1. Cells
And Organells
Bradley Bright, Lydia McLin, and
Cassie LeSueur

2. •
The cell is the basic unit of life. Plant cells (unlike animal cells) are surrounded by a
thick, rigid cell wall.
•
The following is a glossary of plant cell anatomy terms. amyloplast - an organelle
in some plant cells that stores starch.
• ATP - ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate; it is a high-energy molecule used for
energy storage by organisms. In plant cells, ATP is produced in
the cristae of mitochondria andchloroplasts.
• cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is
inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some
substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
• cell wall - a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of
cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. The cell wall also
bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.
• centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body
located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The
centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the
centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell.
Unlike the centrosomes in animal cells, plant cell centrosomes do not have
centrioles.

3. • chlorophyll - chlorophyll is a molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to
turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (this process is
called photosynthesis). Chlorophyll is magnesium based and is usually green.
• chloroplast - an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy -
food) takes place in the chloroplasts.
• christae - (singular crista) the multiply-folded inner membrane of a
cell's mitochondrion that are finger-like projections. The walls of the cristae are
the site of the cell's energy production (it is where ATP is generated).
• cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles
are located.
• Golgi body - (also called the golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered,
sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the
nucleus. The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-
bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.

4. • mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner
membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The
mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for
the cell.
• nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
• nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.
• nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus
controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA
(in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane
• photosynthesis - a process in which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into
food energy (sugars and starches), oxygen and water. Chlorophyll or closely-related pigments
(substances that color the plant) are essential to the photosynthetic process.

5. • ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of
protein synthesis.
• rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of
interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's
cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with
ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transport materials through the cell and
produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into
the cell membrane).
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of
interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's
cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER
is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transport materials through the cell. It contains enzymes
and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from
rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body and membranes.
• Large central vacuole - a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with
fluid. Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell. It helps maintain
the shape of the cell.

7. • The following is a glossary of animal cell terms:
• cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is
semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
• centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it
has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell
division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell.
The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.
• cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
• Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that
looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround
the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for
"export" from the cell.
• lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive
enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
• mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is
infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the
energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.

8. • nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
• nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is
produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.
• nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the
nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by
controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The
nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
• ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules
that are sites of protein synthesis.

9. • rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected,
membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's
cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is
covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports
materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which
are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected,
membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's
cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space
within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the
cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane
proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and
lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
• vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills
with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

12. Organelle Function
The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus
directs cell activities and contains genetic
Nucleus
material called chromosomes made of
DNA.
Mitochondria Make energy out of food
Ribosomes Make protein
Golgi Body Make, process and package proteins
Contains digestive enzymes to help break
Lysosome
food down
Called the "intracellular highway" because
Endoplasmic Reticulum it is for transporting all sorts of items
around the cell.
Used for storage, vacuoles usually contain
Vacuole water or food. (Are you are thirsty?
Perhaps your vacuoles need some water!)
Plant cells also have:
Use sunlight to create food by
Chloroplasts
photosynthesis
Cell Wall For support
Plant And Animal Cells Are Eukaryotic

13. Examples of Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells
Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called
prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These
cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable
under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as
bacteria and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae)
are prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. They
don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having
chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular
loop called a plasmid. Bacterial cells are very small, roughly
the size of an animal mitochondrion (about 1-2µm in
diameter and 10 µm long). Prokaryotic cells feature three
major shapes: rod shaped, spherical, and spiral. Instead of
going through elaborate replication processes like
eukaryotes, bacterial cells divide by binary fission.
Diagram of a prokaryotic cell. Notice the internal organelles
are not easily distinguishable.
Bacteria perform many important functions on earth. They
serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an
important role in our own digestive system. Also, bacteria are
involved in many nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen cycle,
which restores nitrate into the soil for plants. Unlike
eukaryotic cells that depend on oxygen for their metabolism,
prokaryotic cells enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions.
For example, some bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen in
their metabolism.

14. Questions Before Slide Show
• Question: Dose anyone know any cells?
• Answer: Animal, Plant, Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic
• Question:________________________________________
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• Answer:_________________________________________
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• Question:________________________________________
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• Answer:_________________________________________
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15. Cell Rap
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
zafJKbMPA8&feature=related