Integrated water resource management in Nepal contest Infrastructure Engineering and Management

1. Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM)
Mukesh Yadav (073MSIM09) (GL)
Deepak Acharya(073MSIM02)
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2. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT(IWRM)
What is IWRM?
“Integrated water resources management is based on the
perception of water as an integral part of the ecosystem, a
natural resource and a social and economic good, whose
quantity and quality determine the nature of its utilization.”
Definition of IWRM
“IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated
development and management of water, land and related
resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and
social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising
the sustainability of vital ecosystems.”
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3. The overall Problem
• Resources under pressure
• Populations under water stress
• The impact of pollution
• Water governance crisis
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4. IWRM as a Process
•IWRM should be viewed as a process rather a one-shot
approach; one that is long-term and forward-moving but
iterative rather than linear in nature.
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6. The Dublin Principles as a Guide to the
Implementation of IWRM
I. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to
sustain life, development and the environment.
II. Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and
policymakers at all levels
III. Women play a central part in the provision, management
and safeguarding of water.
IV. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and
should be recognized as an economic good
• (GWP 2008:13)
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7. Integrating the three E’s
The IWRM framework
• Economic efficiency in water use: water must be used with
maximum possible efficiency;
•(Social) Equity: The basic right for all people to have access to
water (Quality and Quantity)
•Environmental and ecological sustainability: The present use
of the resource should be managed for future too.
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8. IWRM (NEPAL OVERVIEW)
KARNALI CATCHMENT AREA - 43,679 KM2
94% WITHIN NEPAL
AVG. DISCHARGE - 1,397 M3/S
MAHAKALI CATCHMENT AREA-15,260 KM2
34 % WITHIN NEPAL
AVG. DISCHARGE - 573 M3/S
• NEPAL CONTRIBUTES ABOUT 70 % OF THE GANGES FLOW IN
DRY SEASONS
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9. CONT…
• TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA - 1,94,471 SQ. KM
DRAINAGE AREA WITHIN NEPAL – ABOUT 76 %
33 RIVERS HAVE DRAINAGE AREA MORE THAN 1,000 SQ.
KM.
• AVG. ANNUAL PRECIPITATION - 1530 MM
• TOTAL SURFACE WATER - 220 BILLION M3
• NEPAL POSSESSES ABOUT 2.27 % OF WORLD FRESH WATER
• RECHARGEABLE GROUND WATER - 5.8 TO 11.5 BILLION M3
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10. CONT…
• OUT OF REMAINING 36 % OF RAINFALL, SOME RETAINED IN THE
FORM OF SNOW AND ICE AND SOME INFILTRATE TO GROUND
WATER RESERVOIR
• 80 % OF RAINFALL IN SUMMER (SOUTH-WESTERLY MONSOON
JUNE - SEPTEMBER )
• 20 % OF RAINFALL IN WINTER ( OCTOBER - MAY )
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11. WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION
• IRRIGATION
• DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
• HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
• RECREATION
• WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (PRESERVATION)
– PROTECTION OF AQUATIC AND NATURAL HABITAT
• TRADITIONAL AND COMMERCIAL FISHING
• NAVIGATION
• CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS PURPOSES
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13. IRRIGATION
• CULTIVATED AREA : 26,42,000 HA (18 % OF LAND AREA)
POTENTIAL IRRIGABLE AREA : 66 % OF CULTIVATED AREA
PRESENT STATUS
42 % OF CULTIVATED AREA HAS SOME SORT OF IRRIGATION
17 % CULTIVATED AREA HAS YEAR - ROUND IRRIGATION
• IN TERAI IRRIGATED AREA: 8,89,000 HA
82 % BY SURFACE IRRIGATION
18 % BY GROUND WATER (TUBE WELLS)
• EXISTING IRRIGATION SYSTEM CONTRIBUTE 33 % OF COUNTRY’S CURRENT AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION
• BY 2027, IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND WILL GROW BY 185 % AS OF TODAY (FROM 13 MILL
M3 TO 37 MILL M3)
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14. DRINKING WATER
• BY 1970
6 % OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AREA HAD ACCESS TO A
PROTECTED
WATER SOURCE
AT PRESENT
 66 % OF THE POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
BY THE YEAR 2027
• DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION WOULD GROW FROM ABOUT 800 TO
1800 MILL M3 PER YEAR (125 %)
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15. HYDROPOWER
• HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL (THEORETICAL)
: 83,000MW
•TECHNO-ECONOMICALLY VIABLE :
43,000MW
– STORAGE POTENTIAL 49 %
– R-O-R POTENTIAL 51 %
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16. TOOLS OF IWRM
IWRM
WRA
SIA
EIA
PA
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17. WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (WRA)
IT SERVES AS A TOOL FOR ACCESSING QUALITY
AND QUANTITY INFORMATION OF WATER
RESOURCE, EXTENT, DEPENDABILITY OF WATER
FOR THEIR UTILIZATION AND CONTROL
IT IS DONE BY COLLECTING HYDROLOGICAL
DATA, PHYSIOGRAPHIC DATA AND REFERRING
RELATED ACTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS AND
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18. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA)
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT INCLUDES THE
PROCESSES OF ANALYZING, MONITORING AND
MANAGING THE INTENDED AND UNINTENDED
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, BOTH POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE
PURPOSE IS TO BRING ABOUT A MORE
SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE BIOPHYSICAL AND
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19. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
(EIA)
MANAGEMENT TOOL WHICH IS COMBINATION OF ART AND SCIENCE
IDENTIFYING AND PREDICTING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN NATURE
HELPS IN DECISION MAKING WITH RESPECT TO PREVENTION
MITIGATION AND REDUCTION OF POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION OF
THE NATURAL RESOURCES
HELPS TO GET ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION DURING PLANNING BY
PREDICTING AND IDENTIFYING THE IMPACTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
ALONG WITH REFERRING RELATED ACTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS AND
GUIDELINES.
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20. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT(PA)
• PROCESS THAT INVOLVES AN ASSESSMENT OR
AN ANALYSIS OF WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED AND
FORMS A BASIS FOR PROJECT/INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING, POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT,
PERFORMANCE AGREEMENTS AND
DEVELOPMENT PLANS
• NEEDS BASELINE INFORMATION,
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21. IWRM IN NEPALESE CONTEXT
• NATIONAL WATER PLAN (NWP), A KEY POLICY HAS THE OBJECTIVE TO
OPERATIONALIZE THE OUTPUTS OF GOVERNMENT ENDORSED WATER
RESOURCE STRATEGY (WRS).
• IWRM HAS BEEN IMPOSED IN PLACES WHERE IT MAY NOT YET BE RIPE FOR
IMPLEMENTATION
• IN PARTICULAR, IT LOOKS AT HOW THE IWRM CONCEPT WAS INTRODUCED AS
AN IDEAL SET OF CONCEPTS INTO NATIONAL POLICY DOCUMENTS WITHOUT
REFLECTING ON ITS RELEVANCE, APPLICABILITY, OR DESIRABILITY
• THIS REQUIRES FIRST A COMMON VISION AND SHARED UNDERSTANDING OF
WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES AMONG MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS IN NEPAL
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22. CONT…
• KEY POLICY DOCUMENTS
– WATER RESOURCES STRATEGY (WRS) APPROVED
IN 2002
– NATIONAL WATER PLAN
OBJECTIVE:
– MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE
COUNTRY IN AN INTEGRATED MANNER
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23. VEHICLE TO IWRM
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24. CONT….
• INTEGRATION
– FORMATION OF WATER USERS GROUP IN EACH SUB-RIVER BASIN
– FORMATION OF SUB-BASIN COMMITTEE - REPRESENTATIVE FROM
WATER USER GROUP (AS EXECUTIVE BODY)
– EXISTING DISTRICT WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEE (DWRC) -
RESTRUCTURED TO CARRY OUT RESPONSIBILITY OF IWRM
– CONSTITUTE RIVER BASIN TO IMPROVE IWRM POLICIES,
GUIDELINES, PROVIDE ADVICE AND SUPPORT TO RIVER BASIN
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25. CONT…..
COORDINATION
• INTEGRATED NATIONAL WATER PLANNING, POLICY
ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION AND
MECHANISMS
• DWRC AT DISTRICT LEVEL, RESPONSIBLE TO COORDINATE
ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
• PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS FOR OPTIMAL USE OF WATER
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26. CONT…
EQUITY
• EQUITY, WOMEN PARTICIPATION, AND SOCIAL INCLUSION
POLICIES ARE COUNTRY’S COMMITMENT TO SHARED GROWTH.
ADEQUATE POLICIES TO BE DEVELOPED FOR INSPIRING
STAKEHOLDERS ENTHUSIASM AND POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN
DECISION MAKING PROCESS TO ENSURE IWRM.
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27. EXISTING POLICY TOWARDS IWRM
• CONCEPT OF IWRM HAS YET TO BE LEGALLY ADOPTED
• HMGN HAS COMMITTED DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES THROUGH
IWRM CONCEPT
PROVISION IN HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT POLICY, 2001
• CONSIDER WHOLE RIVER BASIN AS BASIS OF WATER RESOURCE
UTILIZATION
• ADOPT A BROADER PERSPECTIVE IN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
OF WATER RESOURCES IN AN INTEGRATED MANNER
WATER RESOURCES STRATEGY, 2002
• REALIZED THE NEED OF ADOPTING AN INTEGRATED NATIONAL WATER
RESOURCES POLICY
• IRRIGATION POLICY, 2003
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28. EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
• INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN POLICY, PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS
 NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (APEX BODY); NATIONAL ,PLANNING
COMMISSION; WATER AND ENERGY COMMISSION; WATER AND ENERGY COMMISSION SECRETARIAT
ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND EXECUTION LEVEL MINISTRIES
 MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES; MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING AND WORKS
o DEPARTMENT LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION; DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENT; DEPARTMENT OF
WATER INDUCED DISASTER PREVENTION; DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION; AND
NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
• VARIOUS COMMUNITY BASED USER GROUPS AND PRIVATE SECTOR ARE PARTICIPATING IN
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
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29. CONCLUSION
• THERE IS NO UNIFORM SET OF STANDARD IWRM FRAMEWORK, WHICH CAN BE
APPLIED TO EACH AND EVERY COUNTRY; RATHER THE DESIGNING
INSTITUTIONS UNDER IWRM ARE FLEXIBLE TO SUIT THE LOCAL CONTEXT
• HOW TO DESIGN APPROPRIATE WATER INSTITUTIONS FOR A COUNTRY BASED
ON IWRM PRINCIPLES IS STILL A TRICKY QUESTION IN THE LITERATURE OF
WATER RESOURCES
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30. CONT…
• INCREASES IN INTER SECTORAL COMPETITION
• INTER SECTORAL WATER CONFLICTS
• HOLISTIC VIEW ON WATER
• CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT
• INCREASING VALUE OF WATER
• PRIORITIZE ALLOCATIONS
• GREATER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
• SAFEGUARDING THE INTEREST OF THE POOR AND DISADVANTAGED
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31. REFERENCES
1. HTTP://WWW.TANDFONLINE.COM/DOI/FULL/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020999
2. HTTP://WWW.NEPJOL.INFO/INDEX.PHP/HN/ARTICLE/VIEW/14645
3. HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM.NP/URL?SA=T&RCT=J&Q=&ESRC=S&SOURCE=
WEB&CD=1&SQI=2&VED=0AHUKEWIDKVOS1TJUAHWKO48KHQBGCZ8QFGGIM
AA&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FUNSTATS.UN.ORG%2FUNSD%2FENVACCOUNTIN
G%2FWORKSHOPS%2FDOMREPUBLIC2007%2FBAHAMAS.PPT&USG=AFQJCN
GINXTZJAQEOS73SRUPP394QMNHPQ&CAD=RJA
4. HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/INTEGRATED_WATER_RESOURCES_MANAG
EMENT
5. HTTP://WWW.MYREPUBLICA.COM/NEWS/12403/
6. HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATION/298428299_INTEGRATED_
WATER_RESOURCE_MANAGEMENT_IWRM_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_DURLUNG_W
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32. STRATEGY, POLICIES, ACTS AND
REGULATIONS
RELATED TO WATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
• WATER RESOURCES STRATEGY 2002
• HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT POLICY 2001
• IRRIGATION POLICY 2003
• NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY SECTOR POLICY 1998
• WATER RESOURCES ACT 1992
• WATER RESOURCES REGULATION 1993
• ELECTRICITY ACT 1992
• ELECTRICITY REGULATION 1993
• FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACT 1992
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1997
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REGULATION 1997
• LOCAL SELF GOVERNANCE ACT 1998
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