Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical process

Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical
process
M.L.V Government Textile& Engg College,Bhilwara (Raj.) Page 0
M.L.V. GOVERNMENT TEXTILE & ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, BHILWARA (RAJASTHAN)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “Textile effluent treatment by
electrochemical process” is carried out by :-
Arun khoiwal
Brijmohan Sharma
Dheerendra Singh
Kuldeep Shrotriya
Maya Saini
Zaved Hussain
Under my supervision and guidance during the academic year 2011-2012 and
to best of my knowledge, is original work.
Mr. Jitendra Meena
(Lecturer, Textile Chemistry Department)
Project Guide

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe our indebtedness to all those who helped directly or indirectly in
the accomplishment of this work.
We extend our unfeigned thanks to our Project Guide Mr. Jitendra Meena,
Lecturer (Textile Chemistry), for his able guidance, valuable suggestions and
active co-operation, which havemade the successfuland timely completion of
this work possible.
We are also grateful to Mr. Amolak Goyal Sir, (Head of Taxtile Chemistry
Department) and Mr. G.K.Tyagi, Principle of M.L.V. GOVERNMENT TEXTILE &
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHILWARA (RAJASTHAN) for his kind co-operation as
and when the need arose.
We would also like to thank Dr. V. K. Gupta Sir, Lecturer (Textile
Chemistry), Mr. D.K. Das Sir, Lecturer (Textile Chemistry), Mr. S. S. Bairawa
Sir, Lecturer (Textile Chemistry), Mr. Dinesh Rathi Sir, Technician (Textile
Chemistry), for their valuable guidance & cooperation.
We are also thankful to Mr. R.S. Acharya HRD Manager (RSWM) and Mr.
B.K. Singhal (RSWM) and Mr.Kogata ji HRD Manager(BPL) and Mr.C.Rajput
Lab Technician (RSWM) for providing us effluent water & guiding us to do
testing of effluent water required for project. We will always be obliged for his
kind support.
And last but not the least; we are thankfulto all our classmates of final year
textile chemistry for lending hand whenever we need.
Arun Khoiwal Kuldeep Shrotriya
Brij mohan Sharma Maya Saini
Dheerendra Singh Zaved Hussain

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PREFACE
Engineering is not only to grasp knowledgebut also to practically apply that
knowledge for the welfare of the society. We being engineers, it is our duty to
give shape to our theoretical knowledge into a practical existence. Project
actually does the task of molding our concepts into a physical entity. It is the
test of our creativity and productivity. Apart from this, it inculcates team
spirit. When the aim is completion of the project in the most effective way in
the given time, various ideas and suggestion are kept together to get fruitful
results. Not only the brain of one individual works but many brains work
simultaneously to get some creative output in time. Co-operation is the
foundation of any team, thus we learned to co-operate with each other in the
worst of situation also.
This report deals with “TEXTILE EFFLUENT TREATMENT BY
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS”. The effect of various parameters over effluent
water and other properties is studied.
It was also really very exciting to work together and we learned to face
practical problems. This immense knowledge and attitude towards excellence
absorbed by us will surely help us in our future endeavors.

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CONTENTS
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement 1
3. Preface 2
4. Contents 3
5. The aim of the project 4
6. Introduction 5
7. Review of Literature
7.1.A Brief Introduction textile Wet Processing Effluent 7
7.2.Way to process of effluent treatment 8
7.3.Electrochemical Process 14
7.4.An Overview of work already done 18
8. Description of Material 22
8.1.Effluent
8.2.Equipment
8.3.Experimental Method
8.4.Testing
8.5.Research Objectives
9. Results and Discussion 25
9.1.Comparative results of ETP treated and electrochemical treated
9.2.Comparative estimation of treatment cost 57
10.Conclusion 59
11.References 60

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AIM OF THE PROJECT
In context to the textile city Bhilwara, many problems seems to be
highlighted related to effluent generated from process houses of Bhilwara.
Many of the process houses have installed conventional ETP’s (Effluent
Treatment Plant) for waste water treatment. These conventional systems
arises a very big question of cost effectiveness.
Electrochemical Process could be a promising solution for overcoming this
problem. This projectwill compriseof the study of electrochemical process for
waste water generated from any of the process house of Bhilwara.
Parameters such as
 pH
 B.O.D (Biological Oxygen Demand)
 C.O.D (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
 T.S.S (Total Suspended Solids)
 T.D.S (Total Dissolved Solids)
etc. will be identified and will be compared of the treated waste water
from the identified process houses will be done and graph will be plotted.
The main objective of this project is;
 To study the extent of decolourisation by varying the treatment
conditions like Time.
 To compare the efficiency of Electrolytic treatment with the ETP
Treated & raw effluent.
 To reduce the effluent treatment cost per liter.

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INTRODUCTION
Textile industries are one of the most polluting industries in terms of the
volume and complexity of its effluents discharge. The dyeing and finishing
operations in textile industries contribute a major share to waste water
generation. Dye bath effluents, in particular, are not only aesthetic pollutants
by nature of their color, but may interfere with light penetration in the
receiving bodies of water, thereby disturbing biological processes.
Furthermore, dye effluent may contain chemicals, which are toxic and
carcinogenic. Moreover, textile waste water is known to have various pH
solution (either alkaline or acidic, depending on the process used), high temp.,
high B.O.D, high C.O.D, and high concentration of suspended solids (SS).
Textile mill effluents are also characterized by high level of color caused by
residual dyes, conventionally textile waste water is treated through biological,
physical and chemical methods. Biological treatment processes are often
ineffective in removing dyes which are highly structured polymers with low
biodegradability.
However, various physical-chemical techniques, such as chemical
coagulation, adsorption on activated carbon, reverse osmosis and ultra
filtration, are also available for the treatment of aqueous streams to eliminate
dyes. But those later are limited by the low concentration ranges that can be
treated coupled with the high concentration in reject streams. Further, the
main drawbacks of chemical coagulation are the addition of further chemicals.
In recent years, Ozonation and photo oxidation have been proposed as
alternatives because they were qualified to be very effective. But the high
cost of these methods leads to further consideration. Indeed, electrochemical
method has been successfully tested to deal with dyeing waste water. But as
for some dyes, which have good water solubility and small molecule weight,
traditional electrochemical ways do not work effectively.
Electro-coagulation is a process consisting of creating metallic hydroxide
flocks within the waste water by electro-dissolution of soluble anodes, usually
constitutes by iron or aluminum. This method has been practiced for most of

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the 20th
century with limited success. Recently, there has been renewed
interest in the use of electro-coagulation owing to the increase in
environmental restrictions on effluent waste water. Indeed, electro-
coagulation has been tested successfully
The objective of the this project is to examine the feasibility of electro-
coagulation in treating textile waste water, to determine the optimal
operational conditions and to establish which iron hydroxide, formed during
electrolysis, is responsible of electro-coagulation process.

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A Brief Introduction of Textile Wet Processing Effluent
Textile wet processing is one of the major water consumer. Large quantity
of water is required for wet processing of textiles and as many as 150 -300
liters of water per Kg. of fabric are used depending upon the extent of wet
processing. The breakup of water required for wet processing is as follows:
Bleaching and Finishing : 60 to 65 %
Dyeing : 15 %
Printing : 10 %
Boiler : 10 to 15 %
After chemical processing of textiles, they contains many impurities as well
as chemicals such as dyes, processing auxiliaries, chemicals like phosphates,
sulphates, alkali, acids, heavy metals, etc. If these wastes are discharged
untreated into a river, lake or even on ground, they will pose serious
ecological and pollution problems [1].
The nature of textile effluent is very complex and difficult to known as
various types of chemicals are used in wet processing. As far as dyes are
concerned, many classes of dyes are used in textile process house, such as
direct, reactive, acid, basic, vat, disperse, etc. Complexities arise due to the
wide variation in structureand properties of about 3000 dyes which are used.
Many waste treatments like physical, chemical, physico-chemical and
biological treatments are used to solve this problem. Effluent treatment is a
process in which the contaminants in wastewater are partially removed and
partially changed by decomposition from highly complex organic matter to
relatively stable organic matter.

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WAY TO PROCESS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT
Stages in Effluent Treatments:
1. Preliminary treatments
2. Primary treatments
3. Secondary treatments
4. Tertiary treatments
1. Preliminary Treatments:
Preliminary treatment processes for dye waste include equalization,
neutralization, and possibly disinfection, although this may be done at the
end of the treatment process.
1.1 Equalization:
Mixing of effluents fromvarious drains and their equalization for about 6 to
8 hours should be done to take care of wide variations and preventation of
shock loads. Cement concrete tank could be used for this purpose.
Equalization plays as important role in neutralizing acidic and alkaline
streams. From neutralization decolouring sulphur dye effluents by
hypochlorite takes place; further vat and disperse dyes are also precipitated.
The temperature of the effluent is also broughtdown in a period of 6 hours. A
periodical removal of sludge formed at the bottom helps in maintaining the
efficiency of equalization. For efficient collection and removal of sludge this
tank has a hopper bottom.
1.2 Neutralization:
After equalization of the waste its pH correction has to be done for the
efficiency of subsequent treatment. If the pH of effluent is more than 11 it
should be broughtto 8 by adding 10% sulphuric acid or Hydrochloric acid. The
addition of acid needs to be controlled with the help of microprocessor
controlled pH kit. This operation should be carried out in the flash mixer. The
sulphuric acid from carbonization could be used or for this purpose flue gases

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can be effectively used which is available in excess at no cost, from boiler
firing installisations. During the neutralization process, bicarbonates are
formed which are advantages to the environment. There is no increase in the
chlorine or sulphate fraction burden.[2,3]
2. Primary Treatments:
Primary treatment processes are intended to fit effluents for admission to
secondary treatments. Primary treatment processes include screening,
sedimentation, flotation and flocculation. These processes involve the
removal of grit and solid material which may by made to settle or float out of
solution.
2.1 Screening:
Since the effluent contains coarse floating matters like linters and fibres in
addition to heavy and readily settles able grit and dirt, the pretreatment
consists of screening and grit removal. Screens of various sizes and shapes
could be used depending upon the nature and size of the solids to be
removed. Cleaning could be done either manually or mechanically.
2.2 Sedimentation:
The settable solids are removed by gravitational setting under quiescent
conditions in sedimentation. The sludge formed at the bottom of the tank is
removed as under flow either by vacuum suction or by raking it to a discharge
point at the bottom of the tank for withdrawn.
2.3 Flocculation:
Flocculation techniques are used, with varying degrees of success, as a
tertiary treatment to remove colour from effluent. The polyelectrolyte has to
be overdosed both to improve the efficiency of reaction and to enable the
dark and least reactive molecules to be completely removed. This leads to
residual concentrations of the polyelectrolyte in the effluent. Usually
chemicals like alum, calcium chloride and ferric chloride are used as
coagulating agents. [4]

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3. Secondary Treatments:
Primary treatments take care of only those materials that might be
removed by some type of physical or mechanical action. Since most of the
organic matter or material in effluent may be colloidal or dissolved, the
primary treatment processes are largely ineffective in removing them. This
organic material still has a high demand for oxygen which must be reduce
further so that the effluent may be rendered suitable for discharge into the
water bodies.
Secondary treatment methods are used to reduce this organic load of textile
effluents. It consists of aeration, chemical coagulation and bio-degradation.
3.1 Aeration:
This help in reducing the possibly of odour formation and handles
oxidizable organic or inorganic matter in. Italso reduces the amountof sludge
produced.[5]
3.2 Chemical Coagulation:
This is very effective method of removalof color and suspended matter like
starches and gums. Alum, Ferrous Sulphate, lime and polyelectrolytes are
used depending on the type of effluent. The concentrations of these
chemicals also vary depending on quality and quantity of effluent. Coagulation
step considerably reduces BOD level. All the additions have to be made in
flash mixer provided with a suitable speed stirrer.[6]
3.3 Bio-degradation:
In this treatment, oxygen supplied to the bacteria is consumed under
controlled conditions so that most of biological treatments are adequate
growth of bacteria that feed on the organic material present in, oxygen and
some means of achieving contact between the bacteria and the organic

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matter. The micro-organisms are utilized to degrade the organic materials in
the waste stream. There are two major methods of biological waste
treatment: aerobic and anaerobic. They differ in their rates of reaction, the
products formed from waste molecules, and the products formed with
hydrogen, which is released during the oxidative processes. The most
common aerobic biological treatment processes are: activated sludge,
trickling filters and aerated lagoons.[7]
4. Tertiary Treatments:
As the legal standards for the quality of effluent discharges are raised to
values exceeding the limits of conventional treatment processes, the need for
efficient tertiary (polishing) treatment processes becomes apparent. Although
some processes considered to be in this category, for example, adsorption,
ion-exchange and chemical oxidation, are well developed, most for, example,
foam fractionation, dynamic membrane hyperflitration, gamma, radiation –
induced oxidation, electrolytic treatment, etc. are still in the experimental
stage.
Organic Removal Processes:
1 Adsorption:
Adsorption processes have got a lot of attention for colour removal from
wastewater and many adsorbents can be effectively used. For adsorption,
activated charcoal, chitin, Fullers earth, silica gel, bauxite, peat, wood,
cellulose datives and ion exchange resins have been used to adsorb impurities
from wastewater.[8]
2 Foam Separation:
Foam separation is an experimental method based on the phenomena that
surface active solutes collect at gas-liquid interfaces. The method has given
75% dye colour removal from industrial textile water. The foam separation
technique also removes about 30 – 40% of volatile matter from the effluent.
However, the chemical costs make this treatment method too expensive.

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3 Chemical oxidation:
This is used for decreasing the BOD of waste stream so that the residual
BOD in the effluent will not deplete the total dissolved oxygen content of the
stream. Ozone, H2O2, H2O2 / UV, Manganese per chlorate, etc. are generally
used for this purpose.
Inorganic Removal Processes:
1 Anaerobic denitrification:
In anaerobic waste treatment systems, microbes of the activated sludge
can, with the help of organic chemicals such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid,
etc. reduces the nitrites to gaseous nitrogen and nitrous oxide. These
chemicals added, act as carbon source for the effluent.[7]
2. Algae harvesting:
The effluent is deposited in shallow earthen ponds where the algae convert
the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds presents into cell tissue which can
be subsequently removed.
3. Electrodialysis:
This is a form of ion separation which uses electrostatic fields across a
membrane. The positive components are attracted to the negative membrane
and the negative components to the positive membrane leaving relatively a
pure solution between the membranes.
4. Ion exchange resins:
These remove inorganic ions such as salts, nitrates and phosphates in
which case the cations are exchanged for hydronium ions and anions for
hydroxyl ions. The ion exchange resins are of different types such of cellulose
ion exchangers, polystyrene based macroporous ion exchangers, etc.

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5. Solvent Extraction:
This is carried out by the addition of an immiscible solvent followed by high
speed agitation and then separation so that organic impurities are transferred
to the solvent phase.
6. Ammonia Stripping:
This is intended to remove nitrogen from since at a pH 9 or more, it is
possible to liberate ammonia as a gas by use of stripping towers.
7. Membrane Separation (Reverse Osmosis):
This makes use of a semi permeable membrane of cellulose acetate or
hollow nylon fibres and subjecting the effluents to 2.5 - 4.2 Mpa pressure
which is much in excess of the osmotic pressure of the solution to remove
impurities from effluents.
8. Distillation:
Water is separated from wastewater through a liquid vapour conversion in
which case the water is converted into the steam leaving non-volatile waste
behind, when it is condensed back to liquid, it is very pure.[9]

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ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS
What is Electrolysis?
Electrolysis is a unit process in which chemical change results from
electron transfer reactions across the electrode/solution interfaces. A voltage
applied between the two electrodes in an electrolytic cell drives these
reactions. [10]
For different applications of electrochemical technology the same
fundamental principle of electrolysis is used; while its practical manifestations
may be quite different with, for example, cell configurations, electrode
materials and their sizes & dimensions, electrolytes and separators which are
each designed to meet the particular demands of the application. In effluent
treatment, the objective may be the removal of color, salts, heavy metals,
toxic organics or inorganic or a reduction of COD.
Application of Electrolytic Technique in effluent treatment
An alternative to the previously mentioned color elimination
techniques is the principle of electrochemical destruction which forms the
basis of our project. The main advantage of this technique is that the only
requirement is a source of electric power. The addition of electrolytes as
mentioned in most of the studies & papers is not necessary since the Effluent
from Reactive dyeing Industry contains sufficient salts.
Electrochemical methods offer, in fact, unique reaction conditions,
as the working electrode has at the same time the features of an easily
recyclable heterogeneous catalyst and the capacity of feeding quantitatively
and selectively the simplest and most economic reagent, the electron, then
allowing extremely mild operative conditions.[6]
Electrochemical processes are probably the most adequate tool in
the aqueous effluent treatment. It does not require chemical additions and
indeed electrons are the only reactants added to the process to simulate

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reaction. These processes include electro-oxidation & electro-
coagulation.[6,8]
Electro-oxidation is an attractive alternative for treating aqueous
stream containing the organic compounds via simultaneous evolution of
oxygen at an anode surface which is probably most adequate tool in the
aqueous effluent treatment, ideally suited to present age where
environmental consideration are always to the fore. The electro-oxidation is
mediated reaction and occurs via oxygen atom’s transfer from water in the
solvent phase to oxidation product.[11]
The generic reaction of anodic oxygen transfer may be given as:
R + XH2O ROX + 2XH+
+ 2Xe-
Where, R - Organic compound reactant
ROX - Oxidation product
Electro-coagulation is a phenomenon in which the charged particle are
neutralized by neutral collision with counter ions present in the coagulant
added, and are agglomerated, followed by the process of sedimentation. In
the Electro-coagulation process the coagulant is generated in-situ by the
electrolytic oxidation of a sacrificial anode material. Charged ionic species are
removed from the effluent by allowing it to react: (i) With an ion having
opposite charge, or (ii) With flocks of metallic hydroxides generated within
the effluent.
After completion of electrolysis (which is noted with considerable drop
in current) the treated effluent is collected in retention tank from which it is
transferred at constant flow rate to the filtration unit/process. At this stage
the sludge is removed and filtered water is allowed to flow for next process.
Looking to the end use, the treated water can be used directly in dyeing, or
can be used for agriculture purpose.

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Electro coagulation involves dissolution of metal from the anode
with simultaneous formation of hydroxyl ions and hydrogen gas occurring at
the cathode.
Possible interactions in Electrolytic Effluent Treatment
Fig.:- Interactions within the electrochemical process
The pH, pollutant type and concentration, the bubble size, position
& distance between electrodes, flock stability and agglomerate size all
influences the operation of the electrolytic cell. The complexity and number of
possible interactions are highlighted in Figure above. The overall mechanism
is a combination of mechanisms functioning synergistically. The dominant
mechanism may vary throughout the dynamic process as the reaction
progresses. The dominant mechanism will almost certainly shift with changes
in operating parameters and pollutant types.
A current is passed through the electrodes, oxidizing the metal (M) to its
cation (Mn+) (Equation 1). Simultaneously, water is reduced to hydrogen gas
and the hydroxyl ion (OH‾) (Equation 2).

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The cation hydrolyzes in water forming a hydroxide with the
dominant species determined by solution pH. Equations 3 – 6 illustrate this in
the case of aluminium cathode.
Highly charged cations destabilize any colloidal particles by the
formation of polyvalent polyhydroxidecomplexes. These complexes have high
adsorption properties, forming aggregates with pollutants. Evolution of
hydrogen gas aids in mixing and hence flocculation. Once the flock is
generated, the electrolytic gas in the form of bubble creates a flotation effect,
removing the pollutants to the flock - foam layer at the liquid surface.
There are varieties of ways in whichspecies caninteract insolution:
1. Migration to an oppositely charged electrode (Electrophoresis)
and aggregation to due to charge neutralization.
2. The cation or hydroxyl ion (OH-
) forms a precipitate with the
pollutant.
3. The metallic cation interacts with OH-
to form hydroxide, which
has high adsorption properties thus bonding to the pollutant
(bridge coagulation).
4. The hydroxides form larger lattice-like structures and sweeps
through the water (sweep coagulation).
5. Oxidation of pollutants to less toxic species.

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An Overview Of work already Done
Current, the textile dyeing wastewater is one of the most important
sources of pollution. The type of this wastewater has the characteristics of
higher value of color, BOD and COD, Complex composition, large emission,
widely distributed and difficult degradation. If being directly discharged
without being treated, it will bring serious harm to the ecological
environment. Because of the dangers of dyeing wastewater, many countries
have enacted strict emissions standards, but there is no uniform standard
currently.
1. Zongping Wang, Miaomiao Xue, Kai Huang and Zizheng Liu Huazhong
University of Science and Technology China carried out a study on
Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment - It appears that an ideal
treatment process for satisfactory recycling and reuse of textile effluent
water should involve the following steps. Initially, refractory organic
compounds and dyes may be electrochemically oxidized to
biodegradable constituents before the wastewater is subjected to
biological treatment under aerobic conditions. Color and odor removal
may be accomplished by a second electro oxidation process. Microbial
life, if any, may be destroyed by a photochemical treatment. The
treated water at this stage may be used for rinsing and washing
purposes; however, an ion-exchange step may be introduced if the
water is desired to be used for industrial processing.
2. Ju¨ ttner a,*, U. Galla b, H. Schmieder b carried out a study on
Electrochemical approaches to environmental problems in the
process industry-A number of selected electrochemical processes and
devices, which have been developed in the process industry in recent
years for environmental protection, has been presented and was briefly
discussed. Some, but not all, of them have been tested successfully in
the laboratory or even at a pilot scale, and some have already reached
commercialization. Due to the specific advantages in a number of
applications, electrochemical processes for the treatment of waste and
prevention of pollution will find increasing acceptance in future

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developments. In particular, there are many examples where industrial
processes involve chemical oxidation: reduction steps, which could
easily be replaced by a direct electrolysis step thus avoiding costly
space, time and energy consuming separation processes leading to a
cleaner and process integrated environmental technology.
3. Eduardo Arevalo, Wolfgang Calmano carried out a study on Studies on
electrochemical treatment of wastewater contaminated with organotin
compounds - The experimental work of this study showed that
electrochemical treatment is a technology suitable for eliminating
organotins in dockyard waters down to very low concentration targets
in the range of 100 ng L−1. Reaching such low concentrations has
proved difficult with “off the shelf” technologies such as activated
carbon. The inorganic tin formed as final product of degradation can be
considered harmless at such concentrations, and disposed into the
environment. The results indicated that the performance of the
electrolysis employing Ti/IrO2 and BDD anodes was in a similar range,
contrarily to the initial hypothesis that the high yield of hydroxyl
radicals at BDD anodes would result in a much faster degradation rate
using BDD. Reasons are due to the presence of active chlorine
compounds starting from electrochemical chloride oxidation, and other
oxidants, which also lead to the degradation of organotins. Such
behavior was confirmed by other experiments conducted to
decompose the blue dye Indigo Carmine. These experiments showed
when chloride concentration in the water decreased, BDD clearly
outperformed Ti/IrO2.
4. A. Wilcock', M. Brewster2, W. Tinche carried out a study on USE OF
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY TO TREAT TEXTILE WASTEWATER -
This gives a report of three independent studies which illustrate the
effectiveness of electrochemical treatment of effluent containing three
different classes of dye. The three studies clearly indicate marked color
removal from the effluent. Furthermore, two of the studies
demonstrate that it is possible to reuse the treated dyebath, a strategy
that would significantly minimize the quantity of effluent discliar_red

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into the environment without compromising dyeing quality. The
benefits of the electrochemical system are numerous and include
versatility, ease of operation and economy.
5. Muhammad Saleem1, Alaadin A. Bukhari2 and Muhammad Noman
Akram1 have reported on ELECTROCOAGULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATER FOR REUSE IN IRRIGATION AND PLANTATION - Raw
wastewater generated at KNPC was characterized for possible reuse in
landscape irrigation and plantation. Analysis of the wastewater shows
that it is of weak to medium strength compared to the typical domestic
wastewater (MetCalf & Eddy, 2003). However, raw wastewater is not
suitable for direct. Since their various parameters (solids, turbidity,
BOD, COD, metals and total Coliform) were above international
standards. A laboratory scale EC process was utilized to treat the raw
wastewater in order to bring the quality up to the required level. Effect
of various parameters such as operating time, currentdensity and inter-
electrode spacing was evaluated. It was found that 91.8%, 77.2% and
68.5% removal in turbidity, COD and TSS were achieved within 30
minutes of EC treatment. Further increase in treatment time did not
improve their removal efficiency. Change in pH value during EC
treatment was also noted and maximum value of 8.4 was observed at
the end of treatment which is within allowable limits. Applied current
density has significant effect on the removal efficiency of EC process. It
was found that the current density of 24.7 mA/cm2 has the highest
removal efficiency for studied. Further increase in current density
showed insignificant improvement in removal efficiency. The effect of
inter electrode spacing on the removal of TSS and turbidity reveals that
their removal efficiency.
6. Khanittha Charoenlarp*and Wichan Choyphan have reported on REUSE
OF DYE WASTEWATER BY COLOR REMOVAL WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROCESS - Electro coagulation is one of the most effective techniques
to remove color and organic pollutants from wastewater. The
decolonization of dye solution by electrochemical was affected by
electrode materials, electrical potentials, and electrolysis time of

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electrolysis. The results showed that the electrical potentials was the
most effective parameters. The proper conditions to reactive
wastewater treatment by coagulation process were 20 volts aluminum
electrode at 180 electrolysis time. The effectiveness in color removal
and dissolved solid were 96.05% and 35.18%. The proper conditions to
basic wastewater treatment by coagulation process were 25 volts iron
electrode at 180 electrolysis time. The effectiveness in color removal,
dissolved solid, suspended solid, turbidity, and COD were 85.61%,
30.67%, 66.67%, 20.61%, and 79.51% respectively.
Suggestions
1. Study life time of electrode and space between electrodes
2. Comparison of the effectiveness and the cost in water treatment by
coagulation with chemicals, and with electrical current.

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Description of Materials
Effluent:
We have taken effluent water as well as ETP’s treated water from the BPL
Industry and RSWM Bhilwara (Rajasthan) for doing our project work.
EQUIPMENTS:
1. Electrodes – aluminum and stainless steel
2. pH meter
3. Filter paper
4. Glass beaker (1000 ml cap.),
5. Digital Power supply kit,
6. wires,
7. Funnel,
8. Conical flask
9. Weighing Balance
10.Hot plate
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The electrodes are placed inside the beaker (acting as an undivided
electrolytic cell), at opposite circumferential ends. The distance between the
electrodes is around 40-50 mm. The electrodes are 150 mm in length and the
shape of aluminum (cathodes) is round having 6 mm diameter and, while the
stainless steel (anode) is like round in shape. These are the cheapest source of
electrodes (scrap material), which gives outstanding results, hence no
question of going for Lead, Titanium, Graphite or Platinum electrodes.

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Floating sludge was removed from the top and settling sludge was
allowed to settle completely before filtration. Constant 7.5 volt Direct Current
(DC) source was provided with the help of a rectifier having an input of 230 V
by digital power supply kit.
The extent of decolourisation is mainly controlled by 6 important
process parameters;
 Potential Difference (Voltage)
 Current Density (Ampere)
 Effluent pH
 Treatment Time (Minutes)
 Surface area of electrode
 Flow rate
The electrolytic treatment of the composite effluent is carried out at
standard conditions, and separately a chemical coagulation treatment with
lime-ferrous sulphate & polyelectrolyte is carried out with the similar effluent.
The results of both the treatments, mainly absorbance values, COD, BOD &
TDS are than compared.

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TESTING:
1. Effluent testing:
a. COD
b. T.S
c. TDS
d. T.S.S
e. BOD
f. pH
By studying the electrochemical on color and COD removal at different
parameters we will propose the optimum conditions under which three
factors work synergistically to give maximum removal of color and COD.
Research Objectives
The decolorization method being investigated in this thesis makes
use of Electrolytic Technique to remove dyes from the effluent water. The
application of electrochemical processes on an industrial scale will depend on
the cost of the cell. And the electric power required. But other important
factors also have to be considered, such as the biological quality & reusability
of the treated water.
The main objective of this project is;
 To study the extent of decolourisation by varying the treatment
conditions like Time.
 To compare the efficiency of Electrolytic treatment with ETP Treated
& Raw effluent.
 To reduce the effluent treatment cost per liter.

process
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
We processed as per the experimentation method and then carried out
testing.
The results that we obtained are as follows:-
SAMPLE - 1
Table no. 1:- Consisting of experimental data’s for 1st
sample of
effluent water taken from RSWM industry bhilwara and treatment
time is 10 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.5 9.5 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 9080.40 5537.60 7500.40 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8800.00 5500.00 7460.00 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 280.40 37.60 40.40 nil
COD (ppm) <250 371.14 252.57 284.57 12
BOD(ppm) <30 230.00 38.00 105.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 40 40 39
Note - We have studied from this table that we don’t get better result in
compare to ETP treated results in 10 minutes of electrochemical treatment.
But as we increase the time of treatment by electrochemical process about 30
min we’ll get good results compare to ETP treated.

process
As we increase the treatment time we get T.S in decreasing order compareto
ETP treated results.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof T.S of 1st Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
10 20 30 40
C.O.D(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof C.O.D of 1st Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
treated

process
0
50
100
150
200
250
10 20 30 40
C.O.D(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof B.O.D of 1st Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
treated

process
sample of
time is 20 minutes.
Note - We have studied from this table that we get 30.06% less T.S, 26.68%
less C.O.D, and 58.26% less B.O.D compare to raw effluent within the 20 min
treatment of electrochemical process.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.5 9.5 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 9080.40 5537.60 6350.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8800.00 5500.00 6811.40 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 280.40 37.60 38.60 nil
COD (ppm) <250 371.14 252.57 272.54 12
BOD(ppm) <30 230.00 38.00 96.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 40 39 39

process
sample of
time is 30 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.5 9.0 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 9080.40 5537.60 5453.70 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8800.00 5500.00 5417.40 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 280.40 37.60 36.30 nil
COD (ppm) <250 371.14 252.57 250.10 12
BOD(ppm) <30 230.00 38.00 89.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 40 39 39

process
sample of
time is 40 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.5 9.0 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 9080.40 5537.60 5449.80 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8800.00 5500.00 5413.80 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 280.40 37.60 36.00 nil
COD (ppm) <250 371.14 252.57 249.20 12
BOD(ppm) <30 230.00 38.00 88.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 40 39 39

process
1. Graph between T.S v/s Time
2. Graph between T.D.S v/s Time
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
10 20 30 40
T.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.S (PPM)
T.S (PPM)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
10 20 30 20
T.D.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.D.S (PPM)
T.D.S (PPM)

process
3. Graph between T.S.S v/s Time
4. Graph between C.O.D v/s Time
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
10 20 30 20
T.S.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.S.S (PPM)
T.S.S (PPM)
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
10 20 30 40
C.O.D(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
C.O.D (PPM)
C.O.D (PPM)

process
SAMPLE – 2
Table no. 5:- Consisting of experimental data’s for 2nd
sample of
time is 10 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.9 11.6 10.0 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 8960.00 5247.30 6970.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8641.80 5200.50 6915.80 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 318.20 66.80 84.20 nil
COD (ppm) <250 386.70 248.47 313.00 12
BOD(ppm) <30 246.00 56.00 92.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 41 40 39

process
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof T.S of 2nd Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof C.O.D of 2nd Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated

process
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof B.O.D of 2nd Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated

process
sample of
time is 20 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.9 11.6 9.8 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 8960.00 5247.30 5700.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8641.80 5200.50 5628.40 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 318.20 66.80 71.60 nil
COD (ppm) <250 386.70 248.47 276.90 12
BOD(ppm) <30 246.00 56.00 89.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 41 39 39

process
sample of
time is 30 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.9 11.6 9.5 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 8960.00 5247.30 5200.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8641.80 5200.50 5134.20 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 318.20 66.80 65.80 nil
COD (ppm) <250 386.70 248.47 247.30 12
BOD(ppm) <30 246.00 56.00 84.10 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 41 39 39

process
sample of
time is 40 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.9 11.6 9.5 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 8960.00 5247.30 5192.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 8641.80 5200.50 5127.00 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 318.20 66.80 65.00 nil
COD (ppm) <250 386.70 248.47 246.80 12
BOD(ppm) <30 246.00 56.00 80.30 _
Temp.(°c) <40 42 41 39 39

process
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
10 20 30 40
T.D.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.D.S (PPM)
T.D.S (PPM)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 20 30 40
T.S.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.S.S (PPM)
T.S.S (PPM)

process
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
10 20 30 40
C.O.D(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
C.O.D (PPM)
C.O.D (PPM)

process
SAMPLE - 3
Table no. 9:- Consisting of experimental data’s for 3rd
sample of
effluent water taken from BPL industry bhilwara and treatment
time is 10 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 11.0 11.5 10.8 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6000.00 3500.00 4110.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 5900.00 3454.70 4061.20 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 100.00 45.30 48.80 nil
COD (ppm) <250 284.30 218.50 258.10 12
BOD(ppm) <30 208.6 52.00 104.80 _
Temp.(°c) <40 40 40 39 39
Note - We have studied from this table that we get 31.5% less T.S, 9.15% less
C.O.D, and 50% less B.O.D compare to raw effluent within the 10 min

process
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof T.S of 3rd Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof C.O.D of 3rd Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated

process
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof B.O.D of 3rdSample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated

process
sample of
time is 20 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 11.0 11.5 10.0 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6000.00 3500.00 3446.20 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 5900.00 3454.70 3403.50 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 100.00 45.30 42.70 nil
COD (ppm) <250 284.30 218.50 239.90 12
BOD(ppm) <30 208.6 52.00 96.60 _
Temp.(°c) <40 40 40 39 39

process
sample of
time is 30 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 11.0 11.5 9.6 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6000.00 3500.00 3376.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 5900.00 3454.70 3335.90 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 100.00 45.30 40.10 nil
COD (ppm) <250 284.30 218.50 223.80 12
BOD(ppm) <30 208.6 52.00 84.20 _
Temp.(°c) <40 40 40 39 39

process
sample of
time is 40 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 11.0 11.5 9.5 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6000.00 3500.00 3372.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 5900.00 3454.70 3332.30 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 100.00 45.30 39.7 nil
COD (ppm) <250 284.30 218.50 218.20 12
BOD(ppm) <30 208.6 52.00 80.00 _
Temp.(°c) <40 40 40 39 39
Note - We havestudied fromthis table that weget 43.8% less T.S, 23.23% less
C.O.D, and 61.5% less B.O.D compare to raw effluent within the 40 min

process
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
10 20 30 40
T.D.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.D.S (PPM)
T.D.S (PPM)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 20 30 40
T.S.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.S.S (PPM)
T.S.S (PPM)

process
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
10 20 30 40
C.O.D(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
C.O.D (PPM)
C.O.D (PPM)

process
SAMPLE - 4
Table no. 13:- Consisting of experimental data’s for 4th
sample of
time is 10 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.2 10.0 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6800.00 3515.00 4100.50 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 6572.00 3429.70 3990.50 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 227.70 86.00 110.00 nil
COD (ppm) <250 392.50 283.30 333.70 12
BOD(ppm) <30 228 76 156 _
Temp.(°c) <40 41 40 40 39

process
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof T.S of 4th Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof C.O.D of 4th Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated

process
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.S(ppm)
TIME (IN MIN)
Comparisionof B.O.D of 4th Sample
Raw Effluent
ETP Treated
Electrochemical
Treated

process
sample of
time is 20 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.2 9.7 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6800.00 3515.00 3715.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 6572.00 3429.70 3620.00 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 227.70 86.00 95.00 nil
COD (ppm) <250 392.50 283.30 307.80 12
BOD(ppm) <30 228 76 119.40 _
Temp.(°c) <40 41 40 39 39

process
sample of
time is 30 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.2 9.4 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6800.00 3515.00 3513.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 6572.00 3429.70 3427.80 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 227.70 86.00 85.20 nil
COD (ppm) <250 392.50 283.30 280.80 12
BOD(ppm) <30 228 76 103.8 _
Temp.(°c) <40 41 40 39 39
treatment of electrochemical process

process
sample of
time is 40 minutes.
Parameters
P. C. B.
standard
Untreated
effluent
ETP
Treated
Electrochemical
treated
R.O.
pH 5.5-9.0 10.5 11.2 9.4 6.7
T.S.(ppm) - 6800.00 3515.00 3510.00 _
T.D.S.(ppm) 2000 6572.00 3429.70 3425.90 680
T.S.S.(ppm) 100 227.70 86.00 84.10 nil
COD (ppm) <250 392.50 283.30 280.00 12
BOD(ppm) <30 228 76 100.30 _
Temp.(°c) <40 41 40 39 39

process
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
10 20 30 40
T.D.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.D.S (PPM)
T.D.S (PPM)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 20 30 40
T.S.S(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
T.S.S (PPM)
T.S.S (PPM)

process
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
10 20 30 40
C.O.D(PPM)
TIME (IN MIN)
C.O.D (PPM)
C.O.D (PPM)

process
Comparative Estimation of Treatment Cost
For the treatment we have taken 1000 ml solution of effluent each
time. The total cost is calculated is for per 1000 litre of effluent. We have
optimized the process and in it we have used the following parameters of
Voltage, Current and time.
1. Voltage :- 7.5 volt
2. Current: - 0.7 ampere.
3. Time: - 30 min.
Depending on above parameters the electricity cost has been calculated as
follows.
Power = Voltage X Current.
(Watt) (Volt) (Ampere)
P = 7.5 X 0.7 = 5.25 Watt
Electricity consumed per Hour:-
Energy = V X I X Time
= 5.25 X 0.5 ………. (30 min = 0.5 hrs)
= 2.625 Watt hour
Cost of 1 unit of electricity for industrial use is around Rs.5/unit.
i.e. For 1 Kilowatt hour(1000 Watt Hour) = Rs. 5
Hence total cost of energy consumed for 1000 litre of effluent will be,
Energy cost = 2.625 X 5 X 1000 = 13.125 Rs / 1000 Liter
1000

process
Costing of the Conventional Process:-
Chemical cost:-Rs 14.5 / 1000 Liter
Men Power Cost:-Rs 0.75 / 1000 Liter
Power Cost:-Rs 1.75 / 1000 Liter
Process Cost:-
Total Treatment Cost = Rs 17/ 1000 Liter.
Though Electrolytic treatment is costly due to cost of electricity, but the
overall treatment cost & reusability of the treated water makes it the best
available option. However, the electricity cost can be reduced or completely
eliminated by a onetime investment on a non-conventional energy sources-
preferably solar energy.
17
13.125
Conventional Electrochemical treated
Comparative Estimation of Treatment
Cost per 1000 liter
Conventional Electrochemical treated

process
CONCLUSION
The data obtained in this project work reveal that high level of
decolourisation is achieved with considerable lowering of toxicity & with
ecofriendly nature. The selected effluent’s intense color can be removed to
the extent of 95-99% decolourisation, 27.11% BOD removal and 32.7% COD
removal in a lab scale system with compare to Raw effluent. Further the
effluent did not require any additive like reducing agents or catalytic agents to
reduce the dye & organics present in the effluent.
The present research clearly demonstrated that textile wastewater
can be effectively treated by electrochemical method. An undivided cell
containing an Aluminum cathode & Stainless steel anode were used for this
purpose. Complete colour removal for a effluent is achieved within 30
minutes at 7.5 volt, 0.7 amps & 9.5 pH (actual effluent pH), which are pre-
standardized parameters.

process
References
1. Wasif A.I., Desai J.R. and Kane C.D., Book of Papers, 55th All India
Textile Conference, pg.262
2. Anon, Textile Horizons, 7(12), 58 (1987).
3. Leary R.H., Textile Asia, 11(10), 118 (1980).
4. Patel M.G. and Joshi H.D., Mantra Bulletin, 16(12), 13 (1998).
5. Rhoume G.A., American Dyestuff Reporter, 17(9), 6 (1971).
6. Leary R.H., Textile Asia, 11(11), 116(1980).
7. Mathew R. P, American Dyestuff Reporter, 63(8), 19 (1974).
8. Thampi J. Colourage, 44(11), 37(1997).
9. Porter J. J., American Dyestuff Reporter, 60(8), 17(1971).
10.Anon., http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/Content
11.W. B. Achwal, Colourage, 43(9), 55(1996).
12. Dr. A. A. Ansari & Dr. B. D. Thakur(2002), Colourage, Vol.-xlvi No.9,Feb
27-30
13.Usha Sayed UMICT,Mumbai,Asian Textile Journal
(jan.2004),Vol.13,No.1,86-91
14.A.R. Rathore, G.S. Kakad and B. Suman (March-April
2006),vol.:66,No.6,289-292,300.

Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical process

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