The document discusses the various foreign influences on Old English, including the Celtic, Roman, Scandinavian, and Latin influences. It describes how the Celtic language influenced place names and natural features. Latin was introduced through both direct Roman influence and later through Christianity. Many words relating to religion, education, and literature entered Old English through Latin. Scandinavian influence increased after Danish settlers began arriving in England in the 8th century. Their language introduced many everyday words and had a significant impact on grammar and syntax. Overall, the document examines the periods of contact between Old English and other languages and analyzes the extent and types of words borrowed into the English vocabulary from these foreign sources over time.

1. FOREIGN
INFLUENCES ON
OLD ENGLISH
Cecilia Romero
Gabriela Saavedra

2. HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

3. 53. THE CONTACT WITH OTHERS
DIALECTS
BROUGHT TO
ENGLAND
JUTE
S SAXON
S
ANGLES

4. FIRST
700
BROUGH
T
OTHER
LANGUAGUES
THE
CELTS
THE
ROMANS
THE
SCANDINAVIAN
53. THE CONTACT WITH OTHERS

5. 54. THE CELTIC INFLUENCE.

6. 56. THREE LATIN INFLUENCES ON OLD ENGLISH

7. 57. CRONOLOGICAL CRITERIA
Old ENGLISH
MIDDLE
ENGLISH
EXTENDING
VOCABULA
RY
RESOURCE
S

8. THE NAME LONDON GOES BACK TO A CELTIC
DESTINATION.
NAMES OF RIVERS AND
HILLS
PROXIMITY TO THESE
NATURAL FEATURES
CELTIC
WORDS
THA
MES
57. CRONOLOGICAL CRITERIA

9. SCANDINAVIAN
LOANWORDS AND THEIR
CHARACTER
AFTER THE
DANES BEGUN
TO SETLE
SCANDINAVIAN
WORDS BEGAN TO
ENTER IN NUMBER
DANES
CONTRIBUTE
D
ESPECIALLLY
TO ENGLISH
CULTURE
TREE,,CROOK,DIR
T,DOWN,SCALES,
SCORE,STEAK,S
WAIN,ODD,TRUST,
RIVE,SPRINT
,TAKE
EVERYDAY,T
HE
SCANDINAVI
AN INVASION

10. 58. CONTINENTAL BORROWING (LATIN
INFLUENCE OF THE ZERO PERIOD)

11. 58. CONTINENTAL BORROWING (LATIN
INFLUENCE OF THE ZERO PERIOD)
• War: camp (battle), weall (wall), mīl (mile)
• Trade: cēap (bargain; cheap, chapman) mangian (to
trade), mangung (trade, commerce)
• Wine trade. wīn (wine), must (new wine), eced (vinegar)
• Domestic life: cytel (kettle), mēse (table), scamol (bench)
• Other words: cycene (kitchen), cuppe (cup), disc (dish),
culer (spoon)
• Foods: cīese (cheese), spelt (wheat), pipor (pepper),
cisten (chestnut tree).
• Arts: cealc (chalk), copor (copper), pic (pitch).
• Miscellaneous words: mūl (mule), draca (dragon)

12. 59. LATIN THROUGH CELTIC TRANSMISSION
EMPLOYMENT OF
LATIN WORDS
Latin as a spoken
languague did not survive
the end of roman rule

13. 60. LATIN INFLUENCE OF THE SECOND PERIOD:
THE CHRISTIANIZING OF BRITAIN

14. CRISTIANITY MEANT
BULDING OF
MOVEMENT 669 BISHOP
THEODORE OF
TARSUS
61. EFFECTS OF CHRISTIANITYON ENGLISH
CIVILIZATION

15. 62. THE EARLIER INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY
ON THE VOCABULARY.

16. 62. THE EARLIER INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY
ON THE VOCABULARY.
• Domestic life: cap, sock, silk, and purple.
• Food: beet, lentil, pear, and radish.
• Names of trees: box, pine, balsam.
• Education: school, master, gloss, notary
• Miscellaneous: anchor, coulter, fan, fever,
place
• Literary words: calend, circle, and talent
• Verbs and adjectives: āspendan (to spend),
bemūtian (to exchange), sealtian (to dance).

17. 63. THE BENEDICTINE REFORM
FEATURES
DANES -RAVAGE
AT THE END OF
THE EIGHT
CENTURY
DECLINE HAD
AFFECTED THE
MORAL FIBER OF
THE CHURCH

18. WEALTHY MEN HAD
GIVEN AND FREELY TO
RELIGIOUS
FOUNDATION
IN THE HOPE OF LAYING
UP SPIRITUAL RESERVES
FOR THEMSELVES
AGAINST IN THE NEW
WORLD
63. THE BENEDICTINE REFORM

19. 64. INFLUENCE OF THE BENEDICTINE REFORM
ON ENGLISH
• Religious: antichrist, apostle, cantor, chrism, collect,
demon, font, nocturn, and troper.
• Literary and learned words: accent, brief, decline,
history, and title predominated.
• Names of plants: centaury, cucumber, ginger, and
verbena.
• Names of trees: cypress, laurel, and cedar.
• Medical terms: cancer, paralysis, scrofula, and
plaster.
• Animal: camel, scorpion, tiger.
• Some words: Columba, cathedra, apostate, acolitus,
and cometa.

20. CRISTIANIT
Y
AFFECTED
LIVES
THOUGHT
S
ENGLISH
NOT
ALWAYS
ADOPT A
FOREIGN
WORD TO
EXPRESS A
NEW
CONCEPT
65. THE APPLICATION OF NATIVE WORDS
TO NEW CONCEPTS.

21. ANGLO SAXONS DID
NOT BORROW THE
WORD DEUS = GOD
POPE,
BISHOP
PRIEST
MONK
ABBOT
HAD NO
EQUIVALENT
THESE
WORDS
FOR
CLERGY,
WORDS
BORROW IN
OLD ENGLISH

22. 66. THE EXTENT OF THE INFLUENCE.
450 Latin words:
100: learned and retained
350: no general use until later.
Suffixes: –dōm, -hād, -ung

23. 67. THE SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE: THE VIKING
AGE
NORMAN
DY
GERMANIC
HABITANTS
PENINSULA
DENMARK
EIGHTH
CENTUR
Y A
CHANGE
3 INFLUENCE
SCANDINAVI
AN
END OLD
ENGLISH
PERIOD
DANES
FOUNDED

24. 68. THE SCANDINAVIAN INVASIONS OF
ENGLAND.
787 to 850: monasteries and sacred vessels.
850: Danish fleet of 350 ships.
866: East Anglia
867: York
869: the East Anglian king, Edmund died.
878 Alfred attacked the Danish army.
878 to 1042: Guthrum broke the Treaty of Wedmore.
937: Athelstan’s triumph in the attle of Brunanburh.
991: a Viking fleet. Olaf Tryggvason
994: Olaf and Svein attacked London.
1074: Svein and his son’ s victories

25. THE SETLEMENT OF
THE DANES IN ENGLAND
LARGE NUMBER OF
SCANDINAVIAN IN
ENGLAND
AT THE
BEGINNING,
SIMPLY TO
PLUNDER
MORE THAN 1400 PLACES
BEAR SCANDINAVIAN
NAMES MOST IN THE
NORTH AND EAST
MAYORITY INVADER
SETLER.
69. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE DANES IN ENGLAND

26. 70. THE AMALGAMATION OF THE TWO PEOPLES.

27. The Scandinavian language was
constantly renewed by the steady
and trade.
Frequent intermarriage between the
two peoples and similarities between
the two tongues.
71. THE RELATION OF THE TWO LANGUAGES

28. 72. THE TEST OF BORROWED WORDS.
Sound
 Sh ship, fish, shall
 Sk  sky, skin, skill, whisk
 k and g: kid, dike
Meaning
Bloom  Old English bloma (ingot of iron)
Scandinavian blom (flower, blom)

29. Social and administrative system
 law  Scandinavian origin.
 māl (action at law) , hold (freeholder)
use to the Danes
 Old English words bōtlēas (what cannot be
compensated), hāmsōcn (attacking an
enemy in his house)
74. THE EARLIEST BORROWING

30. 76. THE RELATION OF BORROWED AND NATIVE
WORDS.
 In form and meaning  burn, cole, fast.
 Differences of formbench, goat.
 Two had long remained in use awe
(Scandinavian), eye (aye) from Old English.
 Retained with a difference of meaning or use 
whole – hale, rear – raise, from – fro.
 Not in common use  till, dale, rim.
 Modified, taking on Scandinavian word  give,
get

31. FORM WORDS
SCANDINAVIAN
WORDS INTO
ENGLISH WORDS
NOUNS
ADJECTIV
ES
VERB
S
EXTENDE
D
PRONOUNS
HIE,HIERA,HI
M
ADVERBS,
PREPOSITION
SIGNIFICANT
ADOPTION THE
PRESENT PLURAL
77. FORM WORDS.

32. 79. EFFECTS ON GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX
Affected
grammar
and syntax
Inflections are
seldom transferred
from one language
to another
The –s of
the 3 person
replaced
by/ing

33. 78. SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE OUTSIDE THE
STANDARD SPEECH
 Old Literature and Modern dialects.
Ballads
80. PERIOD AND EXTENT OF THE INFLUENCE
 English dialect Dictionary
 Great influence
 In written borrowed words later
 The most interesting influences
that contributed to the English
language