14. PATIENT PREPARATION
• Ensure that all metal objects are removed from the patient, e.g. hair clips and
hairpins.
• Bunches of hair often produce artefacts and thus should be untied.
• False teeth containing metal and metal dental bridges should be removed.
17. CRANIUM - LATERAL
• Semiprone
IOML is parallel to cassette
Central ray : perpendicular ,
5cm superior to EAM
18. CRANIUM – LATERAL DORSAL
DECUBITUS
• Position : supine
Interpupillary line perpendicular
to cassette
Central ray: perpendicular 5cm
superior to EAM
22. CALDWELL METHOD
• PA AXIAL projection
• Position : prone/seated
OML perpendicular to cassette
Central ray - directed to exit
nasion 15 degree caudad
23. • PETROUS PYRAMID
PROJECTED IN LOWER
THIRD OF ORBITS
• POSTERIOR ETHMOID AIR
CELLS
• CRISTA GALLI
• FRONTAL SINUSES
25. CRANIAL BASE -SCHULLER METHOD
• Submentovertical projection
position: IOML parallel to cassette
Central ray -perpendicular to IOML
between angles of the mandible
2cm anterior to level EAM
28. SELLATURCICA
• LATERAL PROJECTION
• Position: semiprone/ seated
• IOML parallel to cassette
• Central ray : perpendicular 2 cm anterior
and superior to EAM
29. • SHAPE OF SELLA , DORSUM
SELLA AND CLINOID
PROCESSES.
• SPHENOID SINUS
• NEUROCRANIUM FOR
CALCIFICATION
31. ORBITPARIETO-ORBITAL OBLIQUE
PROJECTION (RHESE METHOD)
• Position : semiprone / seated
• AML perpendicular to cassette
• Mid-sagittal plane 53 degree
with cassette
• Central ray :perpendicular, 2.5
cm superior and posterior to
upsideTEA
32. • SUPERIOR ORBITAL MARGIN
• LATERAL ORBIT MARGIN
• OPTIC CANAL AND FORAMEN
• MEDIAL ORBITAL MARGIN
• LESSERWING OF SPHENOID
• ETHMOID SINUS
• INFERIOR ORBITAL MARGIN
34. FACIAL BONES- LATERAL
• Position: semiprone / seated
• Mid-sagittal plane parallel to
cassette
• Central ray : perpendicular,
between outer canthus and
EAM
39. NASAL BONES- LATERAL
• Position : seated / semiprone
• Mid-sagittal plane parallel to
cassette
• Central ray : perpendicular to
bridge of nose , 1.3 cm distal
to nasion
40. • NASAL BONE
• FRONTONASAL SUTURE
• ANGLE BETWEEN NASAL AND
FRONTAL BONES
• DENSITIES/ LUCENCIES
• CONTOURS
• SOFTTISSUE
43. PARANASAL SINUSES
• PA AXIAL PROJECTION- CALDWELL
• PARIETOCANTHAL PROJECTION- WATER’S
• PARIETOCANTHAL PROJECTION –WATER’S WITH OPEN MOUTH
44. CALDWELL METHOD
• PA axial projection
• CALDWELL METHOD
• Position : extend patient’s
head
IOML forms 15 degree with
horizontal central ray
Central ray : horizontal – exit at
nasion
46. Maxillay sinuses –WATERS METHOD
• Parietocanthal projection
• Position:hyperextend patient’s
neck
• OML forms 37 degree to cassette
• MML is perpendicular to cassette
• Central ray: perpendicular- exit at
the acanthion
48. Maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses- OPEN
MOUTHWATER’S
• Parietocanthal projection
• OPEN MOUTHWATERS
• Position: OML 37 degree to
cassette
• MML not perpendicular
• Mouth open
• Central ray: : perpendicular- exit
acanthion
52. • SHAPE – A LOW ARCH BROADENED
AT BOTH ENDS
• STRUCTURE AND CONTOUR OFTHE
ZYGOMATIC ARCH
• SKULL AND FACIAL SKELETON
• SOFTTISSUE
53. MAY METHOD
• Tangential projection/ MAY method
• Position: prone/upright
Neck extended-rest chin on cassette
Mid-sagittal plane rotated 15 degree
away from side being examined
Central ray : perpendicular to IOML-
3.8cm posterior to outer canthus
54. • SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF
ZYGOMATIC ARCH
• SOFTTISSUES
56. MANDIBLE -AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE
PROJECTION
• Position: long axis of of
mandibular body parallel to
cassette
• Central ray : 25 degree cephalad-
to pass through the mandible
region of interest
57. • RAMUS: head in true lateral
position
• BODY : rotate head – 30 degree
towards cassette
• SYMPHYSIS : rotate head – 45
degree toward cassette
60. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
AP AXIAL PROJECTION
• Position : flex neck – OML is
perpendicular to cassette
• Central ray : 35 degree caudad ,
midway betweenTMJs, 7.5 cm
above nasion
63. • Mandibular fossa
• Articular tubercle
• External auditory meatus
• Condyle of the mandible
64. ORTHOPANTOMOGRAPHY
• Panoramic tomography, pan
tomography, and rotational
tomography
• The x-ray tube and the IR rotate in
the same direction around the
seated and immobilized patient
65. • ORBITS AND ZYGOMA
• JAWS- HARMONIOUS CURVE
• NOSE – SEPTUM
• MAXILLARY SINUSES
• TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT AND MANDIBULAR ANGLE
• DENTITION
• SOFTTISSUES
67. PETROMASTOID PORTION – SCHULLER’S
METHOD
• Axial lateral projection
Position: Prone or supine
IOML parallel to cassette
Central ray : Directed to exit
EAM closest to cassette 25
degree caudad.
69. PETROMASTOID PORTION –TOWNE
METHOD
• AP Axial
• Position: Supine/Upright, neck
flexed
• OML perpendicular to cassette
• Central ray 300 caudad to OML
71. PETROMASTOID PORTION- LAWSVIEW
• AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE
• Position- head in a true lateral.
• IOML parallel to cassette.
• Central ray -Directed at an angle of 15
degrees caudad and 15 degrees
anteriorly
72. • MASTOID ANTRUM
• MASTOID AIR CELLS
• SUPERIMPOSED INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUSES
• MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
• MASTOID PROCESS
• SOFTTISSUES
73. PETROMASTOID PORTION -STENVERS
VIEW
• AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE-
POSTERIOR PROFILE
• prone position, or seated . Head 45
degrees to the cassette
• Central ray-Directed 12 degrees
cephalad.
74. • CALVARIA
• PETROUS BONE
• EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS
• INTERNAL ACOUSTIC CANAL
• ARCUATE EMINENCE
• MASTOID CELL AND MASTOID PROCESS
• MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
• SOFTTISSUES
75. Styloid process –CAHOON METHOD
• PA axial
• Rest forehead on cassette
• OML perpendicular to cassette
• Central ray : nasion – 25 degree
cephalad
77. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Ballinger Philip, Frank Eugene, Merill’s Atlas of Radiographic positions and
Radiologic Procedures , 9th edition , Missouri , Mosby Publication 1999 , 1-
44, 380-465.
• Whitley Stewart, Sloane Charles, Hoadle Graham, Moore Adrian , Clark’s
Positioning in Radiography 12th edition, London, Arnold publication
2005,20-47
• Adam A, Dixon A K, Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic radiology, A textbook
of Medical Imaging, 5th edition, China, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone,2008
• Moeller BTorston, Normal findings in Radiology, New york ,Thieme,2000,P
1-34.