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Mapping a full cycle of swidden cultivation in the mountains of Myanmar and Laos
1. The ASFN 6th Conference
2 June, 2015, 16:15-17:30
Parallel 3: Management and Governance
of Dynamic Forest Landscape
Mapping a full cycle of swidden cultivation in the
mountains of Myanmar and Laos:
Lessons learned from long-term monitoring of swidden
cultivation in one Karen and one Khmu village
Takeda, Shinya
Graduate School of Asia and African Area Studies,
Kyoto University
2. Swidden farming is found throughout the mountains of
mainland Southeast Asia; however, there is a current
preference for other land-use systems. The recent trend
toward a market economy has forced the people and forests
in the mountains to undergo various changes as they
integrate into the world market. They have been impacted
by the enclosure movement called the Land and Forest
Allocation Program, the expansion of the cultivation of cash
crops such as maize and Para rubber trees, the increase in
logging concessions, and re-afforestation aimed at industrial
wood resources.
Introduction
4. YANGON
•MYANMAR
the Bago mountains
Bago Yoma, Swidden Farming and Karen Area
•After the colonization of Lower
Burma in 1853, reserved forests
were established by the colonial
government in the Bago
mountains (Bago Yoma), the
homeland of the Karen swidden
cultivators.
•Swidden farming was banned to
protect teak forests for long-term
commercial exploitation.
5.
6. •YANGON
•MYANMAR
•Karen areas were demarcated
where they have been allowed to
freely practice swidden farming.
Bago Yoma, Swidden Farming and Karen Area
the Bago mountains
7. •Cutting the field January - March •Burning the field April
•Taungya in rainy season July •Harvest of upland rice November
Bambusa polymorpha (chataungwa)
Bambusa tulda ( thaiwa )
17. Nyein Chan et.al., 2013. Forest Ecology and Management,304
Above-ground biomass accumulation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 Old
forest
Averagedrybiomass(Mg/ha)
Fallow age (years)
Climber
Understorey
Dead bamboo
Live bamboo
Tree
18. Above-ground biomass accumulation
Ln (y) = 2.439+0.629 Ln (x)
(R2 = 0.721, P<0.001)
- c.35-years to natural
teak-bearing forests
- Faster than other
fallows in Northern
Thai & NW. Vietnam
Nyein Chan et.al., 2013. Forest Ecology and Management,304
Suckers/rhizomes and coppicing – important regeneration
strategies
19. Transition in swidden land use
Transition of indigenous uses
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
%oftotalHHs
Year
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
2005 – Village move to new place near to road
2010 – Private plantation nearby
Nyien Chan.2015. Ethnic groups, transition in their indigenous
uses of forest resources and current trend in fallow forest recovery
swidden paddy
No
swidden
Teak
taungya
1=2002
23. •Maize Vietnam Thailand
Young fallow with Ya Khi Lo
‘the end of cheap food’
(The Economist 6 December 2007)
High food prices and the food crisis
- experiences and lessons learned, FAO 2009
25. Myanmar
Karen swidden cultivation
(2002~2011 10 years)
Laos
Khmu swidden cultivation
(2005~2011 7 years)
Village area 4,973.94ha A
Total are of swidden 161.46ha B
Potential fallow period 30.8years (A/B)
Average fallow periods 12 years
1,673.88ha A
143.65ha B
11.7years (A/B)
4 years
Comparison of swidden cultivation system in Karen and Khmu village
maize
goat, pig, cattle, buffalo
(cassava production for feed)
paper mulberry, lac,
agarwood,
para rubber
Sesame, cotton,
chili
commercial crop productive fallow commercial crop productive fallow
continuous
upland farming
Para rubber
plantation
small paddy field teak plantation
subsistence upland rice production
wage labor
charcoal and
bamboo
26. Consequences of Myanmar’s reintegration
into the world……
Swidden agriculture has experienced drastic
transformation in to other diverse market-oriented
land use types. People living close to roads tend
to develop market-oriented farming practices.
Intensive plantations is another emerging driver
of the rapid transformation of swidden fields.
Out migration; work away from home village.....
27. A case study in Matupi, southern Chin State, Myanmar.
(Nyein Chan & Shinya TAKEDA. 2015. Can Wa-U (Amorphophallus spp.) cultivation be an
alternative livelihood option for swidden cultivators in the course of swidden transformation?
)
• Extent of swidden transformation in T village
27
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Area(ha)
No.ofhouseholds(HHs)
Year
No. of HHs
Area (ha)
(a)
28. Swidden transformations and rural livelihoods
Cash crops have often improved livelihoods but
complete specialization for the market
increases vulnerability. (Cramb 2009)
Positive market incentives and supportive
government policies are better than
standardized, top-down directives.
Swidden farming plays a key role in 1) ensuring
livelihood safety of local people against market
fluctuations and 2)conserving biodiversity.
29. Swidden + Paddy Fields
Small Scale Forest Management
vs
Large Scale Reforestation / Deforestation ?
⇒ Land policy
Consequences of Myanmar’s reintegration into the
world……and community livelihoods and
environment conservation.