Footwear Technology In Sport...Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger

SPO025-2 Research Foundations Quantitative
Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Research Proposal
Research Foundations Quantitative – SPO025-2
Carl Page (1008889)
University of Bedfordshire
Mr. M Lambert
Carl Page (1008889) Page 1 Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger...Footwear
Technology In Sport
Introduction
The “Barefoot” shoes these normally will have uppers which are fabricated from
featherweight material with soles of 3-millimeter thick polyurethane. While Agoada,
(2012) proposes it is still unclear with the risks versus benefits associated with
barefoot running, nonetheless be alert that barefoot running could trigger injury
within participants with fundamental biomechanical foot problems. Furthermore
studies from Lieberman, (2010) discovered forefoot and mid-foot-strike gaits were
probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes. Also might
have protected their feet and lower limbs from particular impact-related injuries which
are now present in a large majority of runners.
Additionally to improve performance the weight of the shoe has been dramatically
reduced over the years. Thus investigations on Ground Reaction Forces during
running has examined how these forces affect the body and how factors such as
running style, types of surfaces, and footwear could influence affect Ground
Reaction Forces (Bobbert et al., 1991; Cavanagh and Lafortune, 1980; Clarke et al.,
1983; Cook et al., 1985; De Wit et al., 1996; Divert et al., 2005)Therefore aiding to
enable optimal performance technologically advanced racing flats and spikes have
been mass produced (Cavanagh, 1980; Denton, 2005).
Review of Literature
Hennig, (2011) suggests that the shape of footballers boot will influence the shooting
velocity plus even more significant for the sport is their striking accuracy. Hence
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (2001) states the changes to the
manufacturing in the choice of the materials used affects total weight. Furthermore
the lacing appearance and the difference to athletic shoes in which they protect the
areas of the foot that is placed under the most stress.

The most popular sport in the world is football; the need for speed as Redknapp,
(2007) states the fascination with performance lightweight and more dynamic boots.
Since with cutting edge of high technological developments being made there is a
production of new range of football boots (Appendix 5). These are supposedly
lighter, with the idea being footballers are able to change direction with better
flexibility and gain further speed over the pitch. Therefore Hennig, (2011) signifies
the most important shoe feature is the studs these tolerate fast accelerations and
stops, rapid cuts, and turns. Hence the stud design and their arrangement is critical
for success.
In contrast Peak Performance Sporting Excellence, (2012) footwear can be planned
to decrease the forces which the knees are placed to, since it is certainly not a case
that ‘one size fits all’ as with selecting the right running shoe that is based on
athletes gender. Consequently Great Strides, (2006) suggests there are countless
issues with meeting the needs of women’s shoes, as they are dissimilar to men’s
e.g. a woman's forefoot is wider and her heel is narrower relative to length when
compared to a man's.
Therefore the footwear industry is a continually growing investment in the significant
resources needed for research purposes. For instance the flexible consequences of
cushioning system used and peak forces has been seen to alter electromyography
arrangements plus alter knee flexion through foot strike and influence ultimately the
participants running economy. Investigations from Fredericka, (1986) discovered
mediolateral stability as calculated with rear foot kinematics is intensely manipulated
by shoe design characteristics for instance the sole hardness, along with heel lift and
geometry.
In July 2012 Nike will announcing a 5.6 ounce running shoe named the Flyknit. This
could drastically alter not only the marketplace for running footwear then for footwear
in universal. (Schlossberg, 2012) Furthermore the Nike shoe will possess individual
compartments for each toe imitating the look and feel of an individual walking

barefoot. Recently this became the entire craze amongst long distance runners, as
believed to offer a new natural, lower demanding running practice.
Although standing of surfaces which provide more stimulation to the sole enhances
stability (Watanabe & Okubo, 1981) to the extent that (Kavounoudias et al. 1998)
have proposed that the plantar sole provides a “dynamometric map” of the pressure
changes which reflect shifts in the body’s centre of mass (Kavounoudias et al. 1998).
Similarly The Realbuzz Group Ltd. (2012) running socks will influence too as their
thickness affect the fit of the footwear. Furthermore must take into account the way
individuals run differently, their somatotype and biomechanics and even their sport
discipline.
Consequently the research question is “Do modern football boots offer an improved
rapid deceleration, acceleration and single-stance twists when compared to being
barefoot?” Therefore this investigation includes background information on the type
of footwear being currently used that is possibly an influence of great sporting
success in football. Whereby the hypothesis of the footballers deciding on whether
they prefer to wear modern football boots or no footwear which could offer an
increased rate of sporting performance. Hence the type of footwear chosen will
indeed influence the performance levels of the footballers when performing the T’
Drill, this is known as the Absolute Hypothesis. In contrast the type of footwear
chosen will not influence the performance levels of the footballers when compete the
T’ Drill it is recognised as the Null Hypothesis.
However the Independent Variable (IV) for this study is the football boots being used
such as the Adidas Adizero F50 Micoach, Puma Evospeed, Nike Mercurial Vapour
Superfly CR7 III and without footwear by being barefoot. Whereas the Dependent
Variable (DV) is specifically the total amount of time the footballers each need to
complete the ‘T’ Drill test over the footballing surface being used for making
comparisons with and without the football boots.

Methodology
In agreement with the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee of University of
Bedfordshire, the participants are given PAR-Q’s, informed consent prior and
information sheet with covering letter of guidance about the investigation taking
place. Collected data will meet the requirements of the Data Protection Act (DPA).
The study also should follow the Declaration of Helsinki which is a set of ethical
principles for the medical community regarding human experimentation. Also this is
largely considered to be the foundation document of human research ethics.
Likewise the investigation process is in the accordance of The Nuremberg Code.
The sample group chosen for this research is comprised of healthy football
participants and be of mixed genders and have a range of ages twenty to twenty-five.
Pretesting of height measurement standing up as the highest distance from the
floor to the peak point of the participants head, while the participants has to be facing
straight forward. Their shoes will be taken off, with placed side by side and arms
placed still by their sides. The heels, buttocks and upper back must likewise remain
in contact with the wall whilst the measurement is made by the researcher in centre
metres.
Weight of each participant shall be measured on scales set to kilograms and have to
do this without their footwear. Also must stand still with feet and arms parallel to the
ground. A running gait assessment will be done to show how every participants feet
are completely only one of its kind as analysing their shape, the length and width.
Assess the height of their instep or arch of being peculiar to themselves. Force
plates analysis using to determine which condition turns more quickly and offers best
flexibility for the participants.
The tests comprise of sprinting and quickly changing direction with the football boots
of Adidas Adizero F50 Micoach, Puma Evospeed, Nike Mercurial Vapour Superfly
CR7 III and barefoot so without footwear. This is done over a particular distance
marked by cones and the time taken to complete is documented using a stopwatch
or timing gates. For the duration of the tests the acceleration and peak velocity can
furthermore be established with the use of Polar Foot Pod Model S1.

Figure 1. 'T' Drill test (Topend Sports
Network, 2012)
Tests
Warm up
A standardised brief warm up is performed for ten minutes by all participants
involved in the investigation. This includes slow controlled movements and when
stretching holding the position for two seconds. Starting positions of tests are
standardised since from in a static position with their foot having to be placed behind
the starting line, alongside no rocking motions used as leverage.
The 'T' Drill (Peak Performance Sporting
Excellence, 2012) concentrates on the
technique used for quality movement which
increases the participant’s agility done with
and without footwear. Mackenzie, (2005)
states the researcher will monitor the
development of the participants speed with
directional change. The four cones as
illustrated in Figure 1. shows how to set out
the 'T' Drill test properly 5 yards = 4.57 m,
10 yards = 9.14 m (Professional soccer
coaching, 2011).
The protocol used for the 'T' Drill followed Hoffman, (2002);
1. The participant sprints from the starting cone (A) to second one (B) 30ft away.
2. The participant then side shuffles to a third cone (C) 15ft away, turns, and
proceeds to shuffle past second cone B to a fourth cone (D) that is 30ft away.
3. The participant then side shuffle back to the cone B and does a backward
sprint to the starting cone A.
Also Köklü, (2010) T-drill test times are used for the determination of agility.
Subsequently Football Canada, (2011) offers fail criteria in place if any participants
attempt to do a false start from the ‘go’, do not touch the base of any cone, cross

their feet when shuffling or fail to face front at all times. Consequently Sporting
Excellence Ltd. (2012) recommends the researcher will select the best time of three
productive trials to the nearest 0.1 seconds. Compare the results to the table below:
Males (seconds) Females (seconds)
Excellent < 9.5 < 10.5
Good 9.5 to 10.5 10.5 to 11.5
Average 10.5 to 11.5 11.5 to 12.5
Poor > 11.5 > 12.5
Table 1. 'T' Drill test scores male and female (Topend Sports Network, 2012)
Advantages and Disadvantages
Equally Topend Sports Network, (2012) and Mackenzie, (2005) discuss that the test
requires limited equipment and space to be conducted. However the disadvantage
with this is only one participant can do the test at a time. Plus need of an assistant
when administering the test to write scores. Although Topend Sports Network,
(2012) recommends the type of surface which is being used has to be consistent so
that there is good test-retest reliability. Likewise Mackenzie, (2000) advises further
for the test is conducted firmly and requires the participant’s level of motivation to
perform. Nonetheless Liset, (2012) The "T Drill" is an example of a general test for
kinesiatric movement.
Equipment Needed
Stadiometer
Scales
Footpods
Tape Measure
Marking Cones
Stopwatch / Timing Gates
Writing utensil and paperwork
Assistant

Justification of Resources
Stadiometer; Novel Products Inc. Stadi-O-Meter. Topend Sports Network, (2012)
suggests this allows for minimal price of swift height measurements of all the
participants involved in the study which is placed against a solid back wall. Scales;
for testing measurement of the participant’s weight straightforwardly and rapidly
along with only consists of small fees included.
Footpods; Polar Foot Pod Model S1 this running speed sensor clips on the
participants shoelaces then performs by calculating their running speed precisely.
Hence the device makes use of inertial sensor technology (accelerometers) which
assess the running speed (Topend Sports Network, 2012). Furthermore Polar
Electro, (2012) testifies the foot pod allows for accurate measurements of running
speed/pace and distance. In addition through being attached to the shoe laces, it is
so light that the participants will forget it is even there, therefore will not affect their
running performance during the testing.
The footpods does this all the way through each stride the participants makes, at that
time works out foot angles also concludes the subsequent acceleration in the route
of travel. The data is included for each stride as the statistics is delivered wirelessly
to the researcher through the connected watch. Therefore after calibration, Polar
states that the truthfulness raises from 97% to 99%, this then is extremely notable.
Marking Cones; Champion Sports 9 Inch Colored Cones - Set of 6. The cones are
going to be used for when marking out the path or to specific distance the participant
has to be cover in the, particularly in 'T' Drill test. Start/Stop. Mackenzie,
(2000) states the 'T' Drill test is appropriate for sports with multidirectional
movement. Timing Gates; Track and Field Speed Trap I, these allow a great quantity
of data to be logged. The timing system is capable of storing all the test outcomes,
these then are able to be transferred afterwards to a laptop for processing. Also with
the use of wireless systems these allows the gates to be positioned wherever that is
within range. Plus they are extremely useful since being simple to organise and
arrange the gates in a line.

Stopwatch; Oslo the Silver 100 OSLO 100 Dual Memory Stopwatch Countdowns
and Stroke Rate. A cheap watch which is capable of being rapidly pressed to start
and stop all by just pressing a single button, as make use of in measuring the
precise duration of time taken by the participant to complete the test. Measurement
Tape; Keson SR10300Surveyors Rope 300ft 10ths. It is more practical compared to
a ruler. Also tape measures are able to be purchased in various sizes from 6 to 120
feet. Plus with electronic measurement tapes they present for more reliable
measuring to be made.
Data Collection Sheet
Objective/Aim of investigation:
Date: Venue:
Name of participant: DOB:
Height (cm): Weight (Kg):
Running gait assessment: Gender:
Condition Without
Footwear
(Barefoot)
Adidas Adizero
F50 Micoach
Puma Evospeed Nike Mercurial
Vapour Superfly
CR7 III
Trail 1 Time
(Seconds)
Force Plates
Analysis
Trail 2 Time
(Seconds)
Force Plates
Analysis
Trail 3 Time
(Seconds)
Force Plates
Analysis
Tick the box to indicate the evaluation of which product the participant works, feels and
wears best. Please explain the reason why in the box below too.

Sensory/Perception With Without
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Par-Q
Appendix 2. Consent Form
Appendix 3. Security Measures
Appendix 4. Information Sheet
Appendix 5. Messi Boots
Appendix 6. Mind Map of Footwear in Sport

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