or alga uses as food. • Photosynthesis has two stages. • In the first stage, the light-dependent reactions occur. • These reactions capture sunlight through chlorophyll and carotenoids to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the energy currency of the cell) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which carries electrons.
  • 22. • The second stage consists of the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, the electrons carried by NADPH convert inorganic carbon dioxide and to an organic molecule in the form of a carbohydrate, a process known as CO2 fixation. • Carbohydrates and other organic molecules can be stored and used at a later time for energy.
  • 24. LEUCOPLASTS • Leucoplasts are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. • They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. • Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are not green and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such as roots, bulbs and seeds. • They may be specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid or protein and are then known as amyloplasts, elaioplasts, or proteinoplasts (also called aleuroplasts) respectively.
  • 26. AMYLOPLASTS • Amyloplasts are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved in various biological pathways. • Amyloplasts are specifically a type leucoplast, a subcategory for colorless, non-pigment-containing plastids. • Amyloplasts are found in roots and storage tissues and store and synthesize starch for the plant through the polymerization of glucose. • Starch synthesis relies on the transportation of carbon from the cytosol, the mechanism by which is currently under debate.
  • 28. ELAIOPLASTS • Elaioplasts are a type of leucoplast that is specialized for the storage of lipids in plants. • Elaioplasts house oil body deposits as rounded plastoglobuli, which are essentially fat droplets.
  • 30. PROTEINOPLASTS • Proteinoplasts are specialized organelles found only in plant cells. • Proteinoplasts belong to a broad category of organelles known as plastids. • Because they lack pigment, proteinoplasts are more specifically a kind of leucoplast. • They contain crystalline bodies of protein and can be the sites of enzyme activity involving those proteins. • Proteinoplasts are found in many seeds, such as brazil nuts, peanuts and pulses. • Although all plastids contain high concentrations of protein, proteinoplasts were identified in the 1960s and 1970s as having large protein inclusions that are visible with both light microscopes and electron microscopes.
  • 31. Seeds