Kajian Ilmiah REDD+ MRV : Konteks Global dan Relevansinya dengan Kegiatan Demonstrasi REDD+ di Indonesia

1. Kajian Ilmiah REDD+ MRV : Konteks Global
dan Relevansinya dengan Kegiatan
Demonstrasi REDD+ di Indonesia
Temu Pihak Terkait Pengembangan Kolaborasi Inventarisasi Hutan
untuk Pendugaan Karbon Hutan di Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah
Palangkaraya, November 2014
Arief Wijaya
Center For International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

2. Outline
 Gambaran umum FREL/FRL
 Update terkini dari diskusi FREL/FRL internasional
 Skema pendanaan REDD+ non-UNFCCC
 Perbandingan dengan negara/sub-national region lainnya
 Lesson learnt untuk REDD+ MRV Kalimantan Tengah

3. Gambaran Umum FREL/FRL
 Sampai saat ini sudah ada 4 keputusan COP terkait
dengan FREL/FRL RED+, terkait dengan 1) modalities dan
petunjuk untuk penyusunan FREL/FRL, and 2) evaluasi
teknis terhadap dokumen FREL/FRL
 Negara yang akan melaksanakan REDD+ activities harus
memiliki:
– National strategy action plan
– National forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level
– sub national as interim
– Robust and transparent forest monitoring system
– System for providing information on how the safeguards …are
being addressed and respected….

4. COP decisions providing details on REDD+
FREL/FRLs
 Be expressed in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per
year
 Maintain consistency with national GHG inventories
 Be established transparency, providing information and
rationale FREL/FRL development
 Allow for a stepwise approach
 Allow for the use of subnational FREL/FRLs as an interim
measure

5. Stepwise approach for FREL/FRLs
(Herold, et.al, 2011)

6. Higher tier approaches for REL development
 Retain predictive power of historical trend data and move to
more driver-based assessment and predictions
 Include data-driver reasoning for deviations from historical
trend (i.e. national circumstances)
 Higher tiers use national data:
– Deforestation and emissions and understanding of historical processes
using data on drivers and activities causing forest carbon stocks
change
– Establish relationship with underlying causes (proxies)
– Justification why and how deforestation varies from historical trend on
the level of drivers and activities

7. Note on FREL/FRL terminology
 In UNFCCC COP decisions the term forest reference
emission levels and/or forest reference levels (FREL/FRLs)
is used.
 The most common understanding is that a FREL includes
only emissions from deforestation and degradation
 FRL includes both emissions by sources and removals
by sink, thus it includes also enhancement of forest carbon
stocks.

8. FREL/FRL terminology
National FREL submission document used the combined estimates

9. REDD+ Financing Mechanism
 The most common reason for developing a REDD+
FREL/FRL is to access international finance linked to
positive performance (or results) from implementing REDD+
actions
 There is currently no operational financing mechanism
under the UNFCCC that provides payments for REDD+
results
 The COP has agreed to a number of requirements that
could assist in the operationalization of such a mechanism
 Green Climate Fund (GCF) (decision 1/CP.16) to support
projects, programs, policies and other activities in
developing country Parties

10. REDD+ Financing Mechanism
Specific programs focus on finance for results-based REDD+
actions:
 World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) –
Carbon Fund
 REDD+ Early Movers (REM) – German government
 The BioCarbon Fund’s Initiative for Sustainable Forest
Landscapes (ISFL)

11. Comparison of Financing Mechanisms

12. National/Significant
Biomes
Sub National/Project
Deforestation and degradation are always
mentioned
10 yrs
(max 15 yrs)
8-12 yrs,
3 points
At least Tier 2

13. Norwegian Initiatives to Combat Climate
Change - NICFI
 Norway pays developing countries to reduce emissions
and not to watch their forests
 Norway agreement respects on national circumstances
and sovereignty
 They care on the processes and the outcomes – CO2
emissions reduction target
 Inclusiveness principles

14. Forest carbon emissions equation

15. Implications to national carbon emissions
estimate (Indonesia) – how about Kalteng?
Source
Annual CO2 Emission from
deforestation 2000 -
2009/2012 (in Gt CO2e)*
Methods Remarks
FAOStat 0.35
FRA country report
(EF = 138 ton C/ha)
Net forest conversion
MoE - Second National
Communication to UNFCCC
0.83 IPCC Guidelines 2006 Net forest conversion
Winrock International
(Harris, 2012)
0.39
Carbon Bookkeeping model
(RS + Field)
Gross deforestation
MOF (official) 0.81
Approach 3 + average national
emission (Tier 1 or 2)
Gross deforestation
MOF + Saatchi (CIFOR) 0.20
Approach 3 + Global EF
(Tier 1 or 2)
Net forest conversion
National FREL document 0.21 Approach 3 + NFI data (Tier 2) Gross deforestation
* does not include peat emissions and peat fire

16. Lesson learned from CIFOR Global Comparative
Study on REDD+ Project
 Countries should start as soon as possible for estimating
their national REL/RL based on the best available data
(tier 1 estimate)
– If we have less data the more we depend on those data
 Countries should invest for collecting national datasets
(i.e. time series forest cover change and local emissions
factor data)
 Estimate on carbon stocks change at national/sub-
national/project scale should comply with the convention
(i.e. IPCC guidelines)

17. Lesson learned from CIFOR Global Comparative
Study on REDD+ Project
 Participation of local people is important to significantly
reduce risks of REDD+ and to improve credibility of national
climate change mitigation programs
Source: Indonesian REDD+
Agency

18. Study on REDD+ incentives
 Emissions reductions that can claim for REDD+ financial
incentives should be additional of those resulted from national
climate change mitigation program (i.e. based on self
financed/national efforts)
– Differentiate between REL as business as usual (BAU) and crediting baseline
(or financial incentive benchmark)
Source: redd-net.org

19. Study on REDD+ incentives
 Emissions reduction that can claim REDD+ incentives
should be additional of those of national climate change
mitigation program (based on self financed/national efforts)
 Carbon emissions reduction should be estimated following
Tier 2 approach
 Trade off between climate change mitigation and
national economic development sectors is the main
challenge to engage in phase 3 of REDD+ implementation
(i.e. results-based payment at national scale)
– Phase 1 and 2  funding of REDD+ project established at
subnational/project levels can be financed through non-market
mechanism (e.g. international donors, project based, etc)
– Phase 3  REDD+ project should be ideally financed through market
based mechanism

20. Four Decades of Forests
Persistence, clearance and
logging in Borneo
(1973-2010)
Source: Gaveau, et.al (2014)
76% of forest cover (1973) 46% of forest cover (2010)
http://gislab.cifor.cgiar.org/wm/borneo/

21. CIFOR Study
(Subset of Borneo-wide Data 1973 – 2010)
Class labels Area (Mha)
Intact Forest 2010 4.12
Logged Forest 2010 4.04
Deforestation from 1973 to 2010 3.86
Non-Forest 1973 2.97
Clouds 0.26
Total 15.24
Courtesy: David Gaveau (CIFOR)