Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Chapter 3
Similar to Chapter 3 (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Chapter 3
- 2. Frameworks are perspectives points of views, models, or frames of references usually made up of assumptions, theories, and concepts that are used by the researcher in the organization of observation, reasoning, analysis and interpretation of research data.
- 3. Theoretical Framework It is the application of theory or theories in explaining the existence of the phenomenon and the interrelationship of various factors which led to the existence of the phenomenon.
- 4. Using a theoretical framework the researcher borrows the concepts, theories, and ideas proposed by different social scientists, theorist and philosophers.
- 5. HERE ARE EXAMPLES OF THEORIES THAT CAN BE USED Macrotheory Microtheory Conflict theory Symbolic Interactionism Structural Functionalism Feminists Paradigm Marxist theory
- 6. Conceptual Framework Is a graphical presentation of your concepts and ideas on the basic structure or components of your research as well on the relationships of these elements with one another.
- 7. Examples of Conceptual Framework Most of the time, frameworks are explained using a schematic diagram to show how the concepts applied in the study Ideational Function Textual function Interpersonal function Systematic Functional Grammar Critical Thinking Hazard Typhoon Earthquake Vulnerability Children Homeless People Poor Disaster
- 8. The C.F is an important part of study. Miles and Huberman (1994) defines it as a part of study that “explains, either graphically or narrative form, the main things to be studied – the key factors, concepts, or variables - and presumed relationship between them”.
- 9. Here are Regonel’s (2001) step by step guide on how to make a conceptual framework: 1. Choose your topic 2. Do a literature review 3. Isolate the important variables 4. Generate the conceptual framework
- 10. Pointers in writing a Conceptual Framework 1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the conceptual framework.
- 11. 2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework on your own understanding of the elements and of the relationships of the research features.
- 12. 3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual framework are related to the objective of the research.
- 13. 4. Let others read your conceptual framework for comments or feedback for improvement purposes.
- 14. HYPOTHESIS
- 15. A Hypothesis is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their relationship, and other facts involved in the research. Research always ends up with a result.
- 16. A hypothesis has to be tested through analytical investigation to prove how true or false it is.
- 17. According to Daniel Palazzolo and Dave Roberts, a good hypothesis has the following three characteristics:
- 19. 2. It specifies the relationship between the values of two or more variables.
- 20. 3. It makes testable comparison using empirical data.
- 21. Here are sample of hypothesis A. Couples who go to church often have a lower chances of separating compared to couples who seldom attend masses. B. Double standards still exist in popular mass media in the Philippines. C. Religion influences the voting patterns of Filipinos in the provinces.
- 22. Alternative hypothesis (Hi) – states the relationship between dependent and independent variables.
- 23. Categories of hypothesis Null hypothesis (Ho) – which states the absence of relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
- 24. DEFINITION OF TERMS These are listing of principal terms used in the study.
- 25. This section defines the major terms in the statement of the problem and conceptual framework, particularly those that vary in meaning to different people.
- 27. LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE By: Ronel Evan P. Peralta
- 28. Review of Related Literature RRL is an important component regardless of the type of research. Be it qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort in reviewing related literature.
- 29. Reviewing related literature is one major activity in research that makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals, or other reading materials in the past.
- 30. Purpose of RRL 1. To find out the connection of your research to the current conditions or situations of the world.
- 31. 2. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research and to learn from them with respect to your own research study.
- 32. 3. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies.
- 33. 4. To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your research questions.
- 34. 5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research.
- 35. The Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and Synthesizing Related Literature.
- 36. Questions to validate if one has a well composed literature review 1. What specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature helps to define?
- 37. 2. What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? Methodology? Policy? Quantitative Research? Qualitative Research?
- 38. 3. What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publication am I using? What discipline am I working in? 3. What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publication am I using? What discipline am I working in?
- 39. 4. How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I’ve found all the relevant material?
- 40. Has been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I’ve used appropriate for the length of my paper?
- 41. 5. Have I critically analyzed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them?
- 42. 6. Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful.
- 43. Guidelines to write a review of literature Identify the broad problems area, but avoid global statements.
- 44. Early in the review, indicate why the topic being reviewed is important.
- 45. Distinguish between research findings and other sources of findings.
- 46. Indicate why certain studies are important.
- 47. If commending on the timeliness of the topic, be specific in describing the time frame.
- 48. In citing classic or landmark study or one that was replicated, identify it as such.
- 49. Justify comments such as, “no studies were found”.
- 50. Avoid long list of non-specific references.
- 51. If the results of previous studies are inconsistent or widely varying, cite them separately.
- 52. Cite all relevant references in text and in the reference page.
- 53. Organization of the review of literature Provide an overview near the beginning of the review. Near the beginning of a review, state explicitly what will and will not be covered.
- 54. Specify your research question and purpose/significance in the introduction. Aim for clear and cohesive essay that integrates the key details of literature and communicates your point of view.
- 55. Use subheadings and transitions to improve the flow of your paper. Consider reviewing studies from different
- 56. Write a conclusion for the end of review. Check the flow of your review.
- 57. Steps in Conducting a Literature Review Step 1: Define and delimit the topic - The topic must not be too specific or too broad, and the question should be researchable so that it will not be difficult for you to find relevant literature.
- 58. Step 2: Design your literature search – You have to consider the type of resources that you will be reviewing. Extent of review Time to be devoted for the review Number of works to be reviewed Libraries where to find those books
- 59. Step 3: Locate research reports. Periodical, book, journal and other article
- 60. Step 4: Take down notes – it is important that you take down notes and record all important information from a source.
- 61. You must record the following: 1. Complete details about works 2. Abstract of the study 3. Hypothesis of the study.
- 62. 4. Methodology used 5. Major findings, results, and conclusions. 6. Research design of the study 7. Recommendations given by the author of the study.
- 63. 8. Errors observed in the study. 9. S and W of the literature in relation to your research topic.
- 64. Step 5: Organize your notes – After gathering all the sources needed for the literature review you have to organize the note cards.
- 65. Step 6: Write the literature review – Writing the review needs organizing and good writing skills, like an essay, it has three vital parts, namely, the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.