In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and, (in humans), normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the fetal heart pumps deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood through the umbilical arteries back to the placenta.
The blood within the umbilical cord, known as cord blood, is a rich and readily available source of primitive, undifferentiated stem cells (of type CD34-positive and CD38-negative). These cord blood cells can be used for bone marrow transplant.
Some parents choose to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term storage at a cord blood bank should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace bone marrow destroyed when treating leukemia).
In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may be banked and matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs could potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
2. Scheme Of Presentation
History
Umbilical Cord
Types Of Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
Collection Of UBC’s
Preservance Of UBC’s
UBC’S Storage Banks
Companies In Pakistan
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
3. History
First sibling-donor cord blood transplant was
performed in 1988, the National Institute of
Health (NIH) awarded a grant to Dr. Pablo
Rubinstein to develop the world's first cord
blood program at the New York Blood Center
(NYBC).
4. Umbilical Cord
The umbilical cord connects a baby in the womb to
its mother. It runs from an opening in your baby’s
stomach to the placenta in the womb.
The average cord is about 50cm (20 inches) long.
7. Cord Blood Stem Cells
Cord blood comes from a newborn’s umbilical cord
and can be collected immediately after birth.
It contains powerful stem (haematopoietic stem
cells) that have been used to regenerate healthy blood
and immune systems.
8. Cord blood stem cells are currently used to treat a
range of blood disorders and immune system
conditions such as leukaemia , anemia and
autoimmune diseases.
So far, cord blood stem cells have been used in
more than 35,000 transplants worldwide.
9. Cord Tissue Stem Cells
Contains unique and powerful stem cells that may
help repair and heal the body in different ways than
cord blood.
These cells create structural and connective tissue
and are currently being evaluated in 30+ clinical
trials to treat heart disease, stroke and spinal cord
damage, among others.
12. All cell types from a variety of tissues are being
researched to potentially treat 11+ therapeutic areas.
13. Collection Of UBC’s
Method most commonly used in clinical practice
is the "closed technique”.
The technician cannulates the vein of the severed
umbilical cord using a needle that is connected to
a blood bag, and cord blood flows through the
needle into the bag.
On average, the closed technique enables
collection of about 75 ml of cord blood
(Christopher D Et al 2004).
14.
15. How to preserve CB
After the collection, the cord
blood unit is shipped to the lab
and processed, and then
cryopreserved.
Cryoprotectants such
as glycerol or dimethyl
sulphoxide.
After cryogenic protectants
added blood unit should be
placed in freezer or extra cold
vessel .
Eg :- Nitrogen liquid (-196
degree celsius)
16. Storage
Cord blood is stored by both public and private Cord
blood banks.
Benefit of the
general public.
Cost Free.
Public
Use of the donor
or donor's
relatives.
$2000 for
collection and
approximately
$125 per year for
storage.
Private
17. Companies in Pakistan
1- Stem Cells Pakistan
Stem Cells Pakistan – Stem Cells Ltd Pakistan Distributor
Tel : +92 3335608851
Tel : +92 512801480
Mezzanine Floor, Khalid Plaza, Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area
Islamabad
18. 2- Cryo Cell Pakistan
Cryo-Cell Pakistan
Address:
30-C Mezzanine Floor
27th Street
Tauheed Commercial Area
Phase-5 DHA
Karachi, Pakistan 75500
19. Advantages
Cord blood is a rich, natural, controversy-free source of life-
saving stem cells.
The collection of cord blood does not harm the mother or
child, and does not interfere with the birthing process.
Umbilical cord blood has the potential to cure over 80
diseases.
Recent research has shown tremendous potential for
cord blood stem cells to be used in regenerative medicine,
which may cure even more diseases.
Cord blood is readily available when needed, if collected
and banked.
Cord blood stem cells are the “youngest” and most
adaptable form of cells, and the body more readily accepts
the cells into its system.
20. Cord blood has a broader match potential than bone
marrow, which means that the patient and donor do
not have to be a “perfect match.”
Cord blood stem cells are more resistant to
infection, have fewer side effects after the
transplant and require fewer transplant drugs than
bone marrow stem cells.
There are nearly 10 times as many
blood producing cells in cord blood. Studies
suggest that cord blood may also have a better
ability to generate blood cells than bone marrow.
This provides more opportunity for future medical
advancements.
21. Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of cord blood is that
the volume collected is fixed and relatively
small.
Therefore, the number of stem cells available
for transplantation is low compared to the
number of cells that can be collected in
customizable bone marrow or peripheral
blood stem cell harvests.
It’s a very costly in private bank.
Risk of high contamination .
High risk to be miss match genetic typing.
22. Conclusion
Source of stem cells from biological
waste.
Collection of cord stem cells is painless.
Collection of cord stem cells is risk free
to mother and baby.
Cord blood stem cells are much more
tolerant to HLA tissue mismatching than
bone marrow therefore leading to lower
rate.
Cord blood stem cells have a greater
ability to differentiate into other cell
types.
Save Cord blood save your future.
Cord blood stem cells are being used in
the treatment of 40 medical conditions
with over 72 potential disease targets.
