SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 15
Download to read offline
c u l t u r e s
o f d e s i g n
&t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
a r o u n d
in&
by
a n d r e w
b l a u v e l t
pageone
c u l t u r e s
o f d e s i g n
&
a n d r e w
t h e
d e s i g n
o f c u l t u r e s
by
b l a u v e l t
a r t i c l e o r i g i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d b y e m i g r e 3 2
i n 1 9 9 4
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
i ams e d u c e d
b y t h e
m e s s a g e s o f o t h e r s
i a p p r e c i a t e
t h e m a t e r i a l i t y
o f
t h e f i n e l y p r i n t e d b o o k
i r e s p o n d
t o t h e u r g e n c y e x p r e s s e d b y
t h e p o l i t i c a l p o s t e r . . .
i a m r e p u s l e d
b y t h e m e s s a g e s o f
o t h e r s
i a m a p p a l l e d
b y d i s p l a y s o f j u s t i c e
i a m t h r e a t e n e d
b y s i g n s o f h a t r e d
&i s h o p a t t h e m a l l
&i s h o p a t t h e m a l l
pagetwo|three
The paradoxical nature of being both in and around is familiar to the cul-
tural anthropologist, who might work in the field among the observed and
at the same time remains apart from the observed. It is this observer status
given to the anthropologist that creates this necessary dilemma. The con-
ventional wisdom supporting the role of cultural anthropology has been
its intention to study the cultures of other peoples as a way of reflect-
ing on our own culture, or to borrow a phrase from Liberal Humanism,
“ To k n o w o t h e r s s o t h at w e m ay b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d
o u r s e lv e s .” T h e s i t u at i o n b e t w e e n a n o b s e r v e r a n d
a n o b s e r v e d c a n n e v e r b e n e u t r a l , h o w e v e r , s i n c e
t h e p o w e r r e l at i o n s h i p s a r e i n e v i ta b l y u n e q u a l .
The graphic designer shares a similar dilemma of being both instrumental in
the making of cultural artifacts and living in the society through which they
are distributed. Graphic designers are often asked to remove themselves from
their social positions and experiences and offer themselves as professionals,
specialists in the various forms of visual communication.
This detachment, which we might call “professionalization” or “specializa-
tion,” creates the mythical, autonomous observer in the design process.
This is a learned method of being professional and a consequence of the
“problem-solving process” at the core of every graphic design procedure.
We are asked to be objective and to render rational decisions (solutions),
and doing so places graphic design on a par with other professions.
The graphic designer is, of course, a member of society and
thus lives with the artifacts of his or her making, as well as
with the artifacts of other designers. In this way, designers
are asked to be professionals outside of (to be around)
culture, and at the same time, to be a part of (to be in),
culture. We are, with others in society, witnesses to and
participants in the consumption of cultural artifacts and,
therefore, share in the moments of seduction and repulsion
that these artifacts generate.
pagefour|five
The important lesson of this confes-
sion is that we consume cultural ar-
tifacts and their messages in differ-
ent ways. While we consume these
artifacts in the conventional man-
ner of conspicuous consumption,
which renders consumers as passive,
blank slates upon which all forms
of messages can be written, more
recent research efforts have demon-
strated another dimension to this
idea of passive consumption, show-
ing that we also consume artifacts
symbolically and even ironically
through small acts of individual re-
sistance.(1) I watch Melrose Place
ironically, for the melodramatic
plot lines and the obvious acting -
it’s so bad, it’s good - while I re-
sist buying cable television because
that’s just too much television.
T h e n o w c l a s s i c e x a m p l e d r a w n f r o m
w o r k o f p o p u l a r c u l t u r e i s I e n A n g ’ s
W a t c h i n g D a l l a s , f i r s t p u b l i s h e d i n t h e
N e t h e r l a n d s i n 1 9 8 2 . A n g g a t h e r e d r e -
s p o n s e s f r o m w o m e n b y p l a c i n g a n a d
i n t h e D u t c h w o m a n ’ s m a g a z i n e V i v a ,
a d d r e s s e d t o t h o s e w h o e i t h e r l i k e d t o
w a t c h t h e A m e r i c a n s o a p o p e r a D a l l a s
o r d i s l i k e d i t . A n g d i s c o v e r e d t h r e e g e n -
e r a l p o s i t i o n s t o w a r d t h e p r o g r a m : o n e
g r o u p o f f a n s , a s e c o n d s e t o f v i e w e r s
w h o w a t c h e d t h e p r o g r a m i r o n i c a l l y a n d
a t h i r d g r o u p w h o h a t e d t h e s h o w . A n g ’ s
w o r k d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e c o n s u m p t i o n
o f c u l t u r a l a r t i f a c t s ( i n t h i s c a s e w a t c h -
i n g t . v . ) i s a c o m p l e x n e g o t i a t i o n i n v o l v -
i n g s o m e t i m e s t h e w h o l e s a l e a c c e p t a n c e
o f t h e s h o w ’ s m e s s a g e ( b y f a n s ) , s o m e -
t i m e s a n o u t r i g h t r e j e c t i o n o f s u c h d e -
b a s e d m e s s a g e s a n d m e a n i n g s ( b y h a t e r s )
a n d s o m e t i m e s a n i n v e r t e d r e - r e a d i n g o f
t h e s h o w ’ s m e s s a g e a n d m e a n i n g ( b y i r o -
n i s t s ) . A n g ’ s w o r k i s i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e
s h e e x a m i n e s h o w p l e a s u r e i s p r o d u c e d
t h r o u g h c o n s u m p t i o n , i n r a t h e r c o m p l e x
w a y s w i t h c o n t r a d i c t o r y v a l u e s y s t e m s ,
r a t h e r t h a n s e e i n g c o n s u m p t i o n a s s i m p l y
a n e n d i n a n d o f i t s e l f .
1
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
This process of differentiation con-
tinues on a social level through iden-
tification with race, ethnicity, gen-
der, age, religious affiliation, sexual
orientation, class, etc. These social
and cultural positions are defined as
much by what they are not as by what
they are. We f i n d t h at w e a r e
c u l t u r a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d a s
s u b j e c t s a n d w e a r e s o c i a l -
l y c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h t h e
i d e n t i t i e s w e c l a i m o r t h e
c at e g o r i e s w e a r e p l a c e d i n .
It is easier to understand that class is
a social construction but harder to
consider how race is a construction,
and not simply a natural phenomenon,
until we realize that the idea of race
emerged in a historically specific way,
bolstered by the truth claims of sci-
ence for various political ends. Race
is not natural, it is cultural. Gender
is not natural, it is cultural. These
statements are made to counter the
extent to which ideas about woman,
blacks, gays, etc. are so intertwined
in the fabric of society as to appear in-
evitable and unquestionable - natural.
t h e d i s c o v e r y o f
d i f f e r e n c e
The dilemma of being both in and
around culture exists at anoth-
er level: at the level of individual
subjectivity. I have already asserted
that the phrase “in and around”
constitutes a subject position, if
only a paradoxical one. Just as a
subject position will only be mean-
ingful if it is defined in relation-
ship to other positions, so too is
the subject of that positioning.
We need other things to mark the
boundaries of ourselves, our iden-
tities and our cultures. Psycho-
analysis tells us that this process
happens at a very early age, when
the child recognizes itself as a
self; that is to say, as an individ-
ual, and also recognizes others
as others Similarly, cognitive psy-
chologists have suggested that
we seem predisposed at the earliest
ages to recognize difference, the
exceptional, as a way of making
sense of the world around us.
pagesix|seveni n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
thediscovery
of
difference
Tellingly, many of these campaigns are for fashion clientele, contribut-
ing to the notion that such “ d i v e r s i t y ” i s “ f a s h i o n a b l e .” (4)
In our discussions of others in this culture, it is hard to imagine a
scenario that is not a product of larger economic forces. This applies
to the economic development of colonialism that brought slavery to the
New World and with it the foundations of racial supremacy, as well
as to today’s effects of global capitalism which turn those old feel-
ings of supremacy into longings for contact, even intimate contact,
with others - their skin, clothes, language, music, crafts, cuisine. (5)
It is this longing for contact with others, their exotic appeal, which
drives the desire for cultural appreciation through cultural appropriation.
Design’s relationship with cultural identification is a very important, that
is to say, financially significant one. T h e “ d i s c o v e r y ” o f va r i o u s
c u l t u r a l g r o u p s w i t h i n s o c i e t y c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e i r
d e f i n i t i o n a s a n a u d i e n c e a n d a s a m a r k e t . It is no coin-
cidence that Big Business “discovered” other audiences after the social
turmoil of the 1950s and 1960s; the Civil Rights and Women’s Rights
Movements to name but two. We are, in fact, witnessing a renewed
discovery of cultural diversity under the banner of multiculturalism, a
phenomenon that is reflected in “progressive” advertising campaigns. (3)
4
3T h e a d v e n t o f “ m u l t i - c u l t i ” a d v e r t i s i n g h a s p r o d u c e d a b e w i l d e r i n g
a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e c o n s u m p t i v e p r e f e r e n c e s a n d b u y i n g
p a t t e r n s o f v a r i o u s e t h n i c g r o u p s . F o r e x a m p l e , w e n o w k n o w t h a t
K o r e a n A m e r i c a n s c o n s u m e m o r e S p a m t h a n a n y o t h e r e t h n i c g r o u p
o r t h a t C h i n e s e A m e r i c a n s d r i n k m o r e C o g n a c . I n t h e w o r d s o f
o n e e x e c u t i v e , “ T o d a y ’ s m a r k e t i n g i s p a r t a n t h r o p o l o g y . ”
T h e m o s t v i s i b l e o f t h e s e
c a m p a i g n s i s t h e o n - g o -
i n g “ U n i t e d C o l o r s o f
B e n e t t o n . ” A c r i t i c a l
a n a l y s i s o f B e n e t t o n i s
m a d e b y J e f f R o s e n i n
h i s a r t i c l e “ M e r c h a n -
d i s i n g M u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m :
B e n e t t o n a n d t h e N e w
C u l t u r a l R e l a t i v i s m , ”
N e w A r t E x a m i n e r , N o -
v e m b e r 1 9 9 3 , p p . 1 8 – 2 6 .
T h e c r i t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e
l i e s i n h o w t h e c o n c e p t
o f m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m w i l l
b e a l l o w e d t o e x i s t a s a
f o r c e i n s o c i e t y . W i l l
m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m a c t a s
a f o r c e f o r s u b s t a n t i v e
c h a n g e i n h o w w e d e a l
w i t h o t h e r c u l t u r e s ? I s
i t t o b e s e e n a s a f o r m o f
m a r g i n a l i z e d p l u r a l i s m ?
O r i s i t s i m p l y a r e l a t i v e
c o n c e p t p e r f e c t f o r t h e
m a r k e t i n g o f o u r t i m e s ?
I n t h e r e p o r t e d w o r d s
o f B e n e t t o n ’ s c r e a t i v e
d i r e c t o r O l i v i e r o T o s -
c a n i , “ P r o d u c t s c h a n g e ,
i m a g e s c a p i t a l i z e . ” O r
a s R o s e n n o t e s , “ T o s -
c a n i h a s i t b a c k w a r d s :
I m a g e s c h a n g e , p r o d u c t s
c a p i t a l i z e . ”
5 “ T h e c o m m o d i f i c a t i o n o f O t h e r n e s s h a s b e e n s o s u c c e s s f u l b e -
c a u s e i t i s o f f e r e d a s a n e w d e l i g h t , m o r e i n t e n s e , m o r e s a t i s f y -
i n g t h a n n o r m a l w a y s o f d o i n g a n d f e e l i n g . W i t h i n c o m m o d i t y
c u l t u r e , e t h n i c i t y b e c o m e s s p i c e , s e a s o n i n g t h a t c a n l i v e n u p t h e
d u l l d i s h t h a t i s m a i n s t r e a m w h i t e c u l t u r e . ” - b e l l h o o k s f r o m
“ E a t i n g t h e O t h e r : D e s i r e a n d R e s i s t a n c e , ” i n B l a c k L o o k s : R a c e
a n d R e p r e s e n t a t i o n , 1 9 9 2 , p . 2 1 .
“diversity”
is
“fashionable.”
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e spageeight|nine
thediscovery
of
difference
T h e r e l at i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
s e l f a n d o t h e r s i s a t w o -
way s t r e e t, p r o d u c i n g e f -
f e c t s o n a l l pa r t i e s w i t h -
i n a p o w e r s t r u c t u r e t h at
i s t y p i c a l l y u n e q u a l . This
“discovery,” of others - that mo-
ment of first contact between dif-
ferent groups and their subsequent
relationships - has been charac-
terized by the French philosopher
Jacques Derrida as essentially “vi-
olent”: “... the anthropological
war [is] the essential confronta-
tion that opens communication be-
tween peoples and cultures, even
when that communication is not
practiced under the banner of colo-
nial or missionary oppression.” (2)
This violence occurs at the level of
actual, lived experience and at the
level of symbolic existence, through
words and images; i.e., representa-
tions.
“ T h e B a t t l e o f P r o p e r N a m e s , ” f r o m
“ P a r t II : N a t u r e , C u l t u r e , W r i t i n g ”
i n O f G r a m m a t o l o g y b y J a c q u e s D e r -
r i d a , 1 9 7 6 , p . 1 0 7 . D e r r i d a ’ s c o m m e n t
i s i n c o n t e x t o f a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e
“ W r i t i n g L e s s o n ” b y t h e a n t h r o p o l o -
g i s t C l a u d e L é v i - S t r a u s s . T h e l i n k a g e
b e t w e e n v i o l e n c e a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s
f u l l y p r e s e n t i n t h i s a l l e g o r i c a l i m a g e
o f “ A m e r i c a ” b y P h i l i p p e G a l l e i n t h e
l a t e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y . T h e N e w W o r l d i s
r e n d e r e d a s a n a k e d , v i o l e n t w o m a n .
W h y a n a k e d , v i o l e n t w o m a n ?
2
I n a s i m i l a r v e i n , t h e m a g a z i n e
C o l o r s s p o n s o r e d b y t h e I t a l i a n
f a s h i o n c o r p o r a t i o n B e n e t t o n ,
i n a s p r i n g / s u m m e r 1 9 9 3 i s s u e
d e v o t e d t o r a c e , o f f e r s a s i x - p a g e
s e c t i o n o f d i g i t a l “ p o s s i b i l i t i e s . ”
I n t h e s e p a g e s , c e l e b r i t i e s a r e
t r a n s f o r m e d , m u c h l i k e T e d T u r n -
e r ’ s c o l o r i z i n g t e c h n i q u e , c r e a t -
i n g a “ b l a c k ” Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h , a
“ b l a c k ” A r n o l d S c h w a r z e n e g g e r ,
a “ w h i t e ” S p i k e L e e , a n “ A s i a n ”
P o p e J o h n P a u l II a n d a “ w h i t e ”
M i c h a e l J a c k s o n . T h e a b s u r d i t y
o f t h e s e “ p o s s i b i l i t i e s ” a s r e a l i t y
c r e a t e s t h e h u m o r t h a t m a k e s u s
l a u g h . T h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s d o n o t
r e p r e s e n t a n y l i v e d r e a l i t y b u t a
m y t h i c r e a l m w h e r e w e c a n n o w
d i s s o l v e t h e o u t w a r d b o u n d a r i e s
o f “ u s a n d t h e m ” - n e s s t h r o u g h
t h e w o n d e r s o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g .
pageten|eleven
imagingtheother:
thedigitalfiction
offirstcontact
T h i s “ d i s c o v e r y ” o f c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e t h r o u g h t h e r e c e n t
g u i s e o f m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m c a n b e s e e n i n a f a l l 1 9 9 3 i s s u e o f
C r e a t e d a s a s p e c i a l i s s u e a n d d e v o t e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o i s s u e s
s u r r o u n d i n g w h a t w e n o w c a l l “ m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m , ” t h i s p u b -
l i c a t i o n e f f o r t w a s s p o n s o r e d , e x c l u s i v e l y , b y C h r y s l e r P l y m -
o u t h C o r p o r a t i o n . F r o m t h e c o v e r : “ T a k e a g o o d l o o k a t t h i s
w o m a n . S h e w a s c r e a t e d b y a c o m p u t e r f r o m a m i x o f s e v e r a l
r a c e s . W h a t y o u s e e i s a r e m a r k a b l e p r e v i e w o f T h e N e w F a c e
o f A m e r i c a . H o w I m m i g r a n t s A r e S h a p i n g t h e W o r l d ’ s F i r s t
M u l t i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y . ” W e l e a r n i n s i d e t h a t t h i s n e w w o m a n
i s a c o m p o s i t e c r e a t u r e c r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e d i g i t a l “ m o r p h -
i n g ” p r o c e s s c o m b i n i n g s p e c i f i e d a m o u n t s o f e t h n i c i t y : 1 5 %
A n g l o - S a x o n , 1 7 . 5 % M i d d l e E a s t e r n , 1 7 . 5 % A f r i c a n , 7 . 5 %
A s i a n , 3 5 % S o u t h e r n E u r o p e a n , a n d 7 . 5 % H i s p a n i c . L e a s t
w e c o n s i d e r h e r s o m e s o r t o f e t h n o - t e c h n o - F r a n k e n s t e i n , w e
a r e t o l d t h a t t h i s w o m a n s t o l e t h e h e a r t s o f s e v e r a l m a g a -
z i n e s t a f f e r s , o b v i o u s l y u n a w a r e o f h e r v i r t u a l e x i s t e n c e . O f
c o u r s e , i t d o e s n ’ t t a k e a c y n i c t o r e a l i z e t h e f a l l a c y o f a s s e r t -
i n g t h a t t o d a y ’ s A m e r i c a r e p r e s e n t s t h e w o r l d ’ s f i r s t m u l t i c u l -
t u r a l s o c i e t y . T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e w o r l d ’ s o p p r e s s e d w o u l d s a y
o t h e r w i s e . E v e n t h o u g h t h e i s s u e c o n t a i n s a s t o r y o n i n t e r r a -
c i a l m a r r i a g e a n d w h a t i t c a l l s “ c r o s s b r e e d i n g , ” c o m p l e t e w i t h
r e a l h u s b a n d s a n d w i v e s a n d t h e i r r e a l m i x e d - r a c e c h i l d r e n ,
i t e x p e n d s a g r e a t d e a l o f e f f o r t i n t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f i t s
d i g i t a l e t h n i c - m i x i n g “ t i m e s t a b l e ” s h o w n i n t h e n e x t s p r e a d .
U s i n g t h e s a m e “ m o r p h i n g ” t e c h n o l o g y a s t h e c o v e r c r e a t i o n ,
t h e y h a v e a s s e m b l e d 4 9 o t h e r s u s i n g a 5 0 - 5 0 m i x i n g f o r m u l a .
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
i m a g i n g t h e o t h e r :
t h e d i g i t a l f i c t i o n
o f f i r s t c o n t a c t
O v e r a q u a r t e r - c e n t u r y h a s
p a s s e d s i n c e t h i s p r o p h e c y a b o u t
o u r t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p
w i t h o t h e r s b y m e d i a g u r u M a r -
s h a l l M c L u h a n . I n t h e r a c i a l t u r -
b u l e n c e o f t h e s i x t i e s , M c L u h a n
s a w t h e i m p a c t t h a t i n c r e a s e d
i n f o r m a t i o n e x c h a n g e w o u l d
h a v e o n s o c i e t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y
o n o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h o t h e r
p e o p l e . T i n g e d w i t h t h e o p t i m i s m
t h a t p e r v a d e s a l l t e c h n o l o g i c a l
r e v o l u t i o n s , M c L u h a n i n j e c t s a
m e s s a g e o f c i v i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y -
a n e t h i c s o f m u t u a l d e p e n d e n c y .
F a s t - f o r w a r d t o y e s t e r d a y : “ O u r
c r i t i c s f e l t t h a t M a t t M a h u r i n ’ s
w o r k c h a n g e d t h e p i c t u r e f u n -
d a m e n t a l l y ; I f e l t i t l i f t e d a
c o m m o n p o l i c e m u g s h o t t o t h e
l e v e l o f a r t , w i t h n o s a c r i f i c e
t o t r u t h . R e a s o n a b l e p e o p l e m a y
d i s a g r e e a b o u t t h a t . I f t h e r e w a s
a n y t h i n g w r o n g w i t h t h e c o v e r ,
i n m y v i e w , i t w a s t h a t i t w a s n o t
i m m e d i a t e l y a p p a r e n t t h a t t h i s
w a s a p h o t o - i l l u s t r a t i o n r a t h e r
t h a n a n u n a l t e r e d p h o t o g r a p h ;
t o k n o w t h a t , a r e a d e r h a d t o
t u r n t o o u r c o n t e n t s p a g e o r
s e e t h e o r i g i n a l m u g s h o t o n
t h e o p e n i n g p a g e o f t h e s t o r y . ”
J a m e s R . G a i n e s , M a n a g i n g
E d i t o r , T i m e , J u l y 4 , 1 9 9 4
pagetwelve|thirteen
imagingtheother:
thedigitalfiction
offirstcontact
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
O u r f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r s h a s b e e n r e t h o u g h t b y a n t h r o p o l -
o g i s t M i c h a e l T a u s s i g , w h o t u r n s t h e t a b l e o n t h e o b s e r v e r
a n d t h e o b s e r v e d . T a u s s i g a s k s “ W h o i s f a s c i n a t e d b y w h a t ? ”
w h e n h e q u e s t i o n s e a r l y a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l e x p e d i t i o n s a n d t h e i r
u s e o f t h e c a m e r a a n d t h e p h o n o g r a p h t o m a k e c o n t a c t w i t h
a n d r e c o r d o t h e r p e o p l e s . A c c o r d i n g t o T a u s s i g , “ t h e m o r e
i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n l i e s w i t h t h e w h i t e m a n ’ s f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h
t h e n o n - w h i t e s ’ f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h t h e s e m i m e t i c a l l y c a p a c i o u s
m a c h i n e s [ t h e c a m e r a a n d t h e p h o n o g r a p h ] . ” ( 6 ) S i m i l a r l y , w e
n e e d t o a s k o u r s e l v e s w h o i s s e r v e d b y t h e w o n d r o u s p o t e n t i a l
o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g t o t r a n s f o r m p i c t u r e s o f r a c e , e t h n i c i t y o r
g e n d e r ? W h o a r e t h e s e i m a g e s f o r ?
“ T h e T a l k i n g M a c h i n e , ” i n M i m e s i s
a n d A l t e r i t y : A P a r t i c u l a r H i s t o r y
o f t h e S e n s e s b y M i c h a e l T a u s s i g ,
1 9 9 3 , p . 1 9 8 .
6
“ T h e s h o c k o f r e c o g n i t i o n ! I n a n e l e c t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n e n v i r o n -
m e n t , m i n o r i t y g r o u p s c a n n o l o n g e r b e c o n t a i n e d - i g n o r e d .
T o o m a n y p e o p l e k n o w t o o m u c h a b o u t e a c h o t h e r . O u r n e w e n v i -
r o n m e n t c o m p e l s c o m m i t m e n t a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n . W e h a v e b e c o m e
i r r e v o c a b l y i n v o l v e d w i t h , a n d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r , e a c h o t h e r . ”
T h e M e d i u m i s t h e M a s s a g e , M a r s h a l l M c L u h a n & Q u e n t i n F i o r e , 1 9 6 7
a p l a c e w h e r e m y t a s t e i s n o t
y o u r s , y o u r s i s n o t m i n e , l e t ’ s
a g r e e t o d i s a g r e e a n d o t h e r
r e l a t i v i s m s t h a t s e e m e d t o h a v e
b e e n i n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e “ I ’ m
O k a y , Y o u ’ r e O k a y ” ‘ 7 0 s . B y
p l a c i n g t h i s c o m m i s s i o n i n t h e
r e a l m o f a r t , t h e e d i t o r c a n
a r g u e t h a t t h e a r t i s t w h o c r e -
a t e d i t ( o r r a t h e r r e - c r e a t e d i t )
g a v e i t s o m e t h i n g i t l a c k e d . T h i s
l a c k o c c u r s , o f c o u r s e , b e c a u s e
o f t h e k i n d o f i m a g e i t i s - a
m u g s h o t . J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r M a -
h u r i n ’ s i m a g e h i n g e s o n d i s p l a c -
i n g e v e r y t h i n g w e k n o w a b o u t
t h e s o c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f m u g
s h o t s a s d o c u m e n t s o f s u s p e c t -
e d c r i m i n a l s a n d r e - r e a d i n g t h e
i m a g e a s a n i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e
a r t i s t ’ s h a n d a n d e y e , t h e r e b y
e l e v a t i n g t h e c o m m o n p l a c e m u g
s h o t t o t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y r e a l m
o f a r t . T h e g r e a t e r a t - l a r g e a n d
l a r g e l y n e g a t i v e r e a c t i o n t o t h i s
i m a g e o c c u r s a t a l e v e l o f u n d e r -
s t a n d i n g a b o u t h o w i m a g e s a r e
c o n c e p t u a l l y f r a m e d i n s o c i e t y .
pagefourteen|fifteen
imagingtheother:
thedigitalfiction
offirstcontact
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
T h i s s t a t e m e n t w a s a d e f e n s e
f o r t h e u s e o f M a t t M a h u r i n ’ s
d i g i t a l p h o t o - i l l u s t r a t i o n o f
O . J . S i m p s o n f o r T i m e . T h i s
r e c e n t e v e n t u n d e r s c o r e s t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g e l e c t r o n -
i c t e c h n o l o g i e s , r e p r e s e n t a -
t i o n a n d c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y a n d
t h e m a n y i s s u e s t h e i r c o n v e r -
g e n c e r a i s e s . T h e r e a r e m a n y
i n s t a n c e s i n r e c e n t m e m o r y
o f t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n o f p h o -
t o g r a p h i c i m a g e r y b y d i g i t a l
t e c h n o l o g y , s u c h a s t h e h e a d -
o f - O p r a h - W i n f r e y + b o d y -
o f - A n n - M a r g a r e t c o l l a g e
f o r T. V. G u i d e o r N a t i o n a l
G e o g r a p h i c ’ s s h i f t i n g o f t h e
G r e a t P y r a m i d s a t G i z a , w h i c h
s t i r r e d n u m e r o u s p u b l i c c o n -
t r o v e r s i e s o v e r t h e m y t h o f
“ t h e t r u t h f u l n e s s o f p h o t o -
g r a p h s . ” ( 7 ) I n t h e c a s e o f t h e
O . J . S i m p s o n c o v e r , T i m e d e -
c i d e s t o u s e a s i t s d e f e n s e t h e
a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n
t r a n s c e n d s t h e o r i g i n a l m u g
s h o t p h o t o a n d b e c o m e s a r t ,
t h e r e b y p l a c i n g i t i n a s p e c i a l
c u l t u r a l c a t e g o r y r e s e r v e d f o r
s u s p e n d e d j u d g m e n t s ,
F o r a n e x t e n d e d a c c o u n t o f w h a t h e
c a l l s t h e “ p s e u d o - p h o t o g r a p h , ” s e e
W i l l i a m J . M i t c h e l l ’ s b o o k T h e R e -
c o n f i g u r e d E y e : V i s u a l T r u t h i n t h e
P o s t - P h o t o g r a p h i c E r a ( 1 9 9 2 ) ; i n
p a r t i c u l a r , t h e c h a p t e r s “ I n t e n t i o n
a n d A r t i f i c e ” a n d “ H o w t o D o T h i n g s
w i t h P i c t u r e s . ”
7
T h e s e e t h n i c f i c t i o n s p o p u -
l a t e t h e w o r l d o f c y b e r s p a c e i n
w a y s t h a t p i c t u r i n g o t h e r s u s e d
t o r e s i d e i n t h e m i n d , m o v i n g
a w a y f r o m i m a g i n i n g t h e o t h e r
t o i m a g i n g t h e o t h e r . U n f o r -
t u n a t e l y , l i t t l e h a s c h a n g e d i n
t h e c o n c e p t i o n s o f r a c e , o n l y
t h e s p a c e s i n w h i c h t h e y a r e a r -
t i c u l a t e d . T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s
o f o t h e r c u l t u r e s h a v e m o v e d
f r o m t h e c o n s p i c u o u s c o l o -
n i a l i s m o f s t o l e n a n d b a r t e r e d
o b j e c t s f o u n d i n t h e c u r i o s i t y
c a b i n e t a n d t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y
m u s e u m t o t h e n e o c o l o n i a l i s m
o f a p p r o p r i a t i n g c u l t u r a l r e p r e -
s e n t a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c r e -
a t i o n o f y e t a n o t h e r “ o t h e r : ”
a f i c t i v e o n e y o u c a n ’ t k n o w
b e c a u s e i t d o e s n ’ t r e a l l y e x i s t .
pagesixteen|seventeen
imagingtheother:
thedigitalfiction
offirstcontact
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
A c c o r d i n g t o T i m e m a n a g e m e n t , d e t r a c t o r s d i d n ’ t r e a d t h e
i m a g e “ c o r r e c t l y ” a s a w o r k o f a r t , b u t r a t h e r a s w h a t i t i s , a
t e c h n o l o g i c a l a l t e r a t i o n o f a m u g s h o t - a p h o t o g r a p h i c d o c -
u m e n t o f c r i m i n a l s u r v e i l l a n c e . ( 8 ) W h a t w a s r e a d , a t l e a s t b y
s o m e , w a s t h e d a r k e n i n g o f S i m p s o n ’ s s k i n t o n e , w h i c h s h o w s
t h a t s o m e g r a s p e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s w a s n o t t h e “ o r i g i n a l ” b e -
c a u s e i t d i d n o t c o n f o r m t o w h a t t h e y k n e w ( m o s t l y f r o m o t h -
e r p i c t u r e s ) a b o u t O . J . S i m p s o n . I t d i d n o t c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e
“ t r u t h . ” T h e r e i n s c r i p t i o n o f a p o l i c e m u g s h o t , # BK 4 0 1 3 9 7 0
0 6 - 1 7 - 9 4 , i n t o t h e r e d f r a m e o f a T i m e c o v e r , t r a d e s o u r a b -
s t r a c t b e l i e f i n “ i n n o c e n t u n t i l p r o v e n g u i l t y ” f o r t h e t a c i t
k n o w l e d g e o f a s s u m e d g u i l t . T h e r e s u l t i n g r e - c r e a t i o n m i x e s
s e v e r a l o t h e r s o c i a l m e s s a g e s : t h e s t o r y o f a f a l l e n p u b l i c f i g -
u r e ( “ A n A m e r i c a n T r a g e d y , ” r e a d s t h e c o v e r ) s u b c o n s c i o u s l y
t r a n s l a t e d i n m a n y m i n d s a s t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f e v e r y t h i n g
t h e y t h i n k t h e y k n o w o f b l a c k m a l e s a n d c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t y .
F o r a c r i t i c a l a c c o u n t o f t h e u s e
o f p h o t o g r a p h y i n t h e s e r v i c e o f
d o c u m e n t i n g c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t y , s e e
“ T h e B o d y a n d t h e A r c h i v e ” b y A l -
l a n S e k u l a , r e p r i n t e d i n T h e C o n -
t e s t o f M e a n i n g : C r i t i c a l H i s t o r i e s
o f P h o t o g r a p h y , 1 9 8 9 .
8
T h i s m i n i - c o n t r o v e r s y i s b u t t h e l a t e s t e p i s o d e i n t h e o n - g o i n g
s t r u g g l e f o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n o u r c u l t u r e t h a t i s d r e s s e d i n
t h e h i g h - t e c h c l o t h i n g o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g , w h i l e r e v e a l i n g t h e
s a m e o l d s o c i a l t r u t h s . M c L u h a n s a w a s o c i a l o p p o r t u n i t y b u t
l a c k e d c r i t i c a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e s o c i a l r e a l i t y t h a t l i m i t s i n d i -
v i d u a l o p t i o n s t h a t s e e k t o o p e r a t e i n o p p o s i t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h e d
s o c i a l t r u t h s . W h a t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o m e i s h o w n e w d i g i t a l
t e c h n o l o g i e s h a v e b e e n h a r n e s s e d f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g r a c i a l “ p o s -
s i b i l i t i e s . ” T h e s e e t h n i c f i c t i o n s p o p u l a t e t h e w o r l d o f c y b e r -
s p a c e i n w a y s t h a t p i c t u r i n g o t h e r s u s e d t o r e s i d e i n t h e m i n d ,
The fictive fantasy of digital
“possibilities” seems so appeal-
ingbecausetheyofferusaform
ofpleasurethroughtheirrefusal
ofaknownreality.
T h i s t h o u g h t p a r a l l e l s s o m e o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f I e n A n g
( s e e n o t e 1 ) , w h o a r g u e s t h a t f a n t a s y a n d f i c t i o n d o n o t
“ f u n c t i o n i n p l a c e o f , b u t b e s i d e , o t h e r d i m e n s i o n s o f l i f e
( s o c i a l p r a c t i c e , m o r a l o r p o l i t i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s ) . “ I t . . .
i s a s o u r c e o f p l e a s u r e b e c a u s e i t p u t s ‘ r e a l i t y ’ i n p a -
r e n t h e s e s , b e c a u s e i t c o n s t r u c t s i m a g i n a r y s o l u t i o n s f o r
r e a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w h i c h i n t h e i r f i c t i o n a l s i m p l i c i t y a n d
t h e i r s i m p l e f i c t i o n a l i t y s t e p o u t s i d e t h e t e d i o u s c o m p l e x i t y
o f e x i s t i n g s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s o f d o m i n a n c e a n d s u b o r d i n a -
t i o n . ” ( p . 1 3 5 )
9
A s a c o u n t e r p o i n t t o t h e s e i n -
s t r u m e n t a l u s e s o f d i g i t a l t e c h -
n o l o g i e s b y m a i n s t r e a m m e d i a i s
t h e u s e o f s i m i l a r t e c h n o l o g i e s
b y B r i t i s h a r t i s t K e i t h P i p e r ,
w h o s e v i d e o i n s t a l l a t i o n “ S u r -
v e i l l a n c e s : T a g g i n g t h e O t h e r , ”
d e a l s w i t h t h e u s e o f t h a t t e c h -
n o l o g y w i t h i n t h e c l i m a t e o f
E u r o p e a n r a c i s m . P i p e r a p p r o p r i -
a t e s t h e s l a n g t e r m o f “ t a g g i n g ”
- t h e m a r k i n g o f t e r r i t o r y b y a
u n i q u e g r a f f i t i s i g n a t u r e - a n d
a p p l i e s i t t o t h e u s e o f e l e c t r o n -
i c t e c h n o l o g i e s t o m a r k a n d
t r a c k o t h e r s . I n t h i s w a y , P i p e r
s h o w s h o w , f o r e x a m p l e , a p r o -
p o s e d N e w E u r o p e a n S t a t e c o u l d
u t i l i z e d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d
i n f o r m a t i o n n e t w o r k s t o t a r -
g e t s o c i a l “ u n d e s i r a b l e s ” a n d
k e e p t h e m u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e .
P i p e r ’ s d i g i t a l i m a g e s f o r e s e e a
d i s t i n c t l y 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y v i s i o n
o f d o c u m e n t i n g a n d a n a l y z i n g
c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n m u c h
t h e s a m e w a y a s 1 9 t h - c e n t u r y
p h r e n o l o g i s t s s t u d i e d t h e h e a d
s t r u c t u r e s a n d f a c i a l f e a t u r e s
o f o t h e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i n -
s a n e , t h e c r i m i n a l a n d t h e “ N e -
g r o . ” K e i t h P i p e r ’ s u s e o f t h e
s a m e t e c h n o l o g y c r e a t e s a d i f -
f e r e n t d i g i t a l f i c t i o n : o n e y o u
f e a r b e c a u s e i t m i g h t j u s t e x i s t .
pageeighteen|nineteen
imagingtheother:
thedigitalfiction
offirstcontact
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
I t i s t h i s a s p e c t o f f i c t i t i o u s n e s s t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e u s e o f
d i g i t a l i m a g i n g t e c h n i q u e s t o c a p t u r e a n d f i x t h e i m a g e o f t h e
o t h e r . P h o t o g r a p h y h a s b e e n c o n s i s t e n t l y u s e d t o “ c a p t u r e ”
o t h e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e f i e l d w o r k o f a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s o r
t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e o f p o l i c e . T h e s e p h o t o g r a p h i c d e p i c t i o n s h a v e
t h e i r o w n l e v e l o f c o n c e i t b u t a l w a y s r e m a i n t r u e t o t h e i r c l a i m
t o c a p t u r e r e a l i t y “ a s i t w a s . ” T h e s e r e c e n t u s e s o f d i g i t a l i m -
a g i n g t e c h n i q u e s , h o w e v e r , r e l i n q u i s h t h e i r c l a i m s t o r e a l i t y
i n f a v o r o f p i c t u r i n g r e a l i t y “ a s i t i s n ’ t , ” o r “ a s i t m i g h t b e . ”
T h e f i c t i v e d o m a i n o f t h e d i g i t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c a n b e s e e n m o r e
o b v i o u s l y i n a n o t h e r C o l o r s ( J u n e 1 9 9 4 ) d e p i c t i o n , a p o r t r a i t
o f f o r m e r P r e s i d e n t R o n a l d R e a g a n w i t h s k i n l e s i o n s n e x t t o
a n o b i t u a r y c i t i n g h i s r e c e n t d e a t h f r o m c o m p l i c a t i o n s w i t h
AIDS . T h e f i c t i t i o u s p h o t o a n d o b i t u a r y r e w r i t e t h e R e a g a n - e r a
p o l i c y o n AIDS a n d e x t o l t h e v i r t u e s o f a m a n w h o “ i s b e s t
r e m e m b e r e d f o r h i s q u i c k a n d d e c i s i v e r e s p o n s e t o t h e AIDS
e p i d e m i c , ” u n d e r t h e h e a d l i n e “ H e r o . ” W h i l e a t g r e a t p a i n s t o
e s t a b l i s h a l e v e l o f r e a l i t y f o r t h e i r s t o r y , C o l o r s d e c l a r e s t h e
f i c t i t i o u s n a t u r e o f t h e s t o r y i n a f o o t n o t e a n d u s e s t h e w o r d
“ m a n i p u l a t i o n ” i n t h e a t t a c h e d p h o t o c r e d i t . T h e s e a r e o f f e r e d
t o p r e v e n t m i s r e a d i n g t h e s t o r y a s t r u e , w h i l e t r y i n g t o p r e -
s e r v e t h e s u p r e m e i r o n y o f t h e s t o r y i t s e l f . A g a i n , t h e a b s u r d i -
t y o f t h e s t o r y p l a y s h a v o c w i t h t h e r e a l i t y o f i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w e a r e l e f t w i t h t h e “ w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g ” o f t h e
o b i t u a r y a n d t h e a l l - t o o - r e a l h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d o n t h e s u b j e c t .
T h e f i c t i v e f a n ta s y o f d i g i ta l “ p o s s i b i l i t i e s ” s e e m s
s o a p p e a l i n g b e c a u s e t h e y o f f e r u s a f o r m o f p l e a s u r e
t h r o u g h t h e i r r e f u s a l o f a k n o w n r e a l i t y. ( 9 ) T h e e a s e
w i t h w h i c h s u c h p r o d u c t i o n s a r e m a d e i s i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e
d i f f i c u l t i e s o f e a s i n g r a c i a l c o n f l i c t o r e n d i n g p o l i t i c a l a p a t h y
t o w a r d s t h e AIDS p a n d e m i c .
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c a n b e d e p i c -
t i o n s o f o t h e r s a s a k i n d o f
s h o r t h a n d t h a t w e s u b s t i t u t e
f o r s p e c i f i c c u l t u r a l c a t e g o -
r i e s . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e l i n k a g e
b e t w e e n d o m i n a n t p o l i t i c a l i n -
t e r e s t s a n d t h e u s e o f v a r i o u s
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c a n b e s e e n
w h e n w e c o n f r o n t w h o l e s a l e
c a t e g o r i e s t h a t a r e t h e m s e l v e s
a m a l g a m a t i o n s o f s e x , r a c e a n d
c l a s s , w i t h o u t i m a g e r y . F o r e x -
a m p l e , w h a t i m a g e d o y o u f o r m
f o r “ w e l f a r e m o t h e r , ” “ c r a c k
a d d i c t , ” o r “ AIDS p a t i e n t ? ”
T h e s e c o d e w o r d s a r e t h e c u l -
t u r a l s h o r t h a n d f o r y o u n g ,
u n m a r r i e d , p o o r , A f r i c a n - A m e r -
i c a n w o m a n ; y o u n g , p o o r , A f r i -
c a n - A m e r i c a n m a n ; a n d y o u n g ,
w h i t e , g a y m a l e r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T h e i r p o w e r d e r i v e s f r o m t h e i r
a b i l i t y t o e x p l o i t m e d i a i m a g e s
o f t h e s e s c e n a r i o s i n t h e m i n d s
o f t h e p u b l i c w i t h o u t d i r e c t i n g
a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r m i s o g y n i c ,
r a c i s t a n d h o m o p h o b i c r o o t s .
“ ‘ T h e I n d i g n i t y o f S p e a k i n g f o r O t h e r s ’ :
A n I m a g i n a r y I n t e r v i e w , ” b y C r a i g O w e n s
i n B e y o n d R e c o g n i t i o n : R e p r e s e n t a t i o n ,
P o w e r a n d C u l t u r e , 1 9 9 2 , p . 2 6 2 .
11
pagetwenty|twentyonei n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
p i c t u r i n g d i f f e r n c e
r e p r e s e n t i n g d i v e r s i t y
W e c o m e t o k n o w o u r s e l v e s a n d o t h e r s l e s s o f t e n t h r o u g h
a c t u a l c o n t a c t a n d m o r e u s u a l l y t h r o u g h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n
s o c i e t y . C u l t u r a l i d e n t i f i c at i o n i s a f a c t o r o f r e p r e -
s e n tat i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e F r e n c h p s y c h o a n a l y s t J a c q u e s
L a c a n , s p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e c o n c e p t s o f w o m a n a n d s e x u a l i t y ,
s a i d i t s u c c i n c t l y : “ I m a g e s a n d s y m b o l s f o r t h e w o m a n c a n n o t
b e i s o l a t e d f r o m i m a g e s a n d s y m b o l s o f t h e w o m a n . I t i s r e p -
r e s e n t a t i o n , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f f e m i n i n e s e x u a l i t y . . . w h i c h
c o n d i t i o n s h o w i t c o m e s i n t o p l a y . ” ( 1 0 )
T h e d e b a t e s a b o u t m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m a r e d e b a t e s a b o u t r e p r e s e n t a -
t i o n . A l t h o u g h m a n y p e o p l e c o n s i d e r t h e i s s u e i n t e r m s o f s h e e r
n u m b e r s - a q u a n t i t a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n - t h e i s s u e
i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a l a c k o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b u t t h e d i v e r s i t y o f
t h e m ; f o r a s t h e a r t c r i t i c a n d t h e o r i s t C r a i g O w e n s r e m i n d s u s :
“ I n o u r c u l t u r e t h e r e i s , o f c o u r s e , n o l a c k o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s
o f w o m e n - o r , f o r t h a t m a t t e r , o f o t h e r m a r g i n a l i z e d g r o u p s
( b l a c k s , h o m o s e x u a l s , c h i l d r e n , c r i m i n a l s , t h e i n s a n e . . . ) . ” ( 1 1 )
“ G u i d i n g R e m a r k s f o r a C o n g r e s s
o n F e m i n i n e S e x u a l i t y , ” b y J a c q u e s
L a c a n i n F e m i n i n e S e x u a l i t y , e d i t e d
b y J u l i e t M i t c h e l l , 1 9 8 2 , p . 9 0 .
10
picturingdifference/
representingdiversity
T h e w o r k o f s o c i a l l y e n g a g e d a c t i v i s t s , a r t i s t s a n d d e s i g n e r s t r i e s t o u n -
d e r m i n e t h e s t e r e o t y p e i n i n n u m e r a b l e w a y s ; t h r o u g h d i s r u p t i v e s t r a t e g i e s
s u c h a s a p p r o p r i a t i o n , s u b v e r s i o n a n d i n v e r s i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e d e s t a b i l i z -
i n g t a c t i c s o f d e c o n s t r u c t i v e t e x t u a l r e a d i n g s a n d d e m y s t i f y i n g w i d e l y h e l d
v i e w s . T r u e i n c l u s i v e n e s s , a s a r e s u l t o f e m p o w e r m e n t o r a g e n c y , i n c l u d e s
a c c e s s t o b o t h t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c i n g c u l t u r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d t o t h e
m o d e s o f t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s o c i e t y . I n t h i s w a y , t h e v o i c e s o f o t h e r s w i l l
b e h e a r d o n l y w h e n t h o s e o t h e r s h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e l a r g e r p u b l i c s p h e r e .
W h i l e g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s m a y c l a i m a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t u s , l i k e t h a t o f n e u -
t r a l o b s e r v e r s , w e f i n d t h a t t h e i r r o l e i s a c e n t r a l o n e i n t h e s y s t e m o f
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . A s p r o d u c e r s a n d c o n s u m e r s o f v a r i o u s c u l t u r a l a r t i f a c t s ,
u n d e r s t o o d a s b o t h t a n g i b l e g o o d s , s u c h a s b o o k s a n d m a g a z i n e s , a s w e l l
a s t h e m o r e i n t a n g i b l e p r o d u c t s , s u c h a s e p h e m e r a l m e s s a g e s a n d i m a g e s ,
g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s f i n d t h e m s e l v e s b o t h i n a n d a r o u n d c u l t u r e . S o w h a t i s
t h e a n s w e r ? T h e p r o b l e m s a r e m u l t i f a c e t e d a n d m u c h l a r g e r t h a n d e s i g n ,
w h i c h m e a n s w e n e e d a v a r i e t y o f r e s p o n s e s o n a v a r i e t y o f l e v e l s . I t h e l p s
t o r e m e m b e r t h a t w e a r e b o t h d e s i g n e r s a n d c i t i z e n s . I n t h i s w a y , y o u c a n
b e p a r t o f t h e s o l u t i o n e v e n i f y o u a r e n o t d e s i g n i n g f o r i t . I t a l s o h e l p s
t o r e m e m b e r t h a t g r a p h i c d e s i g n i s a b o u t m e s s a g e s , a n d t h a t o u r s o l u t i o n s
a r e m e r e l y c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o a l a r g e r e f f o r t . T h e r e m u s t b e g r e a t e r c u l t u r a l
d i v e r s i t y i n t h e p e o p l e w h o d e s i g n , i n c l u d i n g a n a n a l y s i s o f w h y t h e s e p e o p l e
a r e n o t t h e r e n o w . W e n e e d g r e a t e r c r i t i c a l a w a r e n e s s t h a t t h e t e a c h i n g
a n d p r a c t i c e o f d e s i g n o c c u r i n l a r g e r s o c i a l f r a m e w o r k s , g o v e r n e d b y r u l e s
o f r a c i s m , p a t r i a r c h y , h e t e r o s e x i s m , e t c . , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s
w h o m a y n o t e x p e r i e n c e i t t h e m s e l v e s . W e n e e d a g r e a t e r r a n g e o f m e t h o d s
a n d o p t i o n s f o r p r a c t i c i n g g r a p h i c d e s i g n t h a t b e g i n s t o s t e p o u t s i d e o f a
r e a c t i o n a r y r e s p o n s e t o p r o b l e m s w i t h i t s o u t m o d e d , p y r a m i d a l ( t o p - d o w n )
s t r u c t u r e a n d t o w a r d s a m o r e i n c l u s i v e , r e s p o n s i v e p o s i t i o n f o u n d i n a c t i v -
i t i e s l i k e , f o r e x a m p l e , c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d c o - a u t h o r s h i p . M u c h t o t h e d i s a p -
p o i n t m e n t o f m a n y , t h e s e i s s u e s w i l l n o t d i s a p p e a r w i t h d i s m i s s a l s o f “ p o l i t -
i c a l c o r r e c t n e s s ” s i n c e t h e y r e f l e c t a f u n d a m e n t a l s o c i a l c h a n g e t h a t h a s
b e e n u n d e r w a y f o r q u i t e s o m e t i m e , n o m a t t e r h o w s l o w i t s e e m s i n c o m i n g
pagetwentytwo|twentythree
picturethis:voice&
agency
i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
v o i c e & a g e n c yp i c t u r e t h i s :
T h e d e b a t e o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r t h e g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s e e m s t o r e s i d e i n
t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n K a r l M a r x ’ s e m p o w e r i n g d i c t a t e , “ T h e y c a n n o t r e p r e s e n t
t h e m s e l v e s , t h e y m u s t b e r e p r e s e n t e d , ” t h a t i s t o s a y , a c t f o r o t h e r s , a n d
G i l l e s D e l e u z e ’ s c a t e g o r i c a l r e j e c t i o n o f s u c h p r e s u m e d a u t h o r i t y - “ t h e i n -
d i g n i t y o f s p e a k i n g f o r o t h e r s . ” M a r x ’ s f a m o u s d i c t a t e i s t h e m o r e t y p i c a l
t a s k t h a t a r t i s t s a n d o t h e r c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s h a v e a s s i g n e d t h e m s e l v e s :
t o s p e a k f o r o t h e r s . L e s s t y p i c a l i s t h e s t a t e m e n t b y D e l e u z e t h a t s u g g e s t s ,
p e r h a p s , l e t t i n g o t h e r s s p e a k f o r t h e m s e l v e s . T h e n e g o t i a t i o n o f r e p r e s e n -
t a t i o n a l s t r a t e g i e s s e e m s c e n t r a l f o r t h e g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r ( a n d o t h e r s )
w h o a r e r o u t i n e l y a s k e d t o s p e a k f o r o t h e r s . G r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s a n d o t h e r
c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s a r e j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o r e t h i n k t h e t e r m s o f r e p r e s e n t a -
t i o n , a w a y f r o m s p e a k i n g f o r o t h e r s a n d t o w a r d s s p e a k i n g w i t h a n d t o
o t h e r s . T h e f a c t o r s t h a t w o u l d a l l o w o t h e r s t o s p e a k f o r t h e m s e l v e s d e a l
w i t h a c c e s s t o t h e m e a n s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t i s u l t i m a t e l y a f u n c t i o n o f
p o w e r . T h e d e b a t e s a r o u n d m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m c a n b e s e e n a s a s t r u g g l e f o r
c o n t r o l o v e r t h e m e a n s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . A s C r a i g O w e n s s t a t e s , i t i s
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i t s e l f t h a t t a k e s a w a y t h e a b i l i t y t o s p e a k f o r o n e s e l f . H o w -
e v e r , t h e t r a f f i c i n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w i l l n o t e n d s i n c e i t i s f u n d a m e n t a l t o
t h e o p e r a t i o n o f o u r s o c i e t y . S o , w h i l e i n c r e a s e d i n s t a n c e s o f r e p r e s e n t e d
o t h e r s ( t o k e n i s m ) i n j e c t s o m e p r e s e n c e i n t o t h e p i c t u r e , t h e y d o l i t t l e t o
e x p l a i n t h e p r e v i o u s e x c l u s i o n s . F u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e i s u n l i k e l y t o o c c u r
t h r o u g h t h e p a g e s o f m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o r p o r a t e a d v e r t i s i n g n o m a t t e r h o w
m a n y o t h e r s a r e d e p i c t e d . A f t e r a l l , h a v e y o u “ C o m e a L o n g W a y , B a b y ! ” ?
F u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e i s m u c h m o r e l i k e l y t o c o m e a t a b r o a d e r s o c i a l l e v e l
t h r o u g h a m u l t i t u d e o f c h a n g e s f r o m a n y n u m b e r o f s e c t o r s a n d i n e v i -
t a b l y i t w i l l b e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ,
m a d e b y g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s a n d o t h e r c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s a n d u l t i m a t e l y
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f i d e n t i t i e s . A f t e r a l l , c o r p o r a t e a d -
v e r t i s i n g c a m p a i g n s a n d t o k e n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ( s p o t t h e b l a c k , t h e A s i a n ,
t h e w o m a n i n t h e s c e n e ) d o n o t c r e a t e d i v e r s i t y b u t m e r e l y r e f l e c t i t .
c a r l t o n w i l l i a m s
t y p e 2 / c o l l e g e f o r c r e a t i v e s t u d i e s
w i n t e r 2 0 1 5
f u t u r a ( s a n s e r i f ) / m i n i o n p r o ( s e r i f )
1 s t e d i t i o n
b l a u v e l t
a n d r e w
A n d r e w B l a u v e l t , t h e W a l k e r A r t C e n t e r ’ s D e s i g n D i r e c t o r s i n c e 1 9 9 8 , h a s
b e e n n a m e d D e s i g n D i r e c t o r a n d C u r a t o r , e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y , t o r e f l e c t h i s
r o l e i n c u r a t i n g d e s i g n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e e x h i b i t i o n s a n d d e v e l o p i n g r e l a t e d
p u b l i c p r o g r a m s . I n h i s r o l e a s D e s i g n D i r e c t o r , B l a u v e l t p r o v i d e s c r e a t i v e
l e a d e r s h i p f o r t h e W a l k e r ’ s d e s i g n s t u d i o — t h e r e c i p i e n t o f m o r e t h a n 8 0
d e s i g n a w a r d s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e r e c o g n i z i n g t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ’ s g r a p h i c
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s . A s c u r a t o r , h e i s o r g a n i z i n g t h e e x h i b i t i o n S o m e A s s e m b l y
R e q u i r e d : C o n t e m p o r a r y P r e f a b r i c a t e d H o u s e s , o n v i e w a t t h e W a l k e r D e c e m -
b e r 1 1 , 2 0 0 5 – M a r c h 2 6 , 2 0 0 6 , a n d c o o r d i n a t i n g a n e w s e r i e s , D r a w n H e r e :
C o n t e m p o r a r y D e s i g n i n C o n v e r s a t i o n , f o c u s e d o n t h e l o c a l d e s i g n s c e n e ,
w h i c h l a u n c h e s i n S e p t e m b e r o n T a r g e t F r e e T h u r s d a y N i g h t s w i t h M i n n e a p o -
l i s - b a s e d a r c h i t e c t J u l i e S n o w .
T h e w o r k o f t h e W a l k e r ’ s i n - h o u s e d e s i g n s t u d i o h a s b e e n e x h i b i t e d a n d p u b l i s h e d
w o r l d w i d e . I t s w o r k w a s t h e s u b j e c t o f a n e x h i b i t i o n a t t h e D e s i g n M u s e u m , L o n -
d o n i n 2 0 0 2 . T h e s t u d i o w a s n o m i n a t e d f o r t h e p r e s t i g i o u s C h r y s l e r A w a r d f o r
D e s i g n I n n o v a t i o n a n d a N a t i o n a l D e s i g n A w a r d f r o m t h e C o o p e r - H e w i t t M u s e -
u m , N e w Y o r k , i n 2 0 0 1 . I t s r e c e n t W a l k e r w i t h o u t W a l l s i d e n t i t y a n d m a r k e t i n g
c a m p a i g n w o n b o t h s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l 2 0 0 5 A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f G r a p h i c A r t s
a w a r d s a n d a D e s i g n D i s t i n c t i o n A w a r d a s p a r t o f I . D . m a g a z i n e ’ s 2 0 0 5 A n n u a l
D e s i g n R e v i e w . B l a u v e l t w a s r e c e n t l y s e l e c t e d a s o n e o f t h e “ 1 0 0 m o s t s i g n i f i -
c a n t ” g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s i n A r e a , a c u r a t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o f c o n t e m p o r a r y
I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e W a l k e r ’ s b u i l d i n g e x p a n s i o n , B l a u v e l t o v e r s a w t h e c r e -
a t i o n o f W a l k e r E x p a n d e d , a n i n n o v a t i v e n e w g r a p h i c i d e n t i t y t h a t u s e s f o n t
c r e a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y t o g e n e r a t e b r a n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s f r o m b u s i n e s s c a r d s t o
e n v i r o n m e n t a l - s c a l e g r a p h i c s , a n d t h e o p e n i n g c a m p a i g n f o r t h e n e w e x p a n s i o n ;
l e d t h e e x p e r i e n c e p l a n n i n g t e a m f o r t h e n e w W a l k e r ’ s p u b l i c s p a c e s ; a n d c o l l a b o -
r a t e d w i t h L i s a S t r a u s f e l d o f P e n t a g r a m , N e w Y o r k , o n t h e c r e a t i o n o f a d y n a m i c
m a r q u e e , w h i c h i s p r o j e c t e d o n t o a 6 0 - f o o t - l o n g p o r t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g ’ s e t c h e d
g l a s s w a l l a l o n g H e n n e p i n A v e n u e .
I n 2 0 0 0 B l a u v e l t c u r a t e d t h e e x h i b i t i o n I d e a s f o r M o d e r n L i v i n g a s p a r t o f
T h e H o m e S h o w , w h i c h e x a m i n e d t h e I d e a H o u s e P r o j e c t a n d t h e E v e r y d a y A r t
G a l l e r y , t w o i n n o v a t i v e d e s i g n p r o j e c t s i n i t i a t e d b y t h e W a l k e r A r t C e n t e r i n
t h e 1 9 4 0 s . H i s t r a v e l i n g e x h i b i t i o n S t r a n g e l y F a m i l i a r : D e s i g n a n d E v e r y d a y
L i f e p r e m i e r e d a t t h e W a l k e r i n 2 0 0 3 a n d h a s t o u r e d t o s e v e r a l v e n u e s i n t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d E u r o p e .
S i n c e 1 9 9 8 h e h a s h e l p e d o r g a n i z e p u b l i c p r o g r a m s o n d e s i g n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e a t t h e W a l k e r A r t C e n t e r . W o r k i n g w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f
G r a p h i c A r t s M i n n e s o t a , h e h a s o r g a n i z e d i t s l o n g - r u n n i n g I n s i g h t s l e c t u r e s e r i e s , w h i c h b r i n g s d e s i g n e r s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t u r e t o t h e T w i n C i t -
i e s . H e h a s a l s o w o r k e d w i t h t h e W a l k e r ’ s E d u c a t i o n a n d C o m m u n i t y P r o g r a m s d e p a r t m e n t a n d A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s M i n n e s o t a t o h o s t
p r e s e n t a t i o n s b y s o m e o f m o s t i n n o v a t i v e a r c h i t e c t s a n d l a n d s c a p e a r c h i t e c t s .
P r i o r t o t h e W a l k e r , B l a u v e l t t a u g h t d e s i g n a t s e v e r a l c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s . H e w a s A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r o f G r a p h i c
D e s i g n a t t h e S c h o o l o f D e s i g n , N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , w h e r e h e h e l p e d d e v e l o p i t s t o p - r a n k e d g r a d u a t e p r o -
g r a m a n d l a t e r s e r v e d a s d e p a r t m e n t h e a d . H e a l s o s e r v e d a s i n t e r i m c h a i r o f t h e d e s i g n d e p a r t m e n t a t C r a n b r o o k A c a d e -
m y o f A r t i n B l o o m f i e l d H i l l s , M i c h i g a n . B l a u v e l t h a s b e e n a v i s i t i n g p r o f e s s o r i n t h e g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s o f t h e J a n v a n
E y c k A k a d e m i e , M a a s t r i c h t , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ; C r a n b r o o k A c a d e m y o f A r t , B l o o m f i e l d H i l l s , M i c h i g a n ; t h e C o l l e g e o f
A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d L a n d s c a p e A r c h i t e c t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a ; a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e A m e r i c a s , P u e b l a , M e x i c o .
B l a u v e l t w a s n a m e d E d u c a t o r o f t h e Y e a r b y t h e G r a p h i c D e s i g n E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1 9 9 5 . H e h a s s e r v e d o n t h e n a t i o n a l b o a r d o f d i r e c t o r s
o f t h e A m e r i c a n C e n t e r f o r D e s i g n .
B l a u v e l t h o l d s a n MFA i n d e s i g n f r o m C r a n b r o o k A c a d e m y o f A r t ( 1 9 8 8 ) a n d a BFA f r o m t h e H e r r o n S c h o o l o f A r t , I n d i a n a U n i v e r s i t y ( 1 9 8 6 ) .

More Related Content

What's hot

Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills
Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills  Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills
Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills weblinkindia1
 
Reality And Stress Management Dr Shriniwas Kashalikar
Reality And Stress Management  Dr Shriniwas KashalikarReality And Stress Management  Dr Shriniwas Kashalikar
Reality And Stress Management Dr Shriniwas Kashalikardrkshitija
 
2016 social media and agriculture
2016 social media and agriculture2016 social media and agriculture
2016 social media and agricultureklhall700
 
Pembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuan
Pembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuanPembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuan
Pembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuanitong22
 
Sierra_Nellessen_Portfolio
Sierra_Nellessen_PortfolioSierra_Nellessen_Portfolio
Sierra_Nellessen_PortfolioSierra Nellessen
 
Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191
Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191
Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191World secrets
 
Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!
Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!
Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!belajaronlineyuk
 
Young Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERS
Young Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERSYoung Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERS
Young Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERSYoungLionsCZ
 
Let’s bake!
Let’s bake!Let’s bake!
Let’s bake!IssyF
 
5 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 2018
5 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 20185 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 2018
5 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 2018Cutis Medical Laser Clinics
 
Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)
Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)
Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)MargieEntienza
 
Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…
Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…
Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…Jason Dickson
 
Leading Causes of Elderly Car Accidents
Leading Causes of Elderly Car AccidentsLeading Causes of Elderly Car Accidents
Leading Causes of Elderly Car AccidentsKyle Larson
 
How to weed out bad jurors during jury selection
How to weed out bad jurors during jury selectionHow to weed out bad jurors during jury selection
How to weed out bad jurors during jury selectionJames Publishing
 
9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains
9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains
9 things every defendant should know about plea bargainsJames Publishing
 

What's hot (19)

Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills
Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills  Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills
Quick tips to brush up your web designing skills
 
Reality And Stress Management Dr Shriniwas Kashalikar
Reality And Stress Management  Dr Shriniwas KashalikarReality And Stress Management  Dr Shriniwas Kashalikar
Reality And Stress Management Dr Shriniwas Kashalikar
 
Why should I invest in property?
Why should I invest in property?Why should I invest in property?
Why should I invest in property?
 
2016 social media and agriculture
2016 social media and agriculture2016 social media and agriculture
2016 social media and agriculture
 
Pembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuan
Pembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuanPembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuan
Pembentukan persekutuan dan pembubaran persekutuan
 
Sierra_Nellessen_Portfolio
Sierra_Nellessen_PortfolioSierra_Nellessen_Portfolio
Sierra_Nellessen_Portfolio
 
Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191
Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191
Us spying (1).19.22 x26.42.00191
 
La contabilidad
La contabilidadLa contabilidad
La contabilidad
 
Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!
Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!
Modul 10 : Mulai Jualan Yuk!
 
Young Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERS
Young Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERSYoung Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERS
Young Lions CZ 2022 | DIGITAL 10 | WINNERS
 
Let’s bake!
Let’s bake!Let’s bake!
Let’s bake!
 
preili 2016
preili 2016preili 2016
preili 2016
 
5 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 2018
5 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 20185 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 2018
5 non invasive aesthetic procedures on the rise for 2018
 
Proyecto comprensión la primavera
Proyecto comprensión la primaveraProyecto comprensión la primavera
Proyecto comprensión la primavera
 
Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)
Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)
Transcription (virtual assistant versus freelancer)
 
Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…
Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…
Father Creed Could Have Definitely Beaten Father Drago in Rocky 4. Here’s why…
 
Leading Causes of Elderly Car Accidents
Leading Causes of Elderly Car AccidentsLeading Causes of Elderly Car Accidents
Leading Causes of Elderly Car Accidents
 
How to weed out bad jurors during jury selection
How to weed out bad jurors during jury selectionHow to weed out bad jurors during jury selection
How to weed out bad jurors during jury selection
 
9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains
9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains
9 things every defendant should know about plea bargains
 

Viewers also liked

The BCW Tree House
The BCW Tree HouseThe BCW Tree House
The BCW Tree Housejanet lyons
 
Modelo de artigo revista igapó
Modelo de artigo revista igapóModelo de artigo revista igapó
Modelo de artigo revista igapóRegina Alencar
 
Schaefer10e ppt ch07
Schaefer10e ppt ch07Schaefer10e ppt ch07
Schaefer10e ppt ch07tommycinco
 
Protection You Need from the Partner You Trust
Protection You Need from the Partner You TrustProtection You Need from the Partner You Trust
Protection You Need from the Partner You TrustADP, LLC
 
Business Games - Challenge marketing
Business Games - Challenge marketing Business Games - Challenge marketing
Business Games - Challenge marketing Jérémie Marcin
 
Identidade_Privacidade_GrupoI
Identidade_Privacidade_GrupoIIdentidade_Privacidade_GrupoI
Identidade_Privacidade_GrupoImalmeidaUAB
 
Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...
Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...
Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...ChrisAMedia
 
Let’s sing a song!
Let’s sing a song!Let’s sing a song!
Let’s sing a song!Chabibatul
 
Solid works helicopter
Solid works helicopterSolid works helicopter
Solid works helicopterDavid Shawl
 
Trabajando con embarcadero 2010
Trabajando con embarcadero 2010Trabajando con embarcadero 2010
Trabajando con embarcadero 2010AFHS
 
Syed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updated
Syed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updatedSyed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updated
Syed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updatedSyed Ali
 
Prisma Residences - DMCI - Pasig
Prisma Residences - DMCI - PasigPrisma Residences - DMCI - Pasig
Prisma Residences - DMCI - PasigPreSelling.com.ph
 
2017 New Home Buyer's Guide
2017 New Home Buyer's Guide2017 New Home Buyer's Guide
2017 New Home Buyer's GuideAlice Korbel
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Dimensicones human
Dimensicones humanDimensicones human
Dimensicones human
 
The BCW Tree House
The BCW Tree HouseThe BCW Tree House
The BCW Tree House
 
Modelo de artigo revista igapó
Modelo de artigo revista igapóModelo de artigo revista igapó
Modelo de artigo revista igapó
 
G4 m música
G4 m músicaG4 m música
G4 m música
 
Schaefer10e ppt ch07
Schaefer10e ppt ch07Schaefer10e ppt ch07
Schaefer10e ppt ch07
 
Protection You Need from the Partner You Trust
Protection You Need from the Partner You TrustProtection You Need from the Partner You Trust
Protection You Need from the Partner You Trust
 
Foothill college Unofficial Transcript
Foothill college Unofficial TranscriptFoothill college Unofficial Transcript
Foothill college Unofficial Transcript
 
El Ministerio Pastoral
El Ministerio PastoralEl Ministerio Pastoral
El Ministerio Pastoral
 
Business Games - Challenge marketing
Business Games - Challenge marketing Business Games - Challenge marketing
Business Games - Challenge marketing
 
Identidade_Privacidade_GrupoI
Identidade_Privacidade_GrupoIIdentidade_Privacidade_GrupoI
Identidade_Privacidade_GrupoI
 
Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...
Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...
Question 4 Evaluation - How did you use new media technologies in the constru...
 
Let’s sing a song!
Let’s sing a song!Let’s sing a song!
Let’s sing a song!
 
Solid works helicopter
Solid works helicopterSolid works helicopter
Solid works helicopter
 
Trabajando con embarcadero 2010
Trabajando con embarcadero 2010Trabajando con embarcadero 2010
Trabajando con embarcadero 2010
 
Syed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updated
Syed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updatedSyed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updated
Syed Arif Ali_8+yrs_SDE_updated
 
Ft 50 manual
Ft 50 manualFt 50 manual
Ft 50 manual
 
Prisma Residences - DMCI - Pasig
Prisma Residences - DMCI - PasigPrisma Residences - DMCI - Pasig
Prisma Residences - DMCI - Pasig
 
Perfil do catequista
Perfil do catequistaPerfil do catequista
Perfil do catequista
 
2017 New Home Buyer's Guide
2017 New Home Buyer's Guide2017 New Home Buyer's Guide
2017 New Home Buyer's Guide
 
Energy services Locação de veículos
Energy services   Locação de veículosEnergy services   Locação de veículos
Energy services Locação de veículos
 

Final Book Concept Spreads 1 (1)

  • 1. c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n &t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s a r o u n d in& by a n d r e w b l a u v e l t
  • 2. pageone c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & a n d r e w t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s by b l a u v e l t a r t i c l e o r i g i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d b y e m i g r e 3 2 i n 1 9 9 4
  • 3. i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s i ams e d u c e d b y t h e m e s s a g e s o f o t h e r s i a p p r e c i a t e t h e m a t e r i a l i t y o f t h e f i n e l y p r i n t e d b o o k i r e s p o n d t o t h e u r g e n c y e x p r e s s e d b y t h e p o l i t i c a l p o s t e r . . . i a m r e p u s l e d b y t h e m e s s a g e s o f o t h e r s i a m a p p a l l e d b y d i s p l a y s o f j u s t i c e i a m t h r e a t e n e d b y s i g n s o f h a t r e d &i s h o p a t t h e m a l l &i s h o p a t t h e m a l l pagetwo|three The paradoxical nature of being both in and around is familiar to the cul- tural anthropologist, who might work in the field among the observed and at the same time remains apart from the observed. It is this observer status given to the anthropologist that creates this necessary dilemma. The con- ventional wisdom supporting the role of cultural anthropology has been its intention to study the cultures of other peoples as a way of reflect- ing on our own culture, or to borrow a phrase from Liberal Humanism, “ To k n o w o t h e r s s o t h at w e m ay b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d o u r s e lv e s .” T h e s i t u at i o n b e t w e e n a n o b s e r v e r a n d a n o b s e r v e d c a n n e v e r b e n e u t r a l , h o w e v e r , s i n c e t h e p o w e r r e l at i o n s h i p s a r e i n e v i ta b l y u n e q u a l . The graphic designer shares a similar dilemma of being both instrumental in the making of cultural artifacts and living in the society through which they are distributed. Graphic designers are often asked to remove themselves from their social positions and experiences and offer themselves as professionals, specialists in the various forms of visual communication. This detachment, which we might call “professionalization” or “specializa- tion,” creates the mythical, autonomous observer in the design process. This is a learned method of being professional and a consequence of the “problem-solving process” at the core of every graphic design procedure. We are asked to be objective and to render rational decisions (solutions), and doing so places graphic design on a par with other professions. The graphic designer is, of course, a member of society and thus lives with the artifacts of his or her making, as well as with the artifacts of other designers. In this way, designers are asked to be professionals outside of (to be around) culture, and at the same time, to be a part of (to be in), culture. We are, with others in society, witnesses to and participants in the consumption of cultural artifacts and, therefore, share in the moments of seduction and repulsion that these artifacts generate.
  • 4. pagefour|five The important lesson of this confes- sion is that we consume cultural ar- tifacts and their messages in differ- ent ways. While we consume these artifacts in the conventional man- ner of conspicuous consumption, which renders consumers as passive, blank slates upon which all forms of messages can be written, more recent research efforts have demon- strated another dimension to this idea of passive consumption, show- ing that we also consume artifacts symbolically and even ironically through small acts of individual re- sistance.(1) I watch Melrose Place ironically, for the melodramatic plot lines and the obvious acting - it’s so bad, it’s good - while I re- sist buying cable television because that’s just too much television. T h e n o w c l a s s i c e x a m p l e d r a w n f r o m w o r k o f p o p u l a r c u l t u r e i s I e n A n g ’ s W a t c h i n g D a l l a s , f i r s t p u b l i s h e d i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s i n 1 9 8 2 . A n g g a t h e r e d r e - s p o n s e s f r o m w o m e n b y p l a c i n g a n a d i n t h e D u t c h w o m a n ’ s m a g a z i n e V i v a , a d d r e s s e d t o t h o s e w h o e i t h e r l i k e d t o w a t c h t h e A m e r i c a n s o a p o p e r a D a l l a s o r d i s l i k e d i t . A n g d i s c o v e r e d t h r e e g e n - e r a l p o s i t i o n s t o w a r d t h e p r o g r a m : o n e g r o u p o f f a n s , a s e c o n d s e t o f v i e w e r s w h o w a t c h e d t h e p r o g r a m i r o n i c a l l y a n d a t h i r d g r o u p w h o h a t e d t h e s h o w . A n g ’ s w o r k d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f c u l t u r a l a r t i f a c t s ( i n t h i s c a s e w a t c h - i n g t . v . ) i s a c o m p l e x n e g o t i a t i o n i n v o l v - i n g s o m e t i m e s t h e w h o l e s a l e a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e s h o w ’ s m e s s a g e ( b y f a n s ) , s o m e - t i m e s a n o u t r i g h t r e j e c t i o n o f s u c h d e - b a s e d m e s s a g e s a n d m e a n i n g s ( b y h a t e r s ) a n d s o m e t i m e s a n i n v e r t e d r e - r e a d i n g o f t h e s h o w ’ s m e s s a g e a n d m e a n i n g ( b y i r o - n i s t s ) . A n g ’ s w o r k i s i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e s h e e x a m i n e s h o w p l e a s u r e i s p r o d u c e d t h r o u g h c o n s u m p t i o n , i n r a t h e r c o m p l e x w a y s w i t h c o n t r a d i c t o r y v a l u e s y s t e m s , r a t h e r t h a n s e e i n g c o n s u m p t i o n a s s i m p l y a n e n d i n a n d o f i t s e l f . 1 i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s
  • 5. This process of differentiation con- tinues on a social level through iden- tification with race, ethnicity, gen- der, age, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, class, etc. These social and cultural positions are defined as much by what they are not as by what they are. We f i n d t h at w e a r e c u l t u r a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d a s s u b j e c t s a n d w e a r e s o c i a l - l y c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h t h e i d e n t i t i e s w e c l a i m o r t h e c at e g o r i e s w e a r e p l a c e d i n . It is easier to understand that class is a social construction but harder to consider how race is a construction, and not simply a natural phenomenon, until we realize that the idea of race emerged in a historically specific way, bolstered by the truth claims of sci- ence for various political ends. Race is not natural, it is cultural. Gender is not natural, it is cultural. These statements are made to counter the extent to which ideas about woman, blacks, gays, etc. are so intertwined in the fabric of society as to appear in- evitable and unquestionable - natural. t h e d i s c o v e r y o f d i f f e r e n c e The dilemma of being both in and around culture exists at anoth- er level: at the level of individual subjectivity. I have already asserted that the phrase “in and around” constitutes a subject position, if only a paradoxical one. Just as a subject position will only be mean- ingful if it is defined in relation- ship to other positions, so too is the subject of that positioning. We need other things to mark the boundaries of ourselves, our iden- tities and our cultures. Psycho- analysis tells us that this process happens at a very early age, when the child recognizes itself as a self; that is to say, as an individ- ual, and also recognizes others as others Similarly, cognitive psy- chologists have suggested that we seem predisposed at the earliest ages to recognize difference, the exceptional, as a way of making sense of the world around us. pagesix|seveni n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s thediscovery of difference
  • 6. Tellingly, many of these campaigns are for fashion clientele, contribut- ing to the notion that such “ d i v e r s i t y ” i s “ f a s h i o n a b l e .” (4) In our discussions of others in this culture, it is hard to imagine a scenario that is not a product of larger economic forces. This applies to the economic development of colonialism that brought slavery to the New World and with it the foundations of racial supremacy, as well as to today’s effects of global capitalism which turn those old feel- ings of supremacy into longings for contact, even intimate contact, with others - their skin, clothes, language, music, crafts, cuisine. (5) It is this longing for contact with others, their exotic appeal, which drives the desire for cultural appreciation through cultural appropriation. Design’s relationship with cultural identification is a very important, that is to say, financially significant one. T h e “ d i s c o v e r y ” o f va r i o u s c u l t u r a l g r o u p s w i t h i n s o c i e t y c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n a s a n a u d i e n c e a n d a s a m a r k e t . It is no coin- cidence that Big Business “discovered” other audiences after the social turmoil of the 1950s and 1960s; the Civil Rights and Women’s Rights Movements to name but two. We are, in fact, witnessing a renewed discovery of cultural diversity under the banner of multiculturalism, a phenomenon that is reflected in “progressive” advertising campaigns. (3) 4 3T h e a d v e n t o f “ m u l t i - c u l t i ” a d v e r t i s i n g h a s p r o d u c e d a b e w i l d e r i n g a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e c o n s u m p t i v e p r e f e r e n c e s a n d b u y i n g p a t t e r n s o f v a r i o u s e t h n i c g r o u p s . F o r e x a m p l e , w e n o w k n o w t h a t K o r e a n A m e r i c a n s c o n s u m e m o r e S p a m t h a n a n y o t h e r e t h n i c g r o u p o r t h a t C h i n e s e A m e r i c a n s d r i n k m o r e C o g n a c . I n t h e w o r d s o f o n e e x e c u t i v e , “ T o d a y ’ s m a r k e t i n g i s p a r t a n t h r o p o l o g y . ” T h e m o s t v i s i b l e o f t h e s e c a m p a i g n s i s t h e o n - g o - i n g “ U n i t e d C o l o r s o f B e n e t t o n . ” A c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f B e n e t t o n i s m a d e b y J e f f R o s e n i n h i s a r t i c l e “ M e r c h a n - d i s i n g M u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m : B e n e t t o n a n d t h e N e w C u l t u r a l R e l a t i v i s m , ” N e w A r t E x a m i n e r , N o - v e m b e r 1 9 9 3 , p p . 1 8 – 2 6 . T h e c r i t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e l i e s i n h o w t h e c o n c e p t o f m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m w i l l b e a l l o w e d t o e x i s t a s a f o r c e i n s o c i e t y . W i l l m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m a c t a s a f o r c e f o r s u b s t a n t i v e c h a n g e i n h o w w e d e a l w i t h o t h e r c u l t u r e s ? I s i t t o b e s e e n a s a f o r m o f m a r g i n a l i z e d p l u r a l i s m ? O r i s i t s i m p l y a r e l a t i v e c o n c e p t p e r f e c t f o r t h e m a r k e t i n g o f o u r t i m e s ? I n t h e r e p o r t e d w o r d s o f B e n e t t o n ’ s c r e a t i v e d i r e c t o r O l i v i e r o T o s - c a n i , “ P r o d u c t s c h a n g e , i m a g e s c a p i t a l i z e . ” O r a s R o s e n n o t e s , “ T o s - c a n i h a s i t b a c k w a r d s : I m a g e s c h a n g e , p r o d u c t s c a p i t a l i z e . ” 5 “ T h e c o m m o d i f i c a t i o n o f O t h e r n e s s h a s b e e n s o s u c c e s s f u l b e - c a u s e i t i s o f f e r e d a s a n e w d e l i g h t , m o r e i n t e n s e , m o r e s a t i s f y - i n g t h a n n o r m a l w a y s o f d o i n g a n d f e e l i n g . W i t h i n c o m m o d i t y c u l t u r e , e t h n i c i t y b e c o m e s s p i c e , s e a s o n i n g t h a t c a n l i v e n u p t h e d u l l d i s h t h a t i s m a i n s t r e a m w h i t e c u l t u r e . ” - b e l l h o o k s f r o m “ E a t i n g t h e O t h e r : D e s i r e a n d R e s i s t a n c e , ” i n B l a c k L o o k s : R a c e a n d R e p r e s e n t a t i o n , 1 9 9 2 , p . 2 1 . “diversity” is “fashionable.” i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e spageeight|nine thediscovery of difference T h e r e l at i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s e l f a n d o t h e r s i s a t w o - way s t r e e t, p r o d u c i n g e f - f e c t s o n a l l pa r t i e s w i t h - i n a p o w e r s t r u c t u r e t h at i s t y p i c a l l y u n e q u a l . This “discovery,” of others - that mo- ment of first contact between dif- ferent groups and their subsequent relationships - has been charac- terized by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida as essentially “vi- olent”: “... the anthropological war [is] the essential confronta- tion that opens communication be- tween peoples and cultures, even when that communication is not practiced under the banner of colo- nial or missionary oppression.” (2) This violence occurs at the level of actual, lived experience and at the level of symbolic existence, through words and images; i.e., representa- tions. “ T h e B a t t l e o f P r o p e r N a m e s , ” f r o m “ P a r t II : N a t u r e , C u l t u r e , W r i t i n g ” i n O f G r a m m a t o l o g y b y J a c q u e s D e r - r i d a , 1 9 7 6 , p . 1 0 7 . D e r r i d a ’ s c o m m e n t i s i n c o n t e x t o f a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e “ W r i t i n g L e s s o n ” b y t h e a n t h r o p o l o - g i s t C l a u d e L é v i - S t r a u s s . T h e l i n k a g e b e t w e e n v i o l e n c e a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s f u l l y p r e s e n t i n t h i s a l l e g o r i c a l i m a g e o f “ A m e r i c a ” b y P h i l i p p e G a l l e i n t h e l a t e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y . T h e N e w W o r l d i s r e n d e r e d a s a n a k e d , v i o l e n t w o m a n . W h y a n a k e d , v i o l e n t w o m a n ? 2
  • 7. I n a s i m i l a r v e i n , t h e m a g a z i n e C o l o r s s p o n s o r e d b y t h e I t a l i a n f a s h i o n c o r p o r a t i o n B e n e t t o n , i n a s p r i n g / s u m m e r 1 9 9 3 i s s u e d e v o t e d t o r a c e , o f f e r s a s i x - p a g e s e c t i o n o f d i g i t a l “ p o s s i b i l i t i e s . ” I n t h e s e p a g e s , c e l e b r i t i e s a r e t r a n s f o r m e d , m u c h l i k e T e d T u r n - e r ’ s c o l o r i z i n g t e c h n i q u e , c r e a t - i n g a “ b l a c k ” Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h , a “ b l a c k ” A r n o l d S c h w a r z e n e g g e r , a “ w h i t e ” S p i k e L e e , a n “ A s i a n ” P o p e J o h n P a u l II a n d a “ w h i t e ” M i c h a e l J a c k s o n . T h e a b s u r d i t y o f t h e s e “ p o s s i b i l i t i e s ” a s r e a l i t y c r e a t e s t h e h u m o r t h a t m a k e s u s l a u g h . T h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s d o n o t r e p r e s e n t a n y l i v e d r e a l i t y b u t a m y t h i c r e a l m w h e r e w e c a n n o w d i s s o l v e t h e o u t w a r d b o u n d a r i e s o f “ u s a n d t h e m ” - n e s s t h r o u g h t h e w o n d e r s o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g . pageten|eleven imagingtheother: thedigitalfiction offirstcontact T h i s “ d i s c o v e r y ” o f c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e t h r o u g h t h e r e c e n t g u i s e o f m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m c a n b e s e e n i n a f a l l 1 9 9 3 i s s u e o f C r e a t e d a s a s p e c i a l i s s u e a n d d e v o t e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o i s s u e s s u r r o u n d i n g w h a t w e n o w c a l l “ m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m , ” t h i s p u b - l i c a t i o n e f f o r t w a s s p o n s o r e d , e x c l u s i v e l y , b y C h r y s l e r P l y m - o u t h C o r p o r a t i o n . F r o m t h e c o v e r : “ T a k e a g o o d l o o k a t t h i s w o m a n . S h e w a s c r e a t e d b y a c o m p u t e r f r o m a m i x o f s e v e r a l r a c e s . W h a t y o u s e e i s a r e m a r k a b l e p r e v i e w o f T h e N e w F a c e o f A m e r i c a . H o w I m m i g r a n t s A r e S h a p i n g t h e W o r l d ’ s F i r s t M u l t i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y . ” W e l e a r n i n s i d e t h a t t h i s n e w w o m a n i s a c o m p o s i t e c r e a t u r e c r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e d i g i t a l “ m o r p h - i n g ” p r o c e s s c o m b i n i n g s p e c i f i e d a m o u n t s o f e t h n i c i t y : 1 5 % A n g l o - S a x o n , 1 7 . 5 % M i d d l e E a s t e r n , 1 7 . 5 % A f r i c a n , 7 . 5 % A s i a n , 3 5 % S o u t h e r n E u r o p e a n , a n d 7 . 5 % H i s p a n i c . L e a s t w e c o n s i d e r h e r s o m e s o r t o f e t h n o - t e c h n o - F r a n k e n s t e i n , w e a r e t o l d t h a t t h i s w o m a n s t o l e t h e h e a r t s o f s e v e r a l m a g a - z i n e s t a f f e r s , o b v i o u s l y u n a w a r e o f h e r v i r t u a l e x i s t e n c e . O f c o u r s e , i t d o e s n ’ t t a k e a c y n i c t o r e a l i z e t h e f a l l a c y o f a s s e r t - i n g t h a t t o d a y ’ s A m e r i c a r e p r e s e n t s t h e w o r l d ’ s f i r s t m u l t i c u l - t u r a l s o c i e t y . T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e w o r l d ’ s o p p r e s s e d w o u l d s a y o t h e r w i s e . E v e n t h o u g h t h e i s s u e c o n t a i n s a s t o r y o n i n t e r r a - c i a l m a r r i a g e a n d w h a t i t c a l l s “ c r o s s b r e e d i n g , ” c o m p l e t e w i t h r e a l h u s b a n d s a n d w i v e s a n d t h e i r r e a l m i x e d - r a c e c h i l d r e n , i t e x p e n d s a g r e a t d e a l o f e f f o r t i n t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f i t s d i g i t a l e t h n i c - m i x i n g “ t i m e s t a b l e ” s h o w n i n t h e n e x t s p r e a d . U s i n g t h e s a m e “ m o r p h i n g ” t e c h n o l o g y a s t h e c o v e r c r e a t i o n , t h e y h a v e a s s e m b l e d 4 9 o t h e r s u s i n g a 5 0 - 5 0 m i x i n g f o r m u l a . i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s i m a g i n g t h e o t h e r : t h e d i g i t a l f i c t i o n o f f i r s t c o n t a c t
  • 8. O v e r a q u a r t e r - c e n t u r y h a s p a s s e d s i n c e t h i s p r o p h e c y a b o u t o u r t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h o t h e r s b y m e d i a g u r u M a r - s h a l l M c L u h a n . I n t h e r a c i a l t u r - b u l e n c e o f t h e s i x t i e s , M c L u h a n s a w t h e i m p a c t t h a t i n c r e a s e d i n f o r m a t i o n e x c h a n g e w o u l d h a v e o n s o c i e t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y o n o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e . T i n g e d w i t h t h e o p t i m i s m t h a t p e r v a d e s a l l t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e v o l u t i o n s , M c L u h a n i n j e c t s a m e s s a g e o f c i v i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y - a n e t h i c s o f m u t u a l d e p e n d e n c y . F a s t - f o r w a r d t o y e s t e r d a y : “ O u r c r i t i c s f e l t t h a t M a t t M a h u r i n ’ s w o r k c h a n g e d t h e p i c t u r e f u n - d a m e n t a l l y ; I f e l t i t l i f t e d a c o m m o n p o l i c e m u g s h o t t o t h e l e v e l o f a r t , w i t h n o s a c r i f i c e t o t r u t h . R e a s o n a b l e p e o p l e m a y d i s a g r e e a b o u t t h a t . I f t h e r e w a s a n y t h i n g w r o n g w i t h t h e c o v e r , i n m y v i e w , i t w a s t h a t i t w a s n o t i m m e d i a t e l y a p p a r e n t t h a t t h i s w a s a p h o t o - i l l u s t r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a n u n a l t e r e d p h o t o g r a p h ; t o k n o w t h a t , a r e a d e r h a d t o t u r n t o o u r c o n t e n t s p a g e o r s e e t h e o r i g i n a l m u g s h o t o n t h e o p e n i n g p a g e o f t h e s t o r y . ” J a m e s R . G a i n e s , M a n a g i n g E d i t o r , T i m e , J u l y 4 , 1 9 9 4 pagetwelve|thirteen imagingtheother: thedigitalfiction offirstcontact i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s O u r f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r s h a s b e e n r e t h o u g h t b y a n t h r o p o l - o g i s t M i c h a e l T a u s s i g , w h o t u r n s t h e t a b l e o n t h e o b s e r v e r a n d t h e o b s e r v e d . T a u s s i g a s k s “ W h o i s f a s c i n a t e d b y w h a t ? ” w h e n h e q u e s t i o n s e a r l y a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l e x p e d i t i o n s a n d t h e i r u s e o f t h e c a m e r a a n d t h e p h o n o g r a p h t o m a k e c o n t a c t w i t h a n d r e c o r d o t h e r p e o p l e s . A c c o r d i n g t o T a u s s i g , “ t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n l i e s w i t h t h e w h i t e m a n ’ s f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h t h e n o n - w h i t e s ’ f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h t h e s e m i m e t i c a l l y c a p a c i o u s m a c h i n e s [ t h e c a m e r a a n d t h e p h o n o g r a p h ] . ” ( 6 ) S i m i l a r l y , w e n e e d t o a s k o u r s e l v e s w h o i s s e r v e d b y t h e w o n d r o u s p o t e n t i a l o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g t o t r a n s f o r m p i c t u r e s o f r a c e , e t h n i c i t y o r g e n d e r ? W h o a r e t h e s e i m a g e s f o r ? “ T h e T a l k i n g M a c h i n e , ” i n M i m e s i s a n d A l t e r i t y : A P a r t i c u l a r H i s t o r y o f t h e S e n s e s b y M i c h a e l T a u s s i g , 1 9 9 3 , p . 1 9 8 . 6 “ T h e s h o c k o f r e c o g n i t i o n ! I n a n e l e c t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n e n v i r o n - m e n t , m i n o r i t y g r o u p s c a n n o l o n g e r b e c o n t a i n e d - i g n o r e d . T o o m a n y p e o p l e k n o w t o o m u c h a b o u t e a c h o t h e r . O u r n e w e n v i - r o n m e n t c o m p e l s c o m m i t m e n t a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n . W e h a v e b e c o m e i r r e v o c a b l y i n v o l v e d w i t h , a n d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r , e a c h o t h e r . ” T h e M e d i u m i s t h e M a s s a g e , M a r s h a l l M c L u h a n & Q u e n t i n F i o r e , 1 9 6 7
  • 9. a p l a c e w h e r e m y t a s t e i s n o t y o u r s , y o u r s i s n o t m i n e , l e t ’ s a g r e e t o d i s a g r e e a n d o t h e r r e l a t i v i s m s t h a t s e e m e d t o h a v e b e e n i n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e “ I ’ m O k a y , Y o u ’ r e O k a y ” ‘ 7 0 s . B y p l a c i n g t h i s c o m m i s s i o n i n t h e r e a l m o f a r t , t h e e d i t o r c a n a r g u e t h a t t h e a r t i s t w h o c r e - a t e d i t ( o r r a t h e r r e - c r e a t e d i t ) g a v e i t s o m e t h i n g i t l a c k e d . T h i s l a c k o c c u r s , o f c o u r s e , b e c a u s e o f t h e k i n d o f i m a g e i t i s - a m u g s h o t . J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r M a - h u r i n ’ s i m a g e h i n g e s o n d i s p l a c - i n g e v e r y t h i n g w e k n o w a b o u t t h e s o c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f m u g s h o t s a s d o c u m e n t s o f s u s p e c t - e d c r i m i n a l s a n d r e - r e a d i n g t h e i m a g e a s a n i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e a r t i s t ’ s h a n d a n d e y e , t h e r e b y e l e v a t i n g t h e c o m m o n p l a c e m u g s h o t t o t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y r e a l m o f a r t . T h e g r e a t e r a t - l a r g e a n d l a r g e l y n e g a t i v e r e a c t i o n t o t h i s i m a g e o c c u r s a t a l e v e l o f u n d e r - s t a n d i n g a b o u t h o w i m a g e s a r e c o n c e p t u a l l y f r a m e d i n s o c i e t y . pagefourteen|fifteen imagingtheother: thedigitalfiction offirstcontact i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s T h i s s t a t e m e n t w a s a d e f e n s e f o r t h e u s e o f M a t t M a h u r i n ’ s d i g i t a l p h o t o - i l l u s t r a t i o n o f O . J . S i m p s o n f o r T i m e . T h i s r e c e n t e v e n t u n d e r s c o r e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g e l e c t r o n - i c t e c h n o l o g i e s , r e p r e s e n t a - t i o n a n d c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y a n d t h e m a n y i s s u e s t h e i r c o n v e r - g e n c e r a i s e s . T h e r e a r e m a n y i n s t a n c e s i n r e c e n t m e m o r y o f t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n o f p h o - t o g r a p h i c i m a g e r y b y d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y , s u c h a s t h e h e a d - o f - O p r a h - W i n f r e y + b o d y - o f - A n n - M a r g a r e t c o l l a g e f o r T. V. G u i d e o r N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c ’ s s h i f t i n g o f t h e G r e a t P y r a m i d s a t G i z a , w h i c h s t i r r e d n u m e r o u s p u b l i c c o n - t r o v e r s i e s o v e r t h e m y t h o f “ t h e t r u t h f u l n e s s o f p h o t o - g r a p h s . ” ( 7 ) I n t h e c a s e o f t h e O . J . S i m p s o n c o v e r , T i m e d e - c i d e s t o u s e a s i t s d e f e n s e t h e a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n t r a n s c e n d s t h e o r i g i n a l m u g s h o t p h o t o a n d b e c o m e s a r t , t h e r e b y p l a c i n g i t i n a s p e c i a l c u l t u r a l c a t e g o r y r e s e r v e d f o r s u s p e n d e d j u d g m e n t s , F o r a n e x t e n d e d a c c o u n t o f w h a t h e c a l l s t h e “ p s e u d o - p h o t o g r a p h , ” s e e W i l l i a m J . M i t c h e l l ’ s b o o k T h e R e - c o n f i g u r e d E y e : V i s u a l T r u t h i n t h e P o s t - P h o t o g r a p h i c E r a ( 1 9 9 2 ) ; i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e c h a p t e r s “ I n t e n t i o n a n d A r t i f i c e ” a n d “ H o w t o D o T h i n g s w i t h P i c t u r e s . ” 7
  • 10. T h e s e e t h n i c f i c t i o n s p o p u - l a t e t h e w o r l d o f c y b e r s p a c e i n w a y s t h a t p i c t u r i n g o t h e r s u s e d t o r e s i d e i n t h e m i n d , m o v i n g a w a y f r o m i m a g i n i n g t h e o t h e r t o i m a g i n g t h e o t h e r . U n f o r - t u n a t e l y , l i t t l e h a s c h a n g e d i n t h e c o n c e p t i o n s o f r a c e , o n l y t h e s p a c e s i n w h i c h t h e y a r e a r - t i c u l a t e d . T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f o t h e r c u l t u r e s h a v e m o v e d f r o m t h e c o n s p i c u o u s c o l o - n i a l i s m o f s t o l e n a n d b a r t e r e d o b j e c t s f o u n d i n t h e c u r i o s i t y c a b i n e t a n d t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y m u s e u m t o t h e n e o c o l o n i a l i s m o f a p p r o p r i a t i n g c u l t u r a l r e p r e - s e n t a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c r e - a t i o n o f y e t a n o t h e r “ o t h e r : ” a f i c t i v e o n e y o u c a n ’ t k n o w b e c a u s e i t d o e s n ’ t r e a l l y e x i s t . pagesixteen|seventeen imagingtheother: thedigitalfiction offirstcontact i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s A c c o r d i n g t o T i m e m a n a g e m e n t , d e t r a c t o r s d i d n ’ t r e a d t h e i m a g e “ c o r r e c t l y ” a s a w o r k o f a r t , b u t r a t h e r a s w h a t i t i s , a t e c h n o l o g i c a l a l t e r a t i o n o f a m u g s h o t - a p h o t o g r a p h i c d o c - u m e n t o f c r i m i n a l s u r v e i l l a n c e . ( 8 ) W h a t w a s r e a d , a t l e a s t b y s o m e , w a s t h e d a r k e n i n g o f S i m p s o n ’ s s k i n t o n e , w h i c h s h o w s t h a t s o m e g r a s p e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s w a s n o t t h e “ o r i g i n a l ” b e - c a u s e i t d i d n o t c o n f o r m t o w h a t t h e y k n e w ( m o s t l y f r o m o t h - e r p i c t u r e s ) a b o u t O . J . S i m p s o n . I t d i d n o t c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e “ t r u t h . ” T h e r e i n s c r i p t i o n o f a p o l i c e m u g s h o t , # BK 4 0 1 3 9 7 0 0 6 - 1 7 - 9 4 , i n t o t h e r e d f r a m e o f a T i m e c o v e r , t r a d e s o u r a b - s t r a c t b e l i e f i n “ i n n o c e n t u n t i l p r o v e n g u i l t y ” f o r t h e t a c i t k n o w l e d g e o f a s s u m e d g u i l t . T h e r e s u l t i n g r e - c r e a t i o n m i x e s s e v e r a l o t h e r s o c i a l m e s s a g e s : t h e s t o r y o f a f a l l e n p u b l i c f i g - u r e ( “ A n A m e r i c a n T r a g e d y , ” r e a d s t h e c o v e r ) s u b c o n s c i o u s l y t r a n s l a t e d i n m a n y m i n d s a s t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f e v e r y t h i n g t h e y t h i n k t h e y k n o w o f b l a c k m a l e s a n d c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t y . F o r a c r i t i c a l a c c o u n t o f t h e u s e o f p h o t o g r a p h y i n t h e s e r v i c e o f d o c u m e n t i n g c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t y , s e e “ T h e B o d y a n d t h e A r c h i v e ” b y A l - l a n S e k u l a , r e p r i n t e d i n T h e C o n - t e s t o f M e a n i n g : C r i t i c a l H i s t o r i e s o f P h o t o g r a p h y , 1 9 8 9 . 8 T h i s m i n i - c o n t r o v e r s y i s b u t t h e l a t e s t e p i s o d e i n t h e o n - g o i n g s t r u g g l e f o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n o u r c u l t u r e t h a t i s d r e s s e d i n t h e h i g h - t e c h c l o t h i n g o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g , w h i l e r e v e a l i n g t h e s a m e o l d s o c i a l t r u t h s . M c L u h a n s a w a s o c i a l o p p o r t u n i t y b u t l a c k e d c r i t i c a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e s o c i a l r e a l i t y t h a t l i m i t s i n d i - v i d u a l o p t i o n s t h a t s e e k t o o p e r a t e i n o p p o s i t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h e d s o c i a l t r u t h s . W h a t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o m e i s h o w n e w d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s h a v e b e e n h a r n e s s e d f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g r a c i a l “ p o s - s i b i l i t i e s . ” T h e s e e t h n i c f i c t i o n s p o p u l a t e t h e w o r l d o f c y b e r - s p a c e i n w a y s t h a t p i c t u r i n g o t h e r s u s e d t o r e s i d e i n t h e m i n d ,
  • 11. The fictive fantasy of digital “possibilities” seems so appeal- ingbecausetheyofferusaform ofpleasurethroughtheirrefusal ofaknownreality. T h i s t h o u g h t p a r a l l e l s s o m e o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f I e n A n g ( s e e n o t e 1 ) , w h o a r g u e s t h a t f a n t a s y a n d f i c t i o n d o n o t “ f u n c t i o n i n p l a c e o f , b u t b e s i d e , o t h e r d i m e n s i o n s o f l i f e ( s o c i a l p r a c t i c e , m o r a l o r p o l i t i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s ) . “ I t . . . i s a s o u r c e o f p l e a s u r e b e c a u s e i t p u t s ‘ r e a l i t y ’ i n p a - r e n t h e s e s , b e c a u s e i t c o n s t r u c t s i m a g i n a r y s o l u t i o n s f o r r e a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , w h i c h i n t h e i r f i c t i o n a l s i m p l i c i t y a n d t h e i r s i m p l e f i c t i o n a l i t y s t e p o u t s i d e t h e t e d i o u s c o m p l e x i t y o f e x i s t i n g s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s o f d o m i n a n c e a n d s u b o r d i n a - t i o n . ” ( p . 1 3 5 ) 9 A s a c o u n t e r p o i n t t o t h e s e i n - s t r u m e n t a l u s e s o f d i g i t a l t e c h - n o l o g i e s b y m a i n s t r e a m m e d i a i s t h e u s e o f s i m i l a r t e c h n o l o g i e s b y B r i t i s h a r t i s t K e i t h P i p e r , w h o s e v i d e o i n s t a l l a t i o n “ S u r - v e i l l a n c e s : T a g g i n g t h e O t h e r , ” d e a l s w i t h t h e u s e o f t h a t t e c h - n o l o g y w i t h i n t h e c l i m a t e o f E u r o p e a n r a c i s m . P i p e r a p p r o p r i - a t e s t h e s l a n g t e r m o f “ t a g g i n g ” - t h e m a r k i n g o f t e r r i t o r y b y a u n i q u e g r a f f i t i s i g n a t u r e - a n d a p p l i e s i t t o t h e u s e o f e l e c t r o n - i c t e c h n o l o g i e s t o m a r k a n d t r a c k o t h e r s . I n t h i s w a y , P i p e r s h o w s h o w , f o r e x a m p l e , a p r o - p o s e d N e w E u r o p e a n S t a t e c o u l d u t i l i z e d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n n e t w o r k s t o t a r - g e t s o c i a l “ u n d e s i r a b l e s ” a n d k e e p t h e m u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e . P i p e r ’ s d i g i t a l i m a g e s f o r e s e e a d i s t i n c t l y 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y v i s i o n o f d o c u m e n t i n g a n d a n a l y z i n g c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y a s 1 9 t h - c e n t u r y p h r e n o l o g i s t s s t u d i e d t h e h e a d s t r u c t u r e s a n d f a c i a l f e a t u r e s o f o t h e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i n - s a n e , t h e c r i m i n a l a n d t h e “ N e - g r o . ” K e i t h P i p e r ’ s u s e o f t h e s a m e t e c h n o l o g y c r e a t e s a d i f - f e r e n t d i g i t a l f i c t i o n : o n e y o u f e a r b e c a u s e i t m i g h t j u s t e x i s t . pageeighteen|nineteen imagingtheother: thedigitalfiction offirstcontact i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s I t i s t h i s a s p e c t o f f i c t i t i o u s n e s s t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e u s e o f d i g i t a l i m a g i n g t e c h n i q u e s t o c a p t u r e a n d f i x t h e i m a g e o f t h e o t h e r . P h o t o g r a p h y h a s b e e n c o n s i s t e n t l y u s e d t o “ c a p t u r e ” o t h e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e f i e l d w o r k o f a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s o r t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e o f p o l i c e . T h e s e p h o t o g r a p h i c d e p i c t i o n s h a v e t h e i r o w n l e v e l o f c o n c e i t b u t a l w a y s r e m a i n t r u e t o t h e i r c l a i m t o c a p t u r e r e a l i t y “ a s i t w a s . ” T h e s e r e c e n t u s e s o f d i g i t a l i m - a g i n g t e c h n i q u e s , h o w e v e r , r e l i n q u i s h t h e i r c l a i m s t o r e a l i t y i n f a v o r o f p i c t u r i n g r e a l i t y “ a s i t i s n ’ t , ” o r “ a s i t m i g h t b e . ” T h e f i c t i v e d o m a i n o f t h e d i g i t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c a n b e s e e n m o r e o b v i o u s l y i n a n o t h e r C o l o r s ( J u n e 1 9 9 4 ) d e p i c t i o n , a p o r t r a i t o f f o r m e r P r e s i d e n t R o n a l d R e a g a n w i t h s k i n l e s i o n s n e x t t o a n o b i t u a r y c i t i n g h i s r e c e n t d e a t h f r o m c o m p l i c a t i o n s w i t h AIDS . T h e f i c t i t i o u s p h o t o a n d o b i t u a r y r e w r i t e t h e R e a g a n - e r a p o l i c y o n AIDS a n d e x t o l t h e v i r t u e s o f a m a n w h o “ i s b e s t r e m e m b e r e d f o r h i s q u i c k a n d d e c i s i v e r e s p o n s e t o t h e AIDS e p i d e m i c , ” u n d e r t h e h e a d l i n e “ H e r o . ” W h i l e a t g r e a t p a i n s t o e s t a b l i s h a l e v e l o f r e a l i t y f o r t h e i r s t o r y , C o l o r s d e c l a r e s t h e f i c t i t i o u s n a t u r e o f t h e s t o r y i n a f o o t n o t e a n d u s e s t h e w o r d “ m a n i p u l a t i o n ” i n t h e a t t a c h e d p h o t o c r e d i t . T h e s e a r e o f f e r e d t o p r e v e n t m i s r e a d i n g t h e s t o r y a s t r u e , w h i l e t r y i n g t o p r e - s e r v e t h e s u p r e m e i r o n y o f t h e s t o r y i t s e l f . A g a i n , t h e a b s u r d i - t y o f t h e s t o r y p l a y s h a v o c w i t h t h e r e a l i t y o f i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w e a r e l e f t w i t h t h e “ w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g ” o f t h e o b i t u a r y a n d t h e a l l - t o o - r e a l h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d o n t h e s u b j e c t . T h e f i c t i v e f a n ta s y o f d i g i ta l “ p o s s i b i l i t i e s ” s e e m s s o a p p e a l i n g b e c a u s e t h e y o f f e r u s a f o r m o f p l e a s u r e t h r o u g h t h e i r r e f u s a l o f a k n o w n r e a l i t y. ( 9 ) T h e e a s e w i t h w h i c h s u c h p r o d u c t i o n s a r e m a d e i s i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f e a s i n g r a c i a l c o n f l i c t o r e n d i n g p o l i t i c a l a p a t h y t o w a r d s t h e AIDS p a n d e m i c .
  • 12. R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c a n b e d e p i c - t i o n s o f o t h e r s a s a k i n d o f s h o r t h a n d t h a t w e s u b s t i t u t e f o r s p e c i f i c c u l t u r a l c a t e g o - r i e s . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e l i n k a g e b e t w e e n d o m i n a n t p o l i t i c a l i n - t e r e s t s a n d t h e u s e o f v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c a n b e s e e n w h e n w e c o n f r o n t w h o l e s a l e c a t e g o r i e s t h a t a r e t h e m s e l v e s a m a l g a m a t i o n s o f s e x , r a c e a n d c l a s s , w i t h o u t i m a g e r y . F o r e x - a m p l e , w h a t i m a g e d o y o u f o r m f o r “ w e l f a r e m o t h e r , ” “ c r a c k a d d i c t , ” o r “ AIDS p a t i e n t ? ” T h e s e c o d e w o r d s a r e t h e c u l - t u r a l s h o r t h a n d f o r y o u n g , u n m a r r i e d , p o o r , A f r i c a n - A m e r - i c a n w o m a n ; y o u n g , p o o r , A f r i - c a n - A m e r i c a n m a n ; a n d y o u n g , w h i t e , g a y m a l e r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e i r p o w e r d e r i v e s f r o m t h e i r a b i l i t y t o e x p l o i t m e d i a i m a g e s o f t h e s e s c e n a r i o s i n t h e m i n d s o f t h e p u b l i c w i t h o u t d i r e c t i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r m i s o g y n i c , r a c i s t a n d h o m o p h o b i c r o o t s . “ ‘ T h e I n d i g n i t y o f S p e a k i n g f o r O t h e r s ’ : A n I m a g i n a r y I n t e r v i e w , ” b y C r a i g O w e n s i n B e y o n d R e c o g n i t i o n : R e p r e s e n t a t i o n , P o w e r a n d C u l t u r e , 1 9 9 2 , p . 2 6 2 . 11 pagetwenty|twentyonei n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s p i c t u r i n g d i f f e r n c e r e p r e s e n t i n g d i v e r s i t y W e c o m e t o k n o w o u r s e l v e s a n d o t h e r s l e s s o f t e n t h r o u g h a c t u a l c o n t a c t a n d m o r e u s u a l l y t h r o u g h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n s o c i e t y . C u l t u r a l i d e n t i f i c at i o n i s a f a c t o r o f r e p r e - s e n tat i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e F r e n c h p s y c h o a n a l y s t J a c q u e s L a c a n , s p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e c o n c e p t s o f w o m a n a n d s e x u a l i t y , s a i d i t s u c c i n c t l y : “ I m a g e s a n d s y m b o l s f o r t h e w o m a n c a n n o t b e i s o l a t e d f r o m i m a g e s a n d s y m b o l s o f t h e w o m a n . I t i s r e p - r e s e n t a t i o n , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f f e m i n i n e s e x u a l i t y . . . w h i c h c o n d i t i o n s h o w i t c o m e s i n t o p l a y . ” ( 1 0 ) T h e d e b a t e s a b o u t m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m a r e d e b a t e s a b o u t r e p r e s e n t a - t i o n . A l t h o u g h m a n y p e o p l e c o n s i d e r t h e i s s u e i n t e r m s o f s h e e r n u m b e r s - a q u a n t i t a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n - t h e i s s u e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a l a c k o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b u t t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e m ; f o r a s t h e a r t c r i t i c a n d t h e o r i s t C r a i g O w e n s r e m i n d s u s : “ I n o u r c u l t u r e t h e r e i s , o f c o u r s e , n o l a c k o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w o m e n - o r , f o r t h a t m a t t e r , o f o t h e r m a r g i n a l i z e d g r o u p s ( b l a c k s , h o m o s e x u a l s , c h i l d r e n , c r i m i n a l s , t h e i n s a n e . . . ) . ” ( 1 1 ) “ G u i d i n g R e m a r k s f o r a C o n g r e s s o n F e m i n i n e S e x u a l i t y , ” b y J a c q u e s L a c a n i n F e m i n i n e S e x u a l i t y , e d i t e d b y J u l i e t M i t c h e l l , 1 9 8 2 , p . 9 0 . 10 picturingdifference/ representingdiversity
  • 13. T h e w o r k o f s o c i a l l y e n g a g e d a c t i v i s t s , a r t i s t s a n d d e s i g n e r s t r i e s t o u n - d e r m i n e t h e s t e r e o t y p e i n i n n u m e r a b l e w a y s ; t h r o u g h d i s r u p t i v e s t r a t e g i e s s u c h a s a p p r o p r i a t i o n , s u b v e r s i o n a n d i n v e r s i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e d e s t a b i l i z - i n g t a c t i c s o f d e c o n s t r u c t i v e t e x t u a l r e a d i n g s a n d d e m y s t i f y i n g w i d e l y h e l d v i e w s . T r u e i n c l u s i v e n e s s , a s a r e s u l t o f e m p o w e r m e n t o r a g e n c y , i n c l u d e s a c c e s s t o b o t h t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c i n g c u l t u r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d t o t h e m o d e s o f t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s o c i e t y . I n t h i s w a y , t h e v o i c e s o f o t h e r s w i l l b e h e a r d o n l y w h e n t h o s e o t h e r s h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e l a r g e r p u b l i c s p h e r e . W h i l e g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s m a y c l a i m a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t u s , l i k e t h a t o f n e u - t r a l o b s e r v e r s , w e f i n d t h a t t h e i r r o l e i s a c e n t r a l o n e i n t h e s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . A s p r o d u c e r s a n d c o n s u m e r s o f v a r i o u s c u l t u r a l a r t i f a c t s , u n d e r s t o o d a s b o t h t a n g i b l e g o o d s , s u c h a s b o o k s a n d m a g a z i n e s , a s w e l l a s t h e m o r e i n t a n g i b l e p r o d u c t s , s u c h a s e p h e m e r a l m e s s a g e s a n d i m a g e s , g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s f i n d t h e m s e l v e s b o t h i n a n d a r o u n d c u l t u r e . S o w h a t i s t h e a n s w e r ? T h e p r o b l e m s a r e m u l t i f a c e t e d a n d m u c h l a r g e r t h a n d e s i g n , w h i c h m e a n s w e n e e d a v a r i e t y o f r e s p o n s e s o n a v a r i e t y o f l e v e l s . I t h e l p s t o r e m e m b e r t h a t w e a r e b o t h d e s i g n e r s a n d c i t i z e n s . I n t h i s w a y , y o u c a n b e p a r t o f t h e s o l u t i o n e v e n i f y o u a r e n o t d e s i g n i n g f o r i t . I t a l s o h e l p s t o r e m e m b e r t h a t g r a p h i c d e s i g n i s a b o u t m e s s a g e s , a n d t h a t o u r s o l u t i o n s a r e m e r e l y c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o a l a r g e r e f f o r t . T h e r e m u s t b e g r e a t e r c u l t u r a l d i v e r s i t y i n t h e p e o p l e w h o d e s i g n , i n c l u d i n g a n a n a l y s i s o f w h y t h e s e p e o p l e a r e n o t t h e r e n o w . W e n e e d g r e a t e r c r i t i c a l a w a r e n e s s t h a t t h e t e a c h i n g a n d p r a c t i c e o f d e s i g n o c c u r i n l a r g e r s o c i a l f r a m e w o r k s , g o v e r n e d b y r u l e s o f r a c i s m , p a t r i a r c h y , h e t e r o s e x i s m , e t c . , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o m a y n o t e x p e r i e n c e i t t h e m s e l v e s . W e n e e d a g r e a t e r r a n g e o f m e t h o d s a n d o p t i o n s f o r p r a c t i c i n g g r a p h i c d e s i g n t h a t b e g i n s t o s t e p o u t s i d e o f a r e a c t i o n a r y r e s p o n s e t o p r o b l e m s w i t h i t s o u t m o d e d , p y r a m i d a l ( t o p - d o w n ) s t r u c t u r e a n d t o w a r d s a m o r e i n c l u s i v e , r e s p o n s i v e p o s i t i o n f o u n d i n a c t i v - i t i e s l i k e , f o r e x a m p l e , c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d c o - a u t h o r s h i p . M u c h t o t h e d i s a p - p o i n t m e n t o f m a n y , t h e s e i s s u e s w i l l n o t d i s a p p e a r w i t h d i s m i s s a l s o f “ p o l i t - i c a l c o r r e c t n e s s ” s i n c e t h e y r e f l e c t a f u n d a m e n t a l s o c i a l c h a n g e t h a t h a s b e e n u n d e r w a y f o r q u i t e s o m e t i m e , n o m a t t e r h o w s l o w i t s e e m s i n c o m i n g pagetwentytwo|twentythree picturethis:voice& agency i n & a r o u n d : c u l t u r e s o f d e s i g n & t h e d e s i g n o f c u l t u r e s v o i c e & a g e n c yp i c t u r e t h i s : T h e d e b a t e o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r t h e g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s e e m s t o r e s i d e i n t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n K a r l M a r x ’ s e m p o w e r i n g d i c t a t e , “ T h e y c a n n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s , t h e y m u s t b e r e p r e s e n t e d , ” t h a t i s t o s a y , a c t f o r o t h e r s , a n d G i l l e s D e l e u z e ’ s c a t e g o r i c a l r e j e c t i o n o f s u c h p r e s u m e d a u t h o r i t y - “ t h e i n - d i g n i t y o f s p e a k i n g f o r o t h e r s . ” M a r x ’ s f a m o u s d i c t a t e i s t h e m o r e t y p i c a l t a s k t h a t a r t i s t s a n d o t h e r c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s h a v e a s s i g n e d t h e m s e l v e s : t o s p e a k f o r o t h e r s . L e s s t y p i c a l i s t h e s t a t e m e n t b y D e l e u z e t h a t s u g g e s t s , p e r h a p s , l e t t i n g o t h e r s s p e a k f o r t h e m s e l v e s . T h e n e g o t i a t i o n o f r e p r e s e n - t a t i o n a l s t r a t e g i e s s e e m s c e n t r a l f o r t h e g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r ( a n d o t h e r s ) w h o a r e r o u t i n e l y a s k e d t o s p e a k f o r o t h e r s . G r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s a n d o t h e r c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s a r e j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o r e t h i n k t h e t e r m s o f r e p r e s e n t a - t i o n , a w a y f r o m s p e a k i n g f o r o t h e r s a n d t o w a r d s s p e a k i n g w i t h a n d t o o t h e r s . T h e f a c t o r s t h a t w o u l d a l l o w o t h e r s t o s p e a k f o r t h e m s e l v e s d e a l w i t h a c c e s s t o t h e m e a n s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t i s u l t i m a t e l y a f u n c t i o n o f p o w e r . T h e d e b a t e s a r o u n d m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m c a n b e s e e n a s a s t r u g g l e f o r c o n t r o l o v e r t h e m e a n s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . A s C r a i g O w e n s s t a t e s , i t i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i t s e l f t h a t t a k e s a w a y t h e a b i l i t y t o s p e a k f o r o n e s e l f . H o w - e v e r , t h e t r a f f i c i n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w i l l n o t e n d s i n c e i t i s f u n d a m e n t a l t o t h e o p e r a t i o n o f o u r s o c i e t y . S o , w h i l e i n c r e a s e d i n s t a n c e s o f r e p r e s e n t e d o t h e r s ( t o k e n i s m ) i n j e c t s o m e p r e s e n c e i n t o t h e p i c t u r e , t h e y d o l i t t l e t o e x p l a i n t h e p r e v i o u s e x c l u s i o n s . F u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e i s u n l i k e l y t o o c c u r t h r o u g h t h e p a g e s o f m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o r p o r a t e a d v e r t i s i n g n o m a t t e r h o w m a n y o t h e r s a r e d e p i c t e d . A f t e r a l l , h a v e y o u “ C o m e a L o n g W a y , B a b y ! ” ? F u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e i s m u c h m o r e l i k e l y t o c o m e a t a b r o a d e r s o c i a l l e v e l t h r o u g h a m u l t i t u d e o f c h a n g e s f r o m a n y n u m b e r o f s e c t o r s a n d i n e v i - t a b l y i t w i l l b e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s , m a d e b y g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s a n d o t h e r c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r s a n d u l t i m a t e l y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f i d e n t i t i e s . A f t e r a l l , c o r p o r a t e a d - v e r t i s i n g c a m p a i g n s a n d t o k e n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ( s p o t t h e b l a c k , t h e A s i a n , t h e w o m a n i n t h e s c e n e ) d o n o t c r e a t e d i v e r s i t y b u t m e r e l y r e f l e c t i t .
  • 14. c a r l t o n w i l l i a m s t y p e 2 / c o l l e g e f o r c r e a t i v e s t u d i e s w i n t e r 2 0 1 5 f u t u r a ( s a n s e r i f ) / m i n i o n p r o ( s e r i f ) 1 s t e d i t i o n
  • 15. b l a u v e l t a n d r e w A n d r e w B l a u v e l t , t h e W a l k e r A r t C e n t e r ’ s D e s i g n D i r e c t o r s i n c e 1 9 9 8 , h a s b e e n n a m e d D e s i g n D i r e c t o r a n d C u r a t o r , e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y , t o r e f l e c t h i s r o l e i n c u r a t i n g d e s i g n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e e x h i b i t i o n s a n d d e v e l o p i n g r e l a t e d p u b l i c p r o g r a m s . I n h i s r o l e a s D e s i g n D i r e c t o r , B l a u v e l t p r o v i d e s c r e a t i v e l e a d e r s h i p f o r t h e W a l k e r ’ s d e s i g n s t u d i o — t h e r e c i p i e n t o f m o r e t h a n 8 0 d e s i g n a w a r d s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e r e c o g n i z i n g t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ’ s g r a p h i c c o m m u n i c a t i o n s . A s c u r a t o r , h e i s o r g a n i z i n g t h e e x h i b i t i o n S o m e A s s e m b l y R e q u i r e d : C o n t e m p o r a r y P r e f a b r i c a t e d H o u s e s , o n v i e w a t t h e W a l k e r D e c e m - b e r 1 1 , 2 0 0 5 – M a r c h 2 6 , 2 0 0 6 , a n d c o o r d i n a t i n g a n e w s e r i e s , D r a w n H e r e : C o n t e m p o r a r y D e s i g n i n C o n v e r s a t i o n , f o c u s e d o n t h e l o c a l d e s i g n s c e n e , w h i c h l a u n c h e s i n S e p t e m b e r o n T a r g e t F r e e T h u r s d a y N i g h t s w i t h M i n n e a p o - l i s - b a s e d a r c h i t e c t J u l i e S n o w . T h e w o r k o f t h e W a l k e r ’ s i n - h o u s e d e s i g n s t u d i o h a s b e e n e x h i b i t e d a n d p u b l i s h e d w o r l d w i d e . I t s w o r k w a s t h e s u b j e c t o f a n e x h i b i t i o n a t t h e D e s i g n M u s e u m , L o n - d o n i n 2 0 0 2 . T h e s t u d i o w a s n o m i n a t e d f o r t h e p r e s t i g i o u s C h r y s l e r A w a r d f o r D e s i g n I n n o v a t i o n a n d a N a t i o n a l D e s i g n A w a r d f r o m t h e C o o p e r - H e w i t t M u s e - u m , N e w Y o r k , i n 2 0 0 1 . I t s r e c e n t W a l k e r w i t h o u t W a l l s i d e n t i t y a n d m a r k e t i n g c a m p a i g n w o n b o t h s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l 2 0 0 5 A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f G r a p h i c A r t s a w a r d s a n d a D e s i g n D i s t i n c t i o n A w a r d a s p a r t o f I . D . m a g a z i n e ’ s 2 0 0 5 A n n u a l D e s i g n R e v i e w . B l a u v e l t w a s r e c e n t l y s e l e c t e d a s o n e o f t h e “ 1 0 0 m o s t s i g n i f i - c a n t ” g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r s i n A r e a , a c u r a t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o f c o n t e m p o r a r y I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e W a l k e r ’ s b u i l d i n g e x p a n s i o n , B l a u v e l t o v e r s a w t h e c r e - a t i o n o f W a l k e r E x p a n d e d , a n i n n o v a t i v e n e w g r a p h i c i d e n t i t y t h a t u s e s f o n t c r e a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y t o g e n e r a t e b r a n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s f r o m b u s i n e s s c a r d s t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l - s c a l e g r a p h i c s , a n d t h e o p e n i n g c a m p a i g n f o r t h e n e w e x p a n s i o n ; l e d t h e e x p e r i e n c e p l a n n i n g t e a m f o r t h e n e w W a l k e r ’ s p u b l i c s p a c e s ; a n d c o l l a b o - r a t e d w i t h L i s a S t r a u s f e l d o f P e n t a g r a m , N e w Y o r k , o n t h e c r e a t i o n o f a d y n a m i c m a r q u e e , w h i c h i s p r o j e c t e d o n t o a 6 0 - f o o t - l o n g p o r t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g ’ s e t c h e d g l a s s w a l l a l o n g H e n n e p i n A v e n u e . I n 2 0 0 0 B l a u v e l t c u r a t e d t h e e x h i b i t i o n I d e a s f o r M o d e r n L i v i n g a s p a r t o f T h e H o m e S h o w , w h i c h e x a m i n e d t h e I d e a H o u s e P r o j e c t a n d t h e E v e r y d a y A r t G a l l e r y , t w o i n n o v a t i v e d e s i g n p r o j e c t s i n i t i a t e d b y t h e W a l k e r A r t C e n t e r i n t h e 1 9 4 0 s . H i s t r a v e l i n g e x h i b i t i o n S t r a n g e l y F a m i l i a r : D e s i g n a n d E v e r y d a y L i f e p r e m i e r e d a t t h e W a l k e r i n 2 0 0 3 a n d h a s t o u r e d t o s e v e r a l v e n u e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d E u r o p e . S i n c e 1 9 9 8 h e h a s h e l p e d o r g a n i z e p u b l i c p r o g r a m s o n d e s i g n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e a t t h e W a l k e r A r t C e n t e r . W o r k i n g w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f G r a p h i c A r t s M i n n e s o t a , h e h a s o r g a n i z e d i t s l o n g - r u n n i n g I n s i g h t s l e c t u r e s e r i e s , w h i c h b r i n g s d e s i g n e r s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t u r e t o t h e T w i n C i t - i e s . H e h a s a l s o w o r k e d w i t h t h e W a l k e r ’ s E d u c a t i o n a n d C o m m u n i t y P r o g r a m s d e p a r t m e n t a n d A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s M i n n e s o t a t o h o s t p r e s e n t a t i o n s b y s o m e o f m o s t i n n o v a t i v e a r c h i t e c t s a n d l a n d s c a p e a r c h i t e c t s . P r i o r t o t h e W a l k e r , B l a u v e l t t a u g h t d e s i g n a t s e v e r a l c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s . H e w a s A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r o f G r a p h i c D e s i g n a t t h e S c h o o l o f D e s i g n , N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , w h e r e h e h e l p e d d e v e l o p i t s t o p - r a n k e d g r a d u a t e p r o - g r a m a n d l a t e r s e r v e d a s d e p a r t m e n t h e a d . H e a l s o s e r v e d a s i n t e r i m c h a i r o f t h e d e s i g n d e p a r t m e n t a t C r a n b r o o k A c a d e - m y o f A r t i n B l o o m f i e l d H i l l s , M i c h i g a n . B l a u v e l t h a s b e e n a v i s i t i n g p r o f e s s o r i n t h e g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s o f t h e J a n v a n E y c k A k a d e m i e , M a a s t r i c h t , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ; C r a n b r o o k A c a d e m y o f A r t , B l o o m f i e l d H i l l s , M i c h i g a n ; t h e C o l l e g e o f A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d L a n d s c a p e A r c h i t e c t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a ; a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e A m e r i c a s , P u e b l a , M e x i c o . B l a u v e l t w a s n a m e d E d u c a t o r o f t h e Y e a r b y t h e G r a p h i c D e s i g n E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1 9 9 5 . H e h a s s e r v e d o n t h e n a t i o n a l b o a r d o f d i r e c t o r s o f t h e A m e r i c a n C e n t e r f o r D e s i g n . B l a u v e l t h o l d s a n MFA i n d e s i g n f r o m C r a n b r o o k A c a d e m y o f A r t ( 1 9 8 8 ) a n d a BFA f r o m t h e H e r r o n S c h o o l o f A r t , I n d i a n a U n i v e r s i t y ( 1 9 8 6 ) .