1.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
OpenGLAM – An Introduction
Beat Estermann, 25. Februar 2016, Graz, « Vernetzte Welten »
Archäologiemuseum des Universalmuseums Joanneum, Graz (Thilo Parg, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 3.0)
Wo nicht anders vermerkt, unterstehen die Inhalte dieser Präsentation der CC-by-sa 4.0 Lizenz. Bitte Markenrechte auf Logos beachten.

2.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
OpenGLAM
• Goals
• Principles

3.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Let’s engage global audiences!
(go where the people are!)

4.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Let’s improve the discoverability and
inter-connection of collections
Linking Open Data cloud diagram 2014,
by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. http://lod-cloud.net/ CC BY-SA 3.0

5.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Let’s create new possibilities for
participation by users / visitors
Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Swiss National Library,
Simon Schmid, Fabian Scherler - CC-BY-SA

6.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Let’s facilitate the re-use of heritage items
and the information about them

7.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
1. Release digital information about the artefacts (metadata) into
the public domain using an appropriate legal tool such as the
Creative Commons Zero Waiver.
2. Keep digital representations of works for which copyright has
expired (public domain) in the public domain by not adding new
rights to them.
3. When publishing data make an explicit and robust statement of
your wishes and expectations with respect to reuse and repurposing
[…]
4. When publishing data use open file formats which are machine-
readable.
5. Opportunities to engage audiences in novel ways on the web
should be pursued.
Full version with examples: http://openglam.org/principles/
The 5 OpenGLAM Principles

8.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Where Do We Stand Today?
• Selected Results of the OpenGLAM Benchmark Survey
Source: Estermann, Beat (2015) Diffusion of Open Data and Crowdsourcing among Heritage
Institutions. Based on data from Finland, Poland, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. Paper
Presented at the EGPA 2015 Conference, held on 26-28 August 2015 in Toulouse, France.
http://survey.openglam.ch
9
countries
Some of the following graphics are derived from more recent analyses, based on
data from 9 countries: Brazil, Bulgaria, Finland, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal,
Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Ukraine.

9.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Early Adopters
13.5%
Shareofinstitutions(%)
Innovators
2.5%
Early Majority
34%
Late Majority
34%
Laggards
16%
Research Questions
Where do heritage institutions stand with regard to…
…Open Data?
…Linked Data / Semantic Web?
…Digitization
…Open Content?
…Engaging Audiences on the Internet
…Collaborative Content Creation
What are the perceived risks and opportunities? (drivers vs. hindering factors)
What are the expected benefits?
What are the differences between different types of heritage institutions?
A further goal of the “OpenGLAM Benchmark Survey” are international comparisons:
In what ways does the situation in the different countries vary?
Awareness Evaluation AdoptionTrialInterest
Innovation Diffusion Model,
Everett Rogers, 1962

10.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Bulgaria, Brazil, Finland, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, all institution types combined, N = 1030.
Cases with «stagnation» / «discontinuance» have been ignored.
Proportionofinstitutions(%)
Innovators
2.5%
Early Majority
34%
Late Majority
34%
Early Adopters
13.5%
Laggards
16%
Collaborative content creation
Social media
Open content
Digitization
Linked data
Open data
Advanced implementation
Adoption
Trial
Evaluation
Interest
No interest
Everett Roger’s Diffusion of
Innovation Model
9
countries
Diffusion of Innovative Practices among Heritage Institutions

11.
35%
6%
42%
13%
47%
17%
17%
6%
55%
19%
61%
15%
51%
23%
27%
10%
71%
11%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Open data Linked data /
semantic web
Digitization Open content Social media Collaborative content
creation
Archives
Museums
Libraries
N = 1030
Adoption Rates According to Institution Type
9
countries

12.
26%
23%
18%
30%
38%
24% 28%
33% 33%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG BR CH FI NL NZ PL PT UA
Open data
N = 1030
Adoption Rates – Country Comparison
9
countries

13.
11%
12%
4%
6%
10%
9%
6%
19%
11%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG BR CH FI NL NZ PL PT UA
Linked data / semantic web
N = 1030
Adoption Rates – Country Comparison
9
countries

14.
42%
50%
44%
58%
71%
50%
38% 39% 39%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG BR CH FI NL NZ PL PT UA
Digitization
N = 1030
Adoption Rates – Country Comparison
9
countries

15.
16%
17%
12%
15%
31%
12%
12%
17% 15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG BR CH FI NL NZ PL PT UA
Open content
N = 1030
Adoption Rates – Country Comparison
9
countries

16.
74%
66%
34%
74%
70%
71%
75%
58%
75%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG BR CH FI NL NZ PL PT UA
Social media
N = 1030
Adoption Rates – Country Comparison
9
countries

17.
16%
19%
8%
26%
17%
9% 13%
11%
26%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG BR CH FI NL NZ PL PT UA
Collaborative content creation
N = 1030
Adoption Rates – Country Comparison
9
countries

18.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Independent
Variable(s)
Open Data Linked Data Digitization Open Content
Social Media
Use
Collab. Cont.
Creation
Country
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Institution Type
++
Typical Objects
+ ++
Main Users
Geographical
Reach ++
Size (paid FTE)
++
Size (revenues)
Pct of Volunters
in Workforce ++ +
Revenue Sources
Form of
Organization +
Number of
Metadata Types ++ ++ ++ +
Skills / Skills
Acquisition ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++
Attitudes reg.
Open Content + ++
Ordinal Logistic Regression – Synthesis of Results
9
countries

19.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
9
countries
Social Media Digitization
Open Content
Open Data
Collaborative
Content Creation
Linked Data
5-99% volunteers >
100% volunteers
reach
size (revenues)
institutional
funding from
public funds
library > archive museum > library
library
100% volunteers
> less than 5% vol.
two-dimensional
visual resources
overall skills level
Number of
channels used to
acquire skills
overall satisfaction
with skills
acquisition
number of
metadata types
PL, CH
archival
resources
ready to make
content freely
available for non-
profit projects BR > NZ
NL
CH, BR > UA
BG, BR, NL, UA > PL
Commercial
organization
institutional
funding from
private funds
text-based resources
archival resources
natural resources
digital interactive
resources
organizational
maturity
Factors influencing the adoption of Internet-related practices
positive impact
negative impact

20.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Attitudes: Conditions for Releasing Content
N = 457

21.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Digitization Today – Country Comparison
1%
17%
0%
30%
50%
10%
2%
6%
1%
7%
0% 0%
2%
10%
1%
10%
5%
10%
13%
50%
10%
50%
25%
50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Text based
resources (365)
Two-dimensional
visual resources
(357)
Archival resources
(281)
Three-dimensional
man-made
movable objects
(314)
Natural resources
(47)
Geography based
resources (119)
Time based
resources (220)
Percentage of resources already digitized by the average institution (median)
(N is indicated for each object type; the values for natural resources are not shown due to the small sample size)
Finland
Poland
Switzerland
The Netherlands

22.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Digitization in 5 Years – Country Comparison
3%
45%
10%
50% 50%
30%
12%
30%
15%
35%
28%
20%
10%
50%
10%
50%
45%
50%50%
80%
25%
80%
40%
50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Text based
resources (318)
Two-dimensional
visual resources
(317)
Archival resources
(251)
Three-dimensional
man-made movable
objects (279)
Natural resources
(39)
Geography based
resources (99)
Time based
resources (196)
Percentage of resources expected to be digitized in 5 years by the average institution (median)
(N is indicated for each object type; the values for natural resources are not shown due to the small sample size)
Finland
Poland
Switzerland
The Netherlands

23.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Open Content Today – Country Comparison
3%
5% 3%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percentage of resources already made available as open content by the average institution (median)
(N is indicated for each object type; the values for natural resources are not shown due to the small sample size;
“0%” value tags have been suppressed)
Finland
Poland
Switzerland
The Netherlands

24.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Open Content in 5 Years – Country Comparison
0%
5%
2%
5%
10%
1%
3%5%
8%
2%
10%
30%
0% 0%0%
5%
0%
5%
10%
0%
5%
15%
50%
20%
25%
18%
10%
19%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percentage of resources expected to be made available as open content in 5 years by the average institution
(median)
(N is indicated for each object type; the values for natural resources are not shown due to the small sample size)
Finland
Poland
Switzerland
The Netherlands

25.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Copyright Clearance as a Prerequisite for Open Content
Note: The data may be somewhat biased as it does - by definition - not include the data from
institutions who weren’t able to provide numbers regarding the copyright status of their objects.
31% 29%
47%
42%
59%
44%
18%
28%
27% 35%
35%
40%
29%
37%
37%
50%
33% 23%
10% 12%
8%
13%
34%
15%
8% 13% 8% 7% 4% 6%
11%
6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
What is the copyright situation of the objects in your collection?
(average percentages for each object type; N is indicated for each object type)
copyright status unknown
copyright controlled by third parties
copyright controlled by the institution
public domain

26.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Driving and Hindering Factors of Open Content and Crowdsourcing
Driving Factors1 Hindering Factors1
Open Content Improving the visibility of the institution
and its holdings
Making content more easily available for
existing users and attract new users
Facilitating networking among
institutions
Improving interactions with users
Doing a better job at fulfilling the
institution’s core mission
Extra time effort and expenses
(digitization, documentation, rights
clearance)
Feeling of loss of control
Wish to prevent commercial use of
content by third parties without due
compensation
Technical issues and insufficient staff
skills
Crowdsourcing Intention to get access to external
expertise and to have certain tasks
carried out by volunteers
Quest for an improved relationship with
users/visitors (trust, loyalty, public
ownership and responsibility)
Extensive preparation and follow-up
Difficulties to estimate the time scope;
low planning security; continuity of data
maintenance is not guaranteed
1 Factors which are of relevance for more than 50% of responding institutions

27.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
«Let’s do it!» – «But how?»

28.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
▶ Put reproductions of «your» public domain works on the Internet in
high resolution formats and mark them as «public domain» works,
so that others can re-use them and build upon them!
▶ In case of doubt regarding the legal situation, consult the Public
Domain FAQ (Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property):
▶ “If a work is in the public domain, it can be used in any way desired – this means
reproduced (copied), edited, distributed, etc. – without permission.”
▶ “The individuality required for copyright protection is commonly lacking for
reproductions which are as true as possible to the original.”
▶ “If a person or institution knows that a work is in the public domain and still
claims copyright to it, this is so-called intentional deception.”
Respect the public domain and
facilitate access to it
Source: https://www.ige.ch/en/service/frequently-asked-questions/copyrights/public-domain.html

29.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
▶ Apply «free» copyright licenses to:
▶ biographical information
▶ publications referring to
your collections
▶ any other type of content that others may want to re-use
▶ Creative Commons offers two possibilities to «freely» license
copyrighted content (note: «free» as in «freedom» not as in «beer»):
▶ Avoid using «non commercial» or
«no derivative» restrictions
▶ Use the Creative Commons Zero Waiver
to publish your metadata
Apply «free» copyright licenses to your content
www.creativecommons.org

30.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
▶ Metadata Aggregators
▶ Europeana
▶ Archives Portal Europe
▶ International Inventory of Musical Sources
▶ Swiss Open Government Data Portal
▶ Content Platforms
▶ Wikimedia Commons
▶ Flickr – The Commons
▶ Internet Archive
Make your data/content available through open
data/content platforms

31.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
"We are doing the same thing,
for the same reason,
for the same people,
in the same medium.
Let's do it together!!
LiamWyatt
WIKI-
Cooperate with the Wikipedia/Wikimedia
Community
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Schweiz

32.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
▶ In March and April 2013 Zentralbibliothek Zürich uploaded ca. 100 images
from their prints and photography collection to Wikimedia Commons
▶ By the end of April 2014, 56 out of 96 uploaded files (58%) have been used in
159 Wikipedia articles belonging to 42 different language versions of Wikipedia
▶ In April 2014 these 159 Wikipedia articles were viewed over 500’000 times
Source: http://tools.wmflabs.org/glamtools/baglama2/
Measure the impact and talk about it…
Zürich, Sechseläuten fire around 1900. Anonymous
artist, Public Domain (Wikimedia Commons).
Chamonix. Crossing the Sea of ​​Ice, between 1902 and 1904.
Anonymous artist, Public Domain (Wikimedia Commons).
The Iron Bridge across the Thur, view from east
from Regensdorf, 1857. Jakob Eggli, Public
Domain (Wikimedia Commons).
WP-de: Schweizerische Nordostbahn WP-fr: Chamonix-Mont-Blanc;
Recul des glaciers depuis 1850
WP-ru: Шестизвонье

33.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Get involved with your local OpenGLAM Community!
Open Cultural Data Hackathon at the Swiss National Library (Feb.2015)
Photo: Swiss National Library, Simon Schmid, Fabian Scherler – CC by-sa
Open Cultuur Data (Netherlands), CC by-sa
Hackathons…
Master Classes…
Survey…
Lobbying…

34.
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Contact
Bern University of Applied Sciences
E-Government Institute
Beat Estermann
beat.estermann@bfh.ch
031 848 34 38
http://openglam.ch – Swiss OpenGLAM Working Group (opendata.ch)
http://openglam.org – International OpenGLAM Working Group (Open Knowledge)