2. Outline
1. The Migration-Development concept
3 R
Debate: positive or negative?
2. The EU’s Migration-Development
approach
Securitarian approach
Shift towards a Migration-Dev. approach
The development of migration approach in the EU-Africa
relations
3. The case study of the Todgha Valley
4. Conclusions
4. 1. The Migration-Dev. Concept
Introduction
Migration-development approach
-- Migration as a tool of development
-- “Migration is no longer simply seen as a failure
of development, but increasingly as an integral
part of the whole process of development with
a potentially important role in the alleviation of
poverty”
(World Bank, 2003)
5. 1. The Migration-Dev. Concept
“3 R”
Recruitment: Worker
recruitment creates
networks linking rural
and urban communities
in sending countries with
specific labour markets
in receiving countries
Remittances: Economic
source for substaining
the daily living, create
investment and improve
the trade balance
Return: The role of the
migrants in the sending
countries
6. 1. The Migration-Dev. Concept
Debate: Positive approach
Transfers of capital
from North to the
South
No “direct” control
by the authorities.
Better allocation of
resources.
Tool for political
change and
mentality
7. 1. The Migration-Dev. Concept
Debate:Negative approach
Depopulation of entire
regions, with privation
of the slightly more
skilled workers.
Create “rentier”
economies
Allow governments to
escape their
responsabilities (safety
valve)
Progressive disinterest
in the countries of
origin
8. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-
Development Nexus
9. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
Securitarian approach
European focus
regarding migration
was based on a
securitarian approach:
-- Improvements of
control capacities for
the admission and
rejection of third
country nationals
-- Use of development
cooperation as a mean
to control immigration
10. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
Why the change?
Shock of the
events in Ceuta
(Sebta) and Melilla
in 2005
Intensification of
migration-development
discourse in the
international
institutions
11. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
Why the change?
Precedents:
ILO: ILO Convention of Migration (1949)
IOM: Migration for Development Programme (1964)
Recent events:
Global Comission on International Migration, 2003: “International
migration has the potential to play a very positive role in the
process of human development, bringing benefits to people in
poorer and more prosperous countries alike”
Global Development Finance Annual Report, World Bank, 2003:
remittances as a source of external development finance
International meeting on migrant remittances in London 2003,
organized by the DfID, the World Bank and the IMP.
Conference on Migration and Development, by the Belgium gov.,
the IOM, the World Bank and the EC, March 2006.
12. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
What type of instruments?
EC-UNDP Joint Migration and
Development Initiative:
Building the capacities of small-scale
actors – local authorities,
NGOs and diaspora groups – to
become more active and effective
in the development opportunities
associated with migration
African Remittances Institute:
Facilitate the effective and safe
sending of remittances
Diaspora Outreach Initiative:
Encourage the diaspora in the
development of Africa
13. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
What type of policies?
Remittances
- Adress to the financial
institutions: Make
easier the sending of
remittances (19–25 %
more expensive in the
African countries)
- Adress to the
beneficiaries:
Encourage the use of
the remittances in
productive sectors
such as SME
14. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
What type of policies?
Avoid brain-draining
- Blue Card Directive: Directive
on the conditions for entry
and residence of third-nationals
for highly qualified
employment
-- EU MS and states of origin can
decide not to apply this
directive in sectors with a
lack of qualified workers in
the countries of origin
-- Blue Card holders are allowed
extended periods of time
outside EU without losing
their resident status, in order
to encourage mobility
15. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev. Nexus
What type of policies?
Migrant rights
-- Legal right of non-discrimination protected by different
institutions (ECJ), and instruments (ECHR, Charter of
Fundamental Rights…) both European and International
-- The possibility of keeping the social security when moving
back to their countries is dependent on multilateral
agreements
16. 2. The EU’s focus on Migration-Dev.
The migration approach with African
countries
Cooperation at
regional level
ACP-EU relations
(Cotonu Agreement,
2000)
Rabat process, 2006
2nd Summit, Lisbon
(2007)
MME Partnership
JAES
Dakar Strategy (2011)
4th Summit, Brussels
(April 2014)
17. 3. The case study of the
Todgha Valley (Morocco)
18. 3. The case study of the Todhga Valley
The specificities of Morocco
2 M. of Moroccans
living in Europe
Morocco is the 4th
larger remittance
receiver
Remittances flow is
five times higher
than development
aid and it exceeds
the incomes from
tourism or FDI
19. 3. The Case study in Todgha Valley
Economic growth
No loss of population
Positive effects in:
-- Agricultural sector
-- Investment
-- Standards of life
-- Inequalities
20. 3. The Case study in Todgha Valley
Modernization of the agricultural sector
Investment in pumps
(15 % of non-immigration
household
vs. 43% of
international migration
households)
New agricultural
frontiers in the desert
(10 % of non-immigration
households vs. 25 %
of international
migration households)
21. 3. The Case study in Todgha Valley
Investment
International immigrants
households represent
68% of the total
investment in private
business.
Investment in low-risk
enterprises
22. 3. The Case study in Todgha Valley
Standards of life
Since 1975, between
80 and 90% of
immigration
households invest in
new houses (compared
with 54% of non
migration households)
Better sanitary
facilities and more
privacy (nuclear
families)
Controversial issue
23. 3. The Case study in Todgha Valley
Inequalities
High inequalities between non-immigration and
immigration householders
Shift from hereditary inequality based on
kinship to an economic-oriented inequality,
based on the access to the immigration
resources
More social mobility and improvement of the
status of certain sectors (women, semi-slaves,
serfs and sharecroppers)
25. 4. Conclusions
Progressive importance of Migration-
Development Nexus in the EU since
2005.
Migration development nexus as a global
problem
The Todgha Valley as a case of success.
27. Questions for debate
Is the migration-development approach used
as a strategy to contribute less with official
development aid (ODA) in third countries?
How do you perceive this nexus in your country
?
Future prospects:
Do the recent events (i.e. Lampedusa or Arab
Spring) reinforce the migration-development
approach?
OR
Does the economic crisis bring the securitarian
approach back?