Renewable Energy Systems
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Module 1
Renewable energy sources.
World energy scenario.
Overview of conventional energy sources and limitations.
Need of renewable energy and its development.
Renewable energy in INDIA.
An overview of types of renewable energy system (wind power,
hydro power, solar energy, biomass, biofuel, geo thermal heat
energy)
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INTRODUCTION
 The word ‘energy 'itself is derived from the Greek word ‘en-ergon’, which means
‘in-work’ or ‘work content’.
 The work output depends on the energy input. The capability to do work depends
on the amount of energy one can control and utilize.
 Energy is the most basic infrastructure input for economic growth and
development of a country.
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INTRODUCTION cntd..
Energy consumption sectors of a nation can
be broadly divided into
 1. Domestic sector (houses and offices including
commercial buildings)
 2. Transportation sector
 3. Agriculture sector
 4. Industry sector
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CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
 1. Based on usability of Energy
a. Primary resources
• These resources are available in nature prior to undergoing any
human made conversion or transformations.
• Eg :- coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers, vegetation,
uranium etc.
• These are located, explored, extracted, processed and are converted
to a form as required by the consumer.
• Some energy is required in making the resource available to the user
in usable form.
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CLASSIFICATION cntd….
 b. Intermediate resources
• These are obtained from primary energy by one or more steps of transformation.
Eg:- electricity and hydrogen
 c. Secondary resources
• The form of energy which is finally supplied to a consumer for utilization.
Eg:- electrical energy, thermal energy, chemical energy etc.
2. Based on Traditional use.
a. Conventional energy resources – energy resources which are being traditionally
used for many decades are called conventional energy resources. Eg:-fossil fuel,
nuclear and hydro resources.
b. Non-Conventional energy resources – Energy resources which are considered for
large scale use after the oil crisis of 1973. eg:-solar, wind, biomass etc.
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CLASSIFICATION cntd….
 3. Based on Long term availability
a. Non-renewable- Resources which are finite and do not get replenished after their
consumption . Eg :- fossil fuels, uranium etc.
b. Renewable Resources – Resources which are renewed by nature and their supply is
not affected by the rate of their consumption. Eg:- solar, wind, biomass, ocean,
geothermal, hydro etc.
 4.Based on Origin
• Mechanical Energy ,Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Thermal Energy
Magnetic Energy , Radiation Energy , Nuclear Energy
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World energy scenario
 To meet the energy needs, the world community currently
depends heavily on fossil fuels that are non renewable and
unfriendly to the environment.
 More than half of the global energy is used by the industrial
sector (54.6%) , followed by the transportation sector with
25.6%, the residential sector with 12.7% , and the commercial
sector with 7.1 %.
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World energy scenario
 Energy use expected to increase worldwide, driven mainly by industry, but this will
mostly take place in developing countries with strong economic growth.
 Total global energy supply in 2017 was 589 Quad Btu, which is equivalent to 5.6x
1017 kJ.
 Fossil fuels accounted for 82.7 % ( 27.1 % coal, 33.4 % oil, 22.2 % natural gas) of
this total energy production.
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World energy scenario
 Total installed capacity of electricity in the United Sates in 2016 was 1074 GW, and
the U.S power plants generated 4077 TWh (4.077x 1012 kWh) of electricity that
year.
 • Approximately 83.9 % electricity was generated by coal, natural gas and nuclear
power plants.
 • The remaining 16.1 % was generated mostly by renewable sources including
hydro (6.5%) and wind (5.5 %). The remaining generation was due to biomass,
solar, and geothermal
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World energy scenario
 A comparison of U.S electricity production data to global electricity generation data shows that
the share of renewable electricity in the United States is considerably less than that in the world. •
Therefore, great potential exists to increase the share of renewable in the U.S. energy mixture.
 In 2000, only 9 % of electricity came from renewables, and EIA (2018) projections indicate that
renewables will constitute 18% of electricity generation by 2040. • Coal and nuclear based
electricity generation is expected to increase due to additional shale gas reserves.
 Total generation by renewables was about 640 billion kWh in 2017. This is projected to increase
to more than 1.6 trillion kWh by the year 2050. • Renewable electricity generation is 2017 is
dominated by hydropower and wind, but solar electricity increased at the highest rate among all
energy sources.
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World energy scenario
 Energy use expected to increase worldwide, driven mainly by industry, but this will
mostly take place in developing countries with strong economic growth.
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Energy scenario in INDIA
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Energy scenario in INDIA
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Conventional energy sources
Those energy sources which has been traditionally used for many decade and were in
common use around oil crisis of 1973 are called conventional energy sources
Eg:
Fossil Fuel
Nuclear
hydro Resources
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Fossil Fuel- Coal, Petroleum, Oil, Gas.
 Coal:
• These are formed by the decomposition of the remains of dead plants and animals
buried under the earth for a long time.
• These are non-renewable sources of energy, which if exhausted, can not be
replenished in a short time.
• Their reserves are limited and are considered very precious.
• These are also contributing to the global environmental pollution.
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COAL
• Since the advent of industrialization coal has been most common
source of energy.
• In the last three decades, the world switched over from coal to oil as
a Major source of energy because it is simpler and cleaner to obtain
useful energy from oil.
• Coal is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Small amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur compounds are also
present in coal.
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COAL
• It is mainly available in Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Madhya
Pradesh.
• The big coal mines in our country are at Jharia and Bokaro in Bihar
and at Raniganj in West Bengal.
• It is considered as the backbone of the energy sector for its use in
industry, transportation and electric power generation.
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COAL CLASSIFICATION
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Petroleum or Oil
• It is a dark coloured, viscous and foul smelling crude oil.
• The petroleum means rock oil.
• It is normally found under the crust of earth trapped in rocks.
• The crude oil is a complex mixture of several solid liquid gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with
water, salt and earth particles.
• It is a natural product obtained from oil wells.
Some of the crude oil producing locations in our country are:
• Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat, Rudrasagar and Lakwa in Assam, and Bombay
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Petroleum or Oil
• The oil wells of Bombay high are producing about 22 million tons of
crude petroleum oil per year, which is little less than half of the total requirement of
the country.
• The crude petroleum is refined by the process of fractional distillation to obtain
more useful petroleum products.
• The crude petroleum is heated to a temperature of about 400oC in a
furnace and vapors thus formed are passed into a tall fractioning column from near
its bottom.
• As the mixture of hot vapours rises in the column, it starts getting
cooled gradually.
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The products obtained from crude
petroleum
• Petroleum gas (below 40oC) used as LPG.
• Petrol (40oC to 170oC) for light vehicles.
• Kerosene (170 to 250oC) for household and industrial use.
• Diesel oil (250 to 350oC) for heavy vehicles.
• Residual oil ; (a) Lubrication oils (b) paraffin wax and (c) asphalt
• Fuel oil (350 to 400oC) for boilers and furnaces.
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Nuclear energy
• According to modern theories of atomic structure, matter consists of
minute particles known as atoms.
• Heavier unstable atoms such as U235, Th239, liberate large amount
of heat energy.
• The energy released by the complete fission of one Kg of Uranium (U235), is equal
to the heat energy obtained by burning 4500 tonnes
of coal (or) 220 tons of oil.
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Nuclear energy
• The heat produced by nuclear fission of the atoms of fissionable
material is utilized in special heat exchangers for the production of
steam which is then used to drive turbo generators as in the
conventional power plants.
• However there are some limitations in the use of nuclear energy
namely high capital cost of nuclear power plants, limited availability
of raw materials, difficulties associated with disposal of radio active
waste and shortage of well trained personnel to handle the nuclear
power plants.
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 However there are some limitations in the use of nuclear energy namely
• high capital cost of nuclear power plants.
•Limited availability of raw materials, difficulties associated with disposal of radio active waste
and shortage of well trained personnel to handle the nuclear power
plants.
• The Uranium reserves in the world at present are small.
• These reserves are recoverable but are expensive.
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Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy
 The presently working power plants are:
• Tarapur atomic power station in Maharashtra
• Ranapratap sagar atomic power station near Tota, Rajasthan
• Kalpakkam atomic power station near Madras, Tamilnadu.
• Narora atomic power station in U.P.
• About 3% of the energy produced in India is obtained from nuclear
power plants.
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ADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY RESOURCES
ADVANTAGES:
• Coal: as present is cheap.
• Security: by storing certain quantity, the energy availability can be
ensured for a certain period.
• Convenience: it is very convenient to use.
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DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY RESOURCES
• DISADVANTAGES:
• Fossil fuels generate pollutants: CO, CO2, Particulate matter & heat. The
pollutants degrade the environment, pose health hazards & cause
various other problems.
• Coal: it is also valuable petro-chemical & used as source of raw material
for chemical, pharmaceuticals & paints, industries, etc. From long term
point of view, it is desirable to conserve coal for future needs.
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Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion
 Fossil fuels have been powering industrial development and amenities of modern life
since the 1700 s.
 • Pollutants emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for smog,
acid rain, and numerous other adverse effects on the environment.
 • Environmental pollution has reached such high levels that it has become a serious
threat to vegetation, wildlife, and human health
 A rise of this magnitude may cause severe changes in weather patterns with storms,
heavy rains and flooding in some parts and draught in others, major floods due to the
melting of ice at the poles, loss of wetlands and coastal areas due to rising sea levels,
variations in water supply, changes in the ecosystem due to inability of some animal
and plant species to adjust to the changes.
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Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion
 • The combustion of fossil fuels produces the following undesirable
emissions CO2- primary greenhouse gas – contribute global warming
NOx and HC – Cause smog CO- Toxic SO2- Causes acid rain Particulate
matter (PM)- causes adverse health effects .
 • The concern over the depletion of fossil fuels and pollutant and
greenhouse emissions associated with their combustion can be tackled
by essentially two methods:
1. Using renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric,
biomass, and geothermal to replace fossil fuels.
2. Implementing energy efficiency practices in all aspects of energy
production, distribution, and consumption so that less fuel is used to obtain
the same useful output.
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• Renewable energy Sources
 Solar
 Wind
 Hydro
 Geothermal
 Biomass
 Ocean (OTEC, Wave, tidal)
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• Renewable energy Sources
 An energy source is called renewable if it can be renewed and sustained without
any depletion or significant effect on the environment. It is also called alternative,
sustainable, or green energy source.
 • The best known renewable source is solar energy. Although solar energy is
sufficient to meet the energy needs of the entire world, currently it is not used as
extensively as fossil fuels because of the low concentration of solar energy on
earth and relatively high capital cost of harnessing it.
 • The conversion of the kinetic energy of wind into electricity via wind turbines
represents wind energy, and it is one of the fastest growing renewables as wind
turbines are installed all over the world
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Renewable energy Sources
 • Hydro or water energy represents the greatest amount of renewable electricity
production, and its supplies most of the electricity needs of the countries.
 • Geothermal energy refers to the heat of the earth. High temperature
underground geothermal fluid found in some locations is extracted, and the
energy of the geothermal fluid is converted to electricity or heat.
 Geothermal energy is mostly used for electricity generation and district heating.
Organic renewable energy is referred to as biomass, and a variety of sources
(agriculture, forest, residues, crops etc.) can be used to produce biomass energy.
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Renewable energy Sources
 Wave and tidal energies are renewable energy sources , and
they are usually considered to be part of ocean energy since
they are available mostly from oceans.
 Thermal energy of oceans due to absorption of solar energy
by ocean surfaces is also considered to be part of ocean
energy, and this energy can be utilised using the OTEC
system. Downloaded from Ktunotes.in Renewable Energy
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Hydraulic energy (or) Water power
• Water power is developed by allowing water to fall under the force of gravity.
• It is used almost exclusively for electric power generation.
• Potential energy of water is converted into Mechanical energy by using prime moves known as
hydraulic turbines.
• Water power is quite cheap where water is available in abundance.
• Although capital cost of hydro electric power plants is higher
as compared to other types of power plants
• but their operating Costs are quite low, as no fuel is required in this case
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HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
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Hydraulic energy (or) Water power
The development rate of hydropower is still low, due to the
following problems:
• In developing a project, it will take about 6-10 years time for planning,
investigation and construction.
• High capital investment is needed, and some parts of the investment
have to be designed from foreign sources.
• There are growing problems on relocation of villages, involved,
compensation for damage, selecting the suitable resettlement area and environmental impact.
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Hydraulic energy (or) Water power
In order to reduce the cost of development several Measures
have been considered as follows:
• Development of low cost turbines and generators.
• Participation of villages in the development and operation of the
project.
• Using the appropriate technology and tolerable substandard
requirement and project civil work component at the beginning stage.
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MICRO HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
 Micro-hydro power is a type of Hydro electric power that typically produced up to 100 kW of
electricity using the natural flow of water.
 These type of power plant can provide power to an isolated home or a small community.
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MICRO HYDRO ELECTRIC POWERPLANT
 There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing
nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without the purchase
of fuel.
 Micro hydro is frequently accomplished with a pelton wheel for high head, low flow
water supply.
 The installation is often just a small dammed pool, at the top of a waterfall, with
several hundred feet of pipe leading to a small generator housing.
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MINI HYDRO ELECTRIC POWERPLANTS
 A mini-hydroelectric power plant converts the energy stored in water into
electricity by exploiting the difference in elevation between two points at different
heights. Mechanical energy is obtained from a hydraulic turbine which, with the
help of a generator, is transformed into electrical energy.
 They are power plants of less than 10MW that make it possible to take advantage
of small water currents and are ideal for supplying electricity to rural or isolated
areas.
 Mini-hydroelectric power plants can supply energy to rural areas, areas isolated
from the electricity grid or any other facility with access to a stream of water
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MINI HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
FLOWING WATER PLANT DAM FOOT POWER PLANT
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Part of the water is diverted
from the river, turbined and
once the electricity is obtained,
it is returned to its natural
course.
It may be necessary to build a
small dam to secure the water
intake.
If the topography
permits, a reservoir
is built, which makes
it possible to regulate
electricity production
according to the
needs of the
consumer.

HYDRO POWER PLANT
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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EXTRACTION AND USES
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Geothermal energy
Direct use Indirect use
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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