5. TYPES OF ASEPSIS MEDICAL SURGICAL TYPES OF STERILIZATION -- it is said to have no living organism in or on the object -- prevents spread of disease from one person to another. A. BOILING
6. B. GAS AUTOCLAVE C. STEAM AUTOCLAVE D. CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS
8. What nursing measure is considered the most important way to prevent the spread of infection? TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION Reservoir -- any environment that an organism can survive and reproduce -- Fomite When are you the most contagious? Why? Handwashing -- inanimate objects 1. Carrier 2. Healthy carrier 3. Convalescent carrier 4. Incubatory carrier
9. Portal of Exit -- Vector Portal of Entry -- Most infectious agent are restricted to only one portal of entry Mode of Transmission -- an insect or animal that transfers an infectious agent from one host to another 1. Direct contact 2. Indirect contact 3. Droplet 4. Vectors
10. Susceptibility of the Host Resistance to infection VIRULENCE -- age -- nutrition -- presence of other diseases -- host’s immune system -- influenced by: -- age -- state of nutrition -- hormones -- adequate blood supply to infected area -- location of the infection -- effective immune system -- how powerful the organism is to produce disease
15. 1. VASCULAR RESPONSE a. Vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation b. Release of Histamine c. Heat and redness now apparent 2. FLUID EXUDATE a. H 2 O, protein , glucose , electrolytes move into interstitial spaces. b. Causes swelling & pain c. Function 1. Brings more nutrients to site for healing 2. Dilutes bacterial toxins 3. Transports cells needed for phagocytosis 3. CELLULAR EXUDATE ---White blood cells move into area to kill any microorganisms & to remove debris. ----Either healing occurs or if inflammatory response is not successful, the infection spreads
16. Complements -- a group of proteins in the blood that influence the inflammatory process & serve as mediator in the antigen-antibody reaction Invasion by Pathogens Nonspecific defense First-line barriers Skin & mucous membranes Fluids Chemicals Nonspecific defense Second-line barriers Chemical action complement & interferon Phagocytosis Inflammation Specific defense Lymphocytes & macrophages Cell-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity
17. What is the difference between and infection and an inflammation? -- Infection – invasion of the body by a microorganism -- Inflammation – the body’s response to an invasion or trauma Three things happen when an organism enters the body: 1. Body will eliminate the pathogen 2. The pathogen will reside without disease 3. The pathogen will cause an infectious disease
18. Identification of Organisms CBC, WBC, and Differential Count ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or Sed rate) -- indicates inflammatory process Skin Test – Patch Test – Interdermal Test --Material injected intradermally & reaction is read in 48 to 72 hours -- Positive reaction means organism has entered the body , but does not mean you are actively infected. -- Done for Histoplasmosis, mumps, diphtheria, tuberculosis
25. Communities prevent the outbreak of disease by: 1. Isolation 2. Quarantine 3. Setting standards 4. Vector control 5. Giving authority to Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) & Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (WISHA)
26. What cells in the bone marrow are capable of producing many different types of blood cells? How are allergies and immunity similar? Stem Cells Both result in antibody formation Cells are involved with the immune response? B Lymphocytes T Lymphocytes Macrophages Neutrophils
27. TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1. Natural (Actively-Acquired Immunity) b. Gives life-long immunity for that particular microorganism as Memory Cells are produced a. Immunity to a specific microorganism due to having had the disease c. Examples: Measles, Mumps, Chickenpox
28. 2. Artificially Acquired Immunity a. Killed or attenuated (weakened) antigen tricks the body into producing antibodies b. Believed to provide life-time immunity as Memory Cells are also produced c. Examples: Measles, Mumps, Chickenpox, Pertussis
29. 3. Passive Immunity d. Types : 1. Artificially-Acquired Passive Immunity a. Uses antibodies produced by another organism – human or animal b. Immunity is temporary c. No memory cells are produced a. Antitoxin 1. A substance formed after exposure to a Toxin in same way the body produces antibodies 2. Examples: Tetanus, Antivenom, botulism
30. b. Gamma Globulin (Immune Globulin) 1. Human immune serum used for exposure to Hepatitis A 2. No Antigen is used , so no Memory Cell is produced 2. Naturally-Acquired Passive Immunity --- Antibodies received by the Newborn from it’s mother
31. Any time a nurse gives a patient an immunizing agent against a specific disease, what does he/she need to be concerned about? Called? -- Severe allergic reactions can develop in some sensitive individuals Anaphylaxis
32. TERMINOLOGY Disinfection Disinfestation -- Attempt to kill pathogenic microorganism either through physical or chemical means applied directly --Destruction of insects, rodents, or other animal forms, which may transmit disease.
33. Endemic Epidemic Pandemic -- a disease of low morbidity that is constantly present in a human community, but clinically recognizable in only a few Pierce County -- a disease attacking many people in a region at the same time -- worldwide epidemic disease
35. Incident --number of new cases of a specific disease occurring during a certain period Incubation period --the time required for the development of the disease November 2005 October 2005 30 new cases 8 new cases
36. Prevalence --total number of cases of a specific disease in a given population at a certain time. Suspect -- questionable, debatable origin of a disease In State Acquired Cases WNV-Positive Mosquito Pools: 2 WNV-Positive Birds: 1 WNV-Positive Horses: 1 WNV-Positive Humans: 0 West Nile Virus – Washington State (2005) Gaetan Dugas
37. Bactericidal Bacteriostatic Drainage -- bright red: indicates active bleeding -- pale, red, watery: mixture of serous and sanguineous -- clear, watery plasma -- thick, yellow, green, tan, or brown -- able to kill bacteria -- arresting the growth or multiplication of bacteria 1. Sanguineous 2. Serosanguineous 3. Serous 4. Purulent
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40. TYPES OF ISOLATION Disease-specific isolations -- to prevent the spread of a particular disease Category Isolation A. Strict Isolation 1. Most restrictive 2. Highly contagious diseases 3. Chickenpox; diphtheria; viral hemorrhagic fevers; varicella zoster (shingles)
41. B . Contact Isolation 1. Pathogens can be spread by touching C. Respiratory Isolation 2. Wound infections with virulent or multiple drug resistant; rabies; scabies Itch mite MRSA 1. Transmitted by droplet or airborne 2. Measles; meningitis; mumps; drug resistant TB; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
42. D. Enteric Precautions E. AFB Isolation Reverse or Protective Isolation 1. Transmitted by anal-oral route 2. Hepatitis A 1. Acid-Fast bacillus 2. Tuberculosis (requires room with special ventilation) A. Prevents Infection in highly susceptible persons B. CDC recommends conscientious medical asepsis; such as HANDWASHING
43. Role of Infectious Control Nurse A. Detection of Nosocomial infection C. Reporting B. Recording -- Most common nosocomial infections 1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3. Escherichia coli -- Infection control committee -- Pierce County Health Department -- State Health Department in Olympia -- CDC – Atlanta Georgia -- Surgeon General’s Office -- WHO
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Hinweis der Redaktion
Disease – a pathological process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. Direct cause is something that actually causes disease. Indirect : Doesn’t cause disease, but contributes to it’s development.