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印度尼西亚镍产业介绍
国家
概况
国家由17,506个岛屿组成,是世界上最大的群岛国家。
印度尼西亚人口超过2.7亿,为世界上人口第四多的国家。全国超过50%的人口是30岁以下青壮年。
2021 年,印尼GDP约合相当于人民币7.5万亿元,占东盟经济总量的40%。
镍矿资源概况
储量2100万金属吨。 2021年产量100万金属吨。居世界第一位。
印尼主要镍矿类型为红土型,主要集中于苏拉 威西岛(大 K 岛),占镍矿总资源的70%~80%,附 近的岛屿(小
K 岛)占镍矿总资源的 20% ~30%。
资料来源:公共网络 USGS
小K岛
大K岛
印尼的优质镍资源主要掌握在三类企业手中:
1)以 ANTAM 和 Harita 集团为代表的本 土企业,手握优质镍矿资源,但冶炼建设能力相对落后;
2)以青山为代表的快速崛起 的中资企业,早期在当地进行镍资源布局,凭借国内先进的冶金能力在当地拥有一席之
地
3)以 Vale 和 Eramet 为首的跨国矿业集团,在印尼项目历史悠久,掌握大量矿 权,但资源开发程度相对较低。
三类企业凭借各自优势在印尼占据一席之地,共同促进 了印尼镍产业链的快速发展。
资料来源:USGS 中金公司
印尼优势 -资源优越+产业链配套完备
1. 与菲律宾相比,印度尼西亚红土镍矿资源丰富、禀赋优越。
储量 - 印尼:2,100 万金属吨,菲律宾:480 万金属吨(2021);
产量 - 印尼:100万金属吨,菲律宾:37万金属吨(2021);
品位 - 印尼: 1.5-2.5% , 菲律宾1.0%-1.7%;
气候 – 菲律宾雨季更长,一年中会季节性地扰动矿厂开工,对生产造成不利影响。
2. 印度尼西亚下游产业链基础配套设施日臻完善。相较菲律宾等其他红土镍矿资源国,印度尼西亚在码头、 电力等基础
设施领域具备比较优势,投资成本相对较低。
3. 从镍矿资源的垄断程度来看,印度尼西亚仍具备较好的介入机遇。不同国家的镍矿行业竞争格局差异 较大,矿权
集中度不同。据安泰科统计,三国集中度指标CR3 分别为 30%、50%、90%,印度尼西亚镍市场更接近竞争市场,行
业壁垒较小,更易进入。
资料来源: 中金公司
4. 印尼矿业政策仍有弹性空间,印度尼西亚镍资源可得性有所提高。
印度尼政府于 2021 年 9 月 第 96 号新矿业法规(简称“GR 96 条例”)。主要内容是在取消了采矿业领域内外资所持
股权比例的限制,并且放宽了外资剥离(撤资) 义务的履行期限。
具体来看:
i)取消采矿业领域内外资所持股权比例的限制。外国公司可以收购并持有一家印度尼西亚矿业公司 100%股份。
ii) 是剥离义务期限延长。一是对于露天采矿方法,满足与冶炼加工设施或开发使用活动相结合条件可延长至投入生产后的
15-20 年内逐渐剥离,不满足的则为 10-15 年内逐渐剥离。
完善了印尼矿业市场的外商投资环境。
中国企业印尼投资的镍冶炼项目梳理
资料来源: 中金公司
全球运营及拟新建、扩建红土镍矿湿法冶炼项目一览 未来新增产能主要集
中在印尼
资料来源:USGS 中金公司
截至2022年中,印尼主要新建湿法项目投资情况
资料来源:USGS 中金公司
红土镍矿高压酸浸项目关键点
资本支出
红土镍矿由于地理分布特征,项目通常地处偏远的岛屿地区,造成基础配套设施(包 括水、电、道路、港口、辅料生产设
施等)投资占比较大,因此已投建的红土镍矿湿法冶 炼项目的资本支出通常较高。
同时由于红土镍矿湿法冶炼技术处于不断完善过程中,早期 投产的项目往往出现投资超支的现象。
资本支出 成本控制
产能爬坡周
期
尾矿处理
当前国内在印尼投建的红土镍矿湿法冶炼项目在以下方面有望实现成本节省:
1)配 套基础设施更完备,现阶段国内在印尼投建的多个红土镍矿湿法冶炼项目均背靠现有工业 园区,有现成的
水厂、电站、码头等基础设施以及石灰石、硫酸等重要辅料生产基地,可实现建设成本的大幅压缩;
2)印尼红土镍矿的矿石品位更高;
3)随着国内在大型高压釜 等关键装备的制造能力提升,设备国产化率提高,设备采购成本更低。
全球主要红土镍矿湿法冶炼项目资本支出情况
资料来源:USGS 中金公司
成本控制
红土镍矿湿法项目的成本与钴副产品价格相关度高。
以 Moa 项目为例,2018 年钴价最 高位时,项目的生产成本仅为 2.24 美元/磅,约合 5000 美元/吨。
在钴价处于相对低位的年份,Moa 项目的生产成本约为 4-5 美元/磅,约合 8000-10000 美元/吨。
2016 年以来受 新能源汽车领域消费拉动,钴价整体抬升,在建的红土镍矿湿法项目有望受益于更高的钴 价
实现生产成本下降。
产能爬坡周期
第三代技术中的代表项目瑞木 2012 年 底投产后,2017 年实现完全达产达标并超产,产能爬坡周期达到 4 年,
是同类项目中爬坡 时间最快、且唯一实现超产的企业,标志着第三代高压酸浸技术的成熟。
HPAL 工艺已经成熟,新投项目产能爬坡周期有望进一步缩短。从全球已建成的红土 镍矿高压酸浸项目运行情况
来看,以瑞木项目为代表的第三代技术可以在相对较短的时间 内实现项目的达产达标甚至是超产,这标志着
HPAL 湿法工艺已经进入成熟期。目前国内 企业在印尼投建的红土镍矿项目多数都采用第三代 HPAL 技术,且技
术成熟度进一步提升。
尾矿处理
红土镍矿湿法项目会产生大量尾矿。红土镍矿的镍含量低,一般在 1.3%以下,因此生 产过程中会产生大量尾矿和废渣,
一个年产 4 万吨镍金属量的红土镍矿湿法项目每年固体 渣生成量将达到 600 万吨。同时高压酸浸的工艺使得尾矿呈现
酸性,因此对尾矿的处理是 红土镍矿湿法项目的技术关键点之一。
印尼镍产业报告.pptx

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