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6. creation of the california department of corrections

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Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice

CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his California Corrections System course materials.

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www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Prisonization • The process whereby newly institutionalized individuals come to accept prison lifestyles and criminal values
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Society of Captives (1956) Gresham Sykes • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF THEIR AUTONOMY • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF PRIVACY • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF SECURITY • PRISONS RESTRICT CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF MANY GOODS AND SERVICES • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF THE OPPORTUNITY FOR MEANINGFUL WORK • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS • INMATES ARE RELEGATED TO A SUBSERVIENT STATUS
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Prison Population
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Creation of the California Department of Corrections The Era of Treatment
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Elements of the Treatment Era • Improved methods for inmate classification • Development of group therapy methods • Increased use of the indeterminate sentence
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Reforms of Governor Earl Warren • Used frequent scandals as basis for arguing reform • Called for the creation of diversified prisons with centralized authority • Create corrections system that placed greater emphasis on rehabilitation
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Warren appoints committee to investigative prison abuses as prelude to reform “The conditions… found to exist in our penal system are a challenge to every public spirited citizen of this state. The solution lies in a complete reorganization of this function of state government.”
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Department of Corrections established by legislative act in 1944 Placed management of the prison system in central authority
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Richard McGee appointed first director A trained penologist who advocated for the medical-rehabilitative model of prison management. He ushered in a new era in the history of California corrections.
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 May 21, 1944 is a significant date in the history of our state, because it took California out of the dark ages in the field of penology and ushered in a period of enlightenment that have given our state a proud place in that field Chief Justice Earl Warren
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 1950 San Francisco Examiner, August 20, 1950 San Francisco Examiner, August 22, 1950 San Francisco Examiner, August 21, 1950
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Mess Hall
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Prison Riots of March 1952 – January 1953 “most destructive year in our long prison history” 1. March 30, 1952, New Jersey 2. April 15, 1952, New Jersey 3. April 17, 1952, New Jersey 4. April 20, 1952, Michigan 5. May 11, 1952, Louisiana 6. May 24, 1952, Idaho 7. June 4, 1952, North Carolina 8. June 6, 1952, Louisiana 9. June 27, 1952, Kentucky 10. June 30, 1952, Soledad 11. July 1, 1952, Massachusetts 12. July 6, 1952, Michigan 13. July 22, 1952, Massachusetts 14. September 23, 1952, Illinois 15. October 1, 1952, Utah 16. October 13, 1952, New Jersey 17. October,31, 1952, Ohio 18. December 7, 1952, New Mexico 19. January 18, 1953, Pennsylvania 20. January 19, 1953, Pennsylvania
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Richard McGee and the era of correctional treatment • Created the nine member Adult Authority to establish prison terms • Instituted the conservation camps and community corrections centers • Established the Deuel Vocational Institutions for youth offenders • Created Men’s Colony West for older inmates • Created California Medical Facility for inmates with psychiatric disorders
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The era of correctional treatment • Implementation of group and individual therapy • New classifications system developed based on inmate’s maturity and designated treatment milieus • Creation of a research unit to evaluate treatment programs and pilot programs (1957) • Expansion of parole function assumed by the Department of Corrections (1957) • Promoted the probation subsidy program and other non- institutional options
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The era of correctional treatment (continued) • 1965 Psychiatric Treatment Unit established at Vacaville • 1966 work furlough program created • 1966 alcoholics anonymous program was initiated systemwide • 1967 Family visiting program extended to all inmates • 1975 Inmate Bill of Rights
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 New Specialized Facilities • California Medical Facility opened in Vacaville (1955) • California Rehabilitation Center open to treat civil narcotics addicts (1962) • California Conservation Center opened in Susanville to train minimum custody inmates as firefighters (1963) • Community corrections centers opened in Oakland and San Francisco (1965)
www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Impact of California’s treatment model • Research failed to show the effectiveness of group therapy • California recidivism rates were 41% within three years of release • Imprisonment rate rose from 65 per 100,000 in 1944 to 145 per 100,000 in 1965 • Median time prison sentence increased from 24 months in 1959 to 36 months in 1969 – the longest average prison sentences in the nation • Prison commitment rate drops to lowest level in history.

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6. creation of the california department of corrections

  • 1. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Prisonization • The process whereby newly institutionalized individuals come to accept prison lifestyles and criminal values
  • 2. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Society of Captives (1956) Gresham Sykes • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF THEIR AUTONOMY • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF PRIVACY • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF SECURITY • PRISONS RESTRICT CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF MANY GOODS AND SERVICES • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF THE OPPORTUNITY FOR MEANINGFUL WORK • INMATES ARE DEPRIVED OF HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS • INMATES ARE RELEGATED TO A SUBSERVIENT STATUS
  • 3. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Prison Population
  • 4. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Creation of the California Department of Corrections The Era of Treatment
  • 5. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Elements of the Treatment Era • Improved methods for inmate classification • Development of group therapy methods • Increased use of the indeterminate sentence
  • 6. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Reforms of Governor Earl Warren • Used frequent scandals as basis for arguing reform • Called for the creation of diversified prisons with centralized authority • Create corrections system that placed greater emphasis on rehabilitation
  • 7. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Warren appoints committee to investigative prison abuses as prelude to reform “The conditions… found to exist in our penal system are a challenge to every public spirited citizen of this state. The solution lies in a complete reorganization of this function of state government.”
  • 8. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Department of Corrections established by legislative act in 1944 Placed management of the prison system in central authority
  • 9. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Richard McGee appointed first director A trained penologist who advocated for the medical-rehabilitative model of prison management. He ushered in a new era in the history of California corrections.
  • 10. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 May 21, 1944 is a significant date in the history of our state, because it took California out of the dark ages in the field of penology and ushered in a period of enlightenment that have given our state a proud place in that field Chief Justice Earl Warren
  • 11. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 1950 San Francisco Examiner, August 20, 1950 San Francisco Examiner, August 22, 1950 San Francisco Examiner, August 21, 1950
  • 12. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Mess Hall
  • 13. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Prison Riots of March 1952 – January 1953 “most destructive year in our long prison history” 1. March 30, 1952, New Jersey 2. April 15, 1952, New Jersey 3. April 17, 1952, New Jersey 4. April 20, 1952, Michigan 5. May 11, 1952, Louisiana 6. May 24, 1952, Idaho 7. June 4, 1952, North Carolina 8. June 6, 1952, Louisiana 9. June 27, 1952, Kentucky 10. June 30, 1952, Soledad 11. July 1, 1952, Massachusetts 12. July 6, 1952, Michigan 13. July 22, 1952, Massachusetts 14. September 23, 1952, Illinois 15. October 1, 1952, Utah 16. October 13, 1952, New Jersey 17. October,31, 1952, Ohio 18. December 7, 1952, New Mexico 19. January 18, 1953, Pennsylvania 20. January 19, 1953, Pennsylvania
  • 14. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Richard McGee and the era of correctional treatment • Created the nine member Adult Authority to establish prison terms • Instituted the conservation camps and community corrections centers • Established the Deuel Vocational Institutions for youth offenders • Created Men’s Colony West for older inmates • Created California Medical Facility for inmates with psychiatric disorders
  • 15. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The era of correctional treatment • Implementation of group and individual therapy • New classifications system developed based on inmate’s maturity and designated treatment milieus • Creation of a research unit to evaluate treatment programs and pilot programs (1957) • Expansion of parole function assumed by the Department of Corrections (1957) • Promoted the probation subsidy program and other non- institutional options
  • 16. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 The era of correctional treatment (continued) • 1965 Psychiatric Treatment Unit established at Vacaville • 1966 work furlough program created • 1966 alcoholics anonymous program was initiated systemwide • 1967 Family visiting program extended to all inmates • 1975 Inmate Bill of Rights
  • 17. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 New Specialized Facilities • California Medical Facility opened in Vacaville (1955) • California Rehabilitation Center open to treat civil narcotics addicts (1962) • California Conservation Center opened in Susanville to train minimum custody inmates as firefighters (1963) • Community corrections centers opened in Oakland and San Francisco (1965)
  • 18. www.cjcj.org © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013 40 Boardman Place San Francisco, CA 94103 Impact of California’s treatment model • Research failed to show the effectiveness of group therapy • California recidivism rates were 41% within three years of release • Imprisonment rate rose from 65 per 100,000 in 1944 to 145 per 100,000 in 1965 • Median time prison sentence increased from 24 months in 1959 to 36 months in 1969 – the longest average prison sentences in the nation • Prison commitment rate drops to lowest level in history.