This document summarizes a talk given by Dr. Larry Smarr on leveraging Australia's National Broadband Network to speed climate change goals. Some key points: - The NBN aims to connect 90% of households with fiber internet with speeds of 100 Mbps within 8 years. - This high-speed internet can enable smart grids to reduce energy usage, video conferencing to reduce transportation emissions, and cloud computing at renewable energy sites. - ICT has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through applications like smart grids, transportation systems, and buildings - potentially reducing emissions five times more than ICT's own carbon footprint. - International collaboration on green ICT, such as linking Australia, US, and

1. Invited Talk
Negotiating the Downturn: Emerging Stronger
Australian Industry Group National Forum
Parliament House
Canberra, Australia
August 17, 2009
The Growing Interdependence of the
Internet and Climate Change
Dr. Larry Smarr
Director, California Institute for Telecommunications and
Information Technology
Harry E. Gruber Professor,
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD

2. Australia’s National Broadband Network (NBN)
Can Be Leveraged to Speed Climate Goals
• NBN Goals
– Connect 90% of Households with Fiber in Eight Years
– Remaining 10% by Satellite or Wireless
– 100 Mbit/s Broadband Per House
– Driven by Consumer Internet, Telephone, Video
– “Triple Play”, eHealth, eCommerce…
• “Smart” Electric Grid
– Reduce Household and Building Energy Usage
– Avoid Peak Loading
• Video Conferencing to Avoid Transportation
• Plug-In Hybrid with Renewable Electricity Generation
• Cloud Computing and Storage at Renewable Sites

3. ICT is a Critical Element in Achieving Countries
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Targets
GeSI member companies:
• Bell Canada,
• British Telecomm.,
• Plc,
• Cisco Systems,
• Deutsche Telekom AG,
• Ericsson,
• France Telecom,
• Hewlett-Packard,
• Intel,
• Microsoft,
• Nokia,
• Nokia Siemens Networks,
• Sun Microsystems,
• T-Mobile,
• Telefónica S.A.,
• Telenor,
www.smart2020.org
• Verizon,
• Vodafone Plc.
Additional support:
• Dell, LG.

4. The Earth is Warming Over 100 Times Faster Today
Than During the Last Ice Age Warming!
Monnin, et al., Science v. 291 pp. 112-114, Jan. 5, 2001. http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/program_history/keeling_curve_lessons.html
CO2 Rose From CO2 Has Risen From
185 to 265ppm (80ppm) 335 to 385ppm (50ppm)
in 6000 years or in 30 years or
1.33 ppm per Century 1.6 ppm per Year

5. Global Climate Disruption Early Signs:
Arctic Summer Ice is Rapidly Decreasing
“The Arctic Ocean will
be effectively ice free
sometime between
2020 and 2040,
although it is possible
it could happen
as early as 2013.”
--Walt Meier, Research
Scientist at the
National Snow and Ice
Data Centre at the
University of Colorado
http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10213891-54.html

6. CO2 Emissions From Energy-Shell ”Blueprint” Scenario:
An Aggressive CO2 Emission Reduction Scenario
www-static.shell.com/static/public/downloads/brochures/corporate_pkg/scenarios/shell_energy_scenarios_2050.pdf
China and India resisted signing up for a global goal of
halving greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.—Reuters
July 8, 2009
China
India

7. In Shell’s “Blueprints” Scenario,
60% of Electricity is Generated by Renewables by 2050
90% of All OECD Coal and Gas Power Plants
Use Carbon Capture and Sequestration

8. Ice Core Record Has Been Extended Using Plankton:
Today’s CO2 is Higher Than in Last 2 Million Years!
With No Policy Change, MIT Estimates ~900ppm by 2100
550 Possible Level by 2100, Shell “Blueprints” Scenario
500
450
400
Today’s CO2 Level
350
Hönisch, et al. Science 19 June 2009 Vol. 324. pp. 1551 - 1554

9. We are Unlikely to Limit
CO2-Equivalent Emissions Below 450ppm
Limiting GHG concentrations to 450 ppm CO2-equivalent is expected to
limit temperature rises to no more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
This would be extremely challenging to achieve, requiring an
explosive pace of industrial transformation going beyond even the
aggressive developments outlined in the Blueprints scenario.
It would require global GHG emissions to peak before 2015, a zero-
emission power sector by 2050 and a near zero-emission transport
sector in the same time period…

10. We Are Transitioning to a New Climate State --
Unlike the Rapid Recovery with Acid Rain or Ozone Hole
Susan Solomon, et al., PNAS 2/10/2009 v. 106 pp1704-9
Assumes
CO2 Increases
to a Maximum
and Then Emissions
Abruptly Stop
Warming
Persists for
Over 1000
Years
Warming During
the Industrial Age --
Last 200 Years

11. “It Will Be the Biggest Single Peacetime Project
Humankind Will Have Ever Undertaken”

12. The Global ICT Carbon Footprint is
Roughly the Same as the Aviation Industry Today
But ICT Emissions are Growing at 6% Annually!
Most of Growth is in
Developing Countries
the assumptions behind the growth in emissions expected in 2020:
• takes into account likely efficient technology developments
that affect the power consumption of products and services
• and their expected penetration in the market in 2020
www.smart2020.org

13. Reduction of ICT Emissions is a Global Challenge –
U.S. and Canada are Small Sources
U.S. and Canada Together Fall From 25% to 14%
of Global ICT Emissions by 2020
www.smart2020.org

14. ICT Industry is Already Acting
to Reduce Carbon Footprint

15. New Techniques for Dynamic Power and Thermal
Management to Reduce Energy Requirements
NSF Project Greenlight
• Green Cyberinfrastructure in
Energy-Efficient Modular Facilities
• Closed-Loop Power &Thermal
Management
Dynamic Power Management (DPM) Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM)
• Optimal DPM for a Class of Workloads • Workload Scheduling:
• Machine Learning to Adapt • Machine learning for Dynamic
• Select Among Specialized Policies Adaptation to get Best Temporal and
• Use Sensors and Spatial Profiles with Closed-Loop
Performance Counters to Monitor Sensing
• Multitasking/Within Task Adaptation • Proactive Thermal Management
of Voltage and Frequency • Reduces Thermal Hot Spots by Average
• Measured Energy Savings of 60% with No Performance Overhead
Up to 70% per Device
System Energy Efficiency Lab (seelab.ucsd.edu)
Prof. Tajana Šimunić Rosing, CSE, UCSD

16. UCSD is Installing Zero Carbon Emission
Solar and Fuel Cell DC Electricity Generators
San Diego’s Point Loma Wastewater UCSD 2.8 Megawatt Available Late 2009
Treatment Plant Produces Waste Methane Fuel Cell Power Plant
Uses Methane
Use to Power
2 Megawatts of
Local Data Solar Power Cells
Centers Being Installed

17. Australia—the Zero Carbon Energy Future
Placing a data centre at the zero
carbon energy source -- the cost of
fibre optic cable is ~5-10% the cost of
electricity transmission.
A Fiber/HVDC Smart Grid Flows
Both Bits and Electrons!
Temperatures at 5 km.
After Budd et al. Australian
Geothermal Energy
Conference 2008
Source: Geodynamics, Limited

18. Coupling AARNet - CENIC/PW - CANARIE Optical Nets:
An Australian-U.S.-Canada Green Cloud Testbed
Toward Zero Carbon ICT

19. Application of ICT Can Lead to a 5-Fold Greater
Decrease in GHGs Than its Own Carbon Footprint
While the sector plans to significantly step up
the energy efficiency of its products and services,
ICT’s largest influence will be by enabling
energy efficiencies in other sectors, an opportunity
that could deliver carbon savings five times larger than
the total emissions from the entire ICT sector in 2020.
--Smart 2020 Report
Major Opportunities for the United States*
– Smart Electrical Grids
– Smart Transportation Systems
– Smart Buildings
– Virtual Meetings
* Smart 2020 United States Report Addendum
www.smart2020.org

20. Applying ICT – The Smart 2020 Opportunity
for Reducing GHG Emissions by 7.8 GtCO2e
www.smart2020.org
Smart
Buildings
Smart
Electrical
Grid
Recall Total ICT 2020 Emissions are 1.43 GtCO2e

21. Next Stage: Developing Greener Smart Campuses
Calit2 (UCSD & UCI) Prototypes
• Coupling the Internet and the Electrical Grid
– Choosing non-GHG Emitting Electricity Sources
– Measuring Demand at Sub-Building Levels
– Reducing Local Energy Usage via User Access Thru Web
• Transportation System
– Campus Wireless GPS Low Carbon Fleet
– Green Software Automobile Innovations
– Driver Level Cell Phone Traffic Awareness
• Travel Substitution
– Commercial Teleconferencing
– Next Generation Global Telepresence

22. I Link Into Commercial H.323 Videoconfernces
From My Laptop at Home
UCSD Calit2 Director
& Chief of Staff UCI Calit2 Director
The Weekly Calit2 Director’s Meeting

23. Work at Home is the Same
As at the Office
Virtual Kristen
Kristen
Prints Here
For Amy
Real Amy
Kristen
Reads My Email,
Sets My Calendar.
Works With Amy
on My Trips
We Run Video Sykpe Continuously
During Office Hours

24. It Doesn’t Matter Where in the Broadband World
The Other Person Lives
David Abramson, Monash University, and Me
Discussing My Upcoming Trip to Melbourne

25. HD Talk to Australia’s Monash University from Calit2:
Reducing International Travel
July 31, 2008
Qvidium Compressed HD ~140 mbps
Source: David Abramson, Monash Univ

26. Launch of the 100 Megapixel OzIPortal Kicked Off
a Rapid Build Out of Australian OptIPortals
January 15, 2008 Smarr OptIPortal Road Show
January 15, 2008
No Calit2 Person Physically Flew to Australia to Bring This Up!
Covise, Phil Weber, Jurgen Schulze, Calit2
CGLX, Kai-Uwe Doerr , Calit2
http://www.calit2.net/newsroom/release.php?id=1421

27. Victoria Premier and Australian Deputy Prime Minister
Asking Questions
www.calit2.net/newsroom/release.php?id=1219

28. University of Melbourne Vice Chancellor Glyn Davis
in Calit2 Replies to Question from Australia

29. Real-Time Monitoring of Building Energy Usage:
UCSD Has 34 Buildings On-Line
http://mscada01.ucsd.edu/ion/

30. Power Management in Mixed Use Buildings:
The UCSD CSE Building is Energy Instrumented
• 500 Occupants, 750 Computers
• Detailed Instrumentation to Measure
Macro and Micro-Scale Power Use
– 39 Sensor Pods, 156 Radios, 70 Circuits
– Subsystems: Air Conditioning & Lighting
Source: Rajesh Gupta,
CSE, Calit2

31. Launch of ZEVnet Fleet of Wireless Cars--
First Calit2 Testbed for Intelligent Transportation
April 18, 2002
Irvine, CA
www.zevnet.org

32. International Symposia on Green ICT:
Greening ICT and Applying ICT to Green Infrastructures
Webcasts Available at:
www.calit2.net/newsroom/article.php?id=1456
Calit2@UCSD