1. Virechana Karma
Dr Santoshkumar Bhatted
Associate Prof, Dept of Panchakarma
National Institute of Ayurveda
Jaipur
5/30/2013 Presentation by Dr Santoshkumar Bhatted 1

2.  Effective Virechana Oushadhi
Standardization of Virechana Oushadhi on the
basis of Classification
Standardization of dose of Virechana Oushadhi
Assessment of mode of action of Virechana drugs
Assessment of Mridu, Madhyam & Tikshna
Virechana
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3. Virechana dravya- as per potency
 Can be classified as
 Virechaka
 Virechanopaga
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4. Virechana Dravya
Trivruta, Aragvadha, Tilvaka, Snuhi Kshira, Saptala,
Shankhini, Danti, Dravanti
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5. Virechanopaga Dravya
Draksha
Gambhari
Palasa
Hareetaki
Amalaki
Bibheetaki
Kuvala
Badara
Karkandu
Peelu.
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6. Drug wise Virechana Yoga and
their indications
 Charaka has mentioned 245 Virechana Yogas
Shyama Trivrit – All rogas
Aragvadha – Bala, Vriddha, Ksheena,
Jwara, Hridroga
Tilvaka – Vatavyadhi
Snuhi – Pandu, Dusheevisha
Saptala-shankhini – Gulma, Gara
Danti-Dravanti – Krimi, Bhagandara
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7. Trivruta Aragvadha Snuhi
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8. Eranda Jayapal Saptala
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9. Best Virechana dravyas as per the
part used
 Moolam- Shyama
 Twaka- Tilwaka
 Phala- Hareetaki
 Taila- Eranda
 Swarasa - Karavellaka
 Ksheera- Snuhi
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10. Characteristics of Tikshna
Madhyama and Mridu Aushadhi
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11. Preference and safety of use of
Mridu Aushadhi
Use of Mild & less quantity of Aushadha- in
durbala, shodhita, alpadosha, krisha and
ajnyatakoshta
Better to give repeated shodhana in
bahudoshayukta durbala rogi with alpoushadhi
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12. Dose of Virechana Yoga
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13. Doses of Virechana drugs according to
Aushadhi Kalpana and Koshta
Aushadhi
Kalpana
Hina Matra Madhyama Matra Uttama Matra
Kvatha ½ Pala (2
tola)
1 Pala ( 4 tola) 2 Pala (8 tola)
Churna Kalka etc. 1 tola 2 tola 4 tola
According to
Koshţha
Mrdu
Koshţha
Mrdu Matra
(1 tola)
Madhyama
Koshţha
Madhyama Matra
(2 tola )
Krura
Koshţha
Uttama Matra
(3 tola)
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14. Dose of Virechana drug as per
Koshtha
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15. Qualities of Virechana dravya as
per Dosha
 Vata – Snighdha, Ushna, Amla and Lavana
Eg Eranda Taila
 Pitta – Kashaya, Madhura,
Eg Draksha Kashaya, Avipathikar Choorna
 Kapha – Katu Ushna and Tikshna
Eg Trivrut, Triphala, Gomutra
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16. Selection of Virechana Yoga as per
severity of disease and strength of
the patient
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17. Examples of Mridu, Madhyama and Tikshna
Virechana Dravya as per Koshtha
Mridu Koshtha- Draksha Kashaya, Kshira, Aragvadha
Madhyama Koshtha- Trivruta
Krura Koshtha- Snuhi Kshira, Svarnakshiri, Danti
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18. Classification of Virechana dravyas
as per their action on Mala
Anulomana – Hareetaki
Sramsana – Aragvadha
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19. Bhedana – Katuki
Rechana – Trivrut
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20. Virechana Dravya as per their Guna
Rooksha Virechana
Snigdha Virechana
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21. Guidelines for the preparation of
Virechana Dravya
Ishta Rasa, Satmya, Abeebhatsa, Sugandhi, Sudarshana,
Mano-anukula
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22. Guidelines for Potentiating
Virechana Dravya
 Give the Bhavana of Svarasa or of the drugs having
similar Virya
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23. Trivrut Kalpa as per Dosha
 Vata- Trivruta Churna with saindhava, Shunti, with the
anupana of amla dravya or Jangala Mamsarasa
 Pitta- Trivruta Churna with Ghrita, Madhu, Sharkara
anupana with Draksha Kashaya
 Kapha- Trivruta Churna with Trikatu, Panchakola and
Gomutra with the Anupana of Triphala Kvatha, Pilu Rasa
Amla Kanji

24. Trivruta Kalpa as per Dosha
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25. Virechana Yoga(Sahapana/Anupana)as per Dosha
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26. Selection of drug as per Rutu
VARSHA
 Trivrut
 Kutajabeeja
 Pippali
 Nagara
 Mridweeka rasa with Madhu
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27. SHARAD
Trivrut
Duralabha
Mustha
Sharkara
Udeechya, chandana
Draksha, Yashtimadhu - sheetala Kashaya
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28. HEMANTA
Trivrut
Chithraka
Patha
Ajaji, Sarala, Vacha
Swarna ksheeri- with warm water
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29. GRISHMA
Trivrut with Sharkara
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30. Suitable Virechana Yoga for all seasons
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31. Virechana drugs -Mechanism of Action
1. Hydrophilic or osmotic action, retaining water and
electrolytes in the intestinal lumen- increase volume of
colonic content and make it easily expelled.
2. Acting on intestinal mucosa to reduce net absorption of
water and electrolytes, intestinal transit is enhanced
indirectly by the fluid bulk.
3. Increasing propulsive activity as primary action
allowing less time for absorption of salt and water as a
secondary effect.
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32. Classification of Laxatives
 Laxatives
 Promote and facilitate bowel evacuation;
By acting locally to stimulate intestinal peristalsis

 To soften bowel contents, or both.
 Types of Laxatives
A. Bulk laxatives
B. Osmotically Active Laxatives
C. Irritant laxatives—purgatives, cathartics.
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33. Classification of Laxatives
Acc. to laxative effect
1. Slow onset- those which produce softening of stool after
1-3 days of daily use- bulk laxatives, mineral oil,
lactulose, dioctyl sodium succinate.
2. Intermediate onset- those which lead to a soft /semisolid
stool in 6-12 hrs of a single dose- saline laxatives (low
dose), phenolphthalein, bisacodyl (oral), anthraquinone
group.
3. Rapid onset- those which lead to a watery evacuation in
2-6 hrs of a single dose. - Saline laxatives (high dose),
castor oil, bisacodys (rectal).
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34. Bulk laxatives:

 Bulk-producing laxatives are not digested by
the body and therefore add bulk and water to the contents
of the intestines. The added bulk in the intestines
stimulates peristalsis, moves the products of digestion
through the intestine, and encourages evacuation of the
stool.
 Distention of the intestinal wall by
bowel contents stimulates propulsive movements of the
gut musculature (peristalsis). Activation of intramural
mechanoreceptors induces a neurally mediated ascending
reflex contraction (red ) and descending relaxation (blue)
whereby the intraluminal bolus is moved in the anal
direction.

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36. Osmotically Active Laxatives:

 They are soluble but nonabsorbable particles that retain
water in the bowel by virtue of their osmotic action.
 The osmotic pressure (particle
concentration) of bowel contents always corresponds to that of
the extracellular space. The intestinal mucosa is unable to
maintain a higher or lower osmotic pressure of the luminal
contents.
 Therefore, absorption of molecules (e.g.,
glucose, NaCl) occurs isoosmotically, i.e., solute molecules are
followed by a corresponding amount of water.
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37.  Conversely, water remains in the bowel when molecules cannot be
absorbed.
 With Epsom and Glauber’s salts (MgSO4 and Na2SO4, respectively),
the SO4
-2 anion is nonabsorbable and retains cations to maintain
electroneutrality.
 Mg2+ ions are also believed to promote release from the duodenal
mucosa of cholecystokinin/pancreozymin, a polypeptide that also
stimulates peristalsis.
 These so-called saline cathartics elicit a watery bowel discharge
1–3 h after administration (preferably in isotonic solution).
 They are used to purge the bowel (e.g., before bowel surgery) or
to hasten the elimination of ingested poisons.
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39. 
 Osmotic laxative effects are also produced by the polyhydric
alcohols, mannitol and sorbitol, which unlike glucose cannot
be transported through the intestinal mucosa, as well as by the
nonhydrolyzable disaccharide, lactulose.
 Lactulose is used in hepatic failure in order to prevent bacterial
production of ammonia and its subsequent absorption
(absorbable NH3 ! Nonabsorbable NH4 +), so as to forestall
hepatic coma.
 Glauber’s salt (high Na+ content) is contraindicated in
hypertension, congestive heart failure, and edema.
 Epsom salt is contraindicated in renal failure (risk of Mg2+
intoxication).
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40. Irritant laxatives—purgatives, cathartics.
 Laxatives in this group exert an irritant action
on the enteric mucosa. Consequently, less fluid is absorbed
than is secreted. The increased filling of the bowel promotes
peristalsis;

 Excitation of sensory nerve endings elicits
enteral hypermotility.

 According to the site of irritation, one
distinguishes the small bowel irritant castor oil from the
 large bowel irritants anthraquinone and diphenolmethane
derivatives .
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41. Small Bowel Irritant Purgative
 e.g. Ricinoleic Acid (Castor oil )
 Ricinoleic acid, but not the oil itself, is active. It arises as
a result of the regular processes involved in fat digestion.
 Oral administration of 10–30 mL of castor oil is followed
within 0.5 to 3 h by discharge of a watery stool.
 Because of its massive effect, castor oil is hardly suitable
for the treatment of ordinary constipation.
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42. It can be employed after oral ingestion of a toxin in order to hasten elimination and
to reduce absorption of toxin from the gut.
Castor oil is not indicated after the ingestion of lipophilic toxins likely to depend on
bile acids for their absorption.
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It can be employed after oral ingestion of a toxin in order to hasten elimination
and to reduce absorption of toxin from the gut.
Castor oil is not indicated after the ingestion of lipophilic toxins likely to depend
on bile acids for their absorption.

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44. Large Bowel Irritant Purgatives:
Anthraquinone derivatives
 They occur in the leaves (folia sennae) or fruits (fructus sennae)
 of the senna plant, the bark of Rhamnus frangulae and Rh.
purshiana, (cortex frangulae, cascara sagrada), the roots of rhubarb
(rhizoma rhei), or the leaf extract from Aloe species .
 Among other substituents, the anthraquinone nucleus contains
hydroxyl groups, one of which is bound to a sugar(glucose,
rhamnose).

 Following ingestion of galenical preparations or of the
anthraquinone glycosides, discharge of soft stool occurs after a
latency of 6 to 8h.
 The anthraquinone glycosides themselves are inactive but are
converted by colon bacteria to the active free aglycones.
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46. Emollient laxatives:
 They lubricate the intestinal walls and soften the
stool, there by enhancing passage of fecal material. Mineral oil
is an emollient laxative.
 Fecal softeners promote water retention in the fecal mass and
soften the stool.

 One difference between emollient laxatives and
fecal softeners is that the emollient laxatives do not promote
the retention of water in the stool.
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47.  Examples of fecal softeners include docusate sodium
(Colace) and docusate calcium (Surfak).
 Saline laxatives:
 attract or pull water into the
intestine, thereby increasing pressure in the intestine,
followed by an increase in peristalsis.
 Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) is a saline
laxative.
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48. Virechana Dravya Karmukata
Ushna, Teekshna, Sookshma, Vyavayi, Vikashi
oushadhi reach Hridaya by their veerya moves
through dhamanis into sarvashareera
Oushnya- vishyandana of doshasanghata
Taikshnya- vicchindana of doshasanghata
Reach amashaya & propelled out because of prithvi,
jala mahabhootas and adhobhaga prabhava
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49. PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION
OF VIRECHANA
 The Ayurvedic Sodhana Karmas are "Physician induced mild
inflammation".
 Mainly Virechana drugs are quite irritant to the intestinal mucosa , to cause
inflammation.
 Due to this, the permeability of the membrane changes and those substances
come out due to the changed permeability which can not come out in
normal condition.
 The gross signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of
functions.
 These signs occur due to three following changes at microscopic level.
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50. Hyperemia - It occurs due to capillary dilatation and arteriolar
dilatation mechanisms.
Exudation - Exudation is the increased passage of protein rich fluid
through the vessel wall, in the intestinal tissue. The advantageous
result of fluid increases is dilution of toxins.
Increase Permeability: Some chemical factors are also responsible
which increase the permeability in response to acute inflammation.
A.Vasoactive amines:
b.Vaso active polypeptides: These causes
vasodilatation.
c.Miscellaneous agents: like Prostaglandins
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51. Thank You
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