A project report on working capital management patel shanti steels pvt ltd, raichur

A STUDY ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PATEL SHANTI STEELS
PVT LTD, RAICHUR

CONTENTS
PAGE
SL.NO PARTICUARS
NO

01 Executive summery

02 Company Profile 1

03 Objectives 2-35

04 Introduction to Working Capital 36

05 Cash Management 37-49

06 Analysis and Interpretation 45-46

07 Ratio Analysis 47-50

08 Finding 51-61

09 Conclusion 63

10 Bibliography 64

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

INTRODUCTION

Backed by 10 years of experience in steel rolling, PATEL SHANTI STEELS PVT. LTD is the
Raichur’s 1st steel production unit with an existing annual production of more than 4000 tons per
annum.

Production started in March-1998, initially, because of unavailability of power. The
production was stated by using Generator sets, using Diesel as fuel and continued for initial two
years, after that power was available, later generator set were disposed off and regular
production continued.

Initial years of company raw material were concerned because of recession period 1998-
2001. The company would get raw materials (M.S Billets) from only USP Plant and Jindal
Vijaynagar Steel Ltd. But from 2002 onwards the above said materials got comparatively costly
and company could not afford to buy from them profitably. Hence it stated buying small T Bars.
The company production steel bars has been upgraded by Thermo Mechanical Treatment(TMT)
processes to the Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS). The necessary Research and Development
facility has been setup and clearance are being obtained.

With the BIS upgradation, the company hopes to increase it production to 50% more than
the existing level of production.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Overview of Company business:-

M/s. Patel Shanti Steels Pvt Limited (the “Company”) is an private company. The
Company is presently involved in the business of manufacturing Steel Bars, which is used in the
Construction of Multistoried Buildings, Dams, bridges, flyovers, and power plants as a basic
reinforcement material. The Company is manufacturer of TMT Bars. The Company is using the
“Tempcore Process”, which is the most advanced technology worldwide for manufacturing
TMT Steel Bars. The Company’s products meet IS 1786-2008 specification

The main manufacturing facility of the Company is situated at Bhiwadi (Karnataka). The
Plant Capacity is 4500 MetricTonnes per annum.

All these plants are using US Technology which makes Steels Bars.

The company has a network of more than 150 distributors and dealers spread across the
State of Karnataka.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

PROFILE OF THE COMPANY

Name of the company : PATEL SHANTI STEELS PVT LTD

Reg. Office Address : 12-7-77, Goushala Road Raichur-584102

Factory Location : Survey No. 259/28, 8th km,

Yegnoor Village, Hyderabad Road,

Raichur Growth Center,

Raichur-584102.

PAN No. : AADCP6628H

Status : Private Limited Company

Tin No. : 29880042693

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

PRODUCT PROFILE

TMT BARS

TMT Steel Bars

TMT Bars used in diversified construction requirements. Our manufactured Thermo
Mechanically Treated Steel Bars exhibit high bendability and re-bendability features due to
lower carbon content and higher elongation. Excellent yield and ductility characteristics of our
Building TMT Steel Bars make them perfect to use at earthquake zones.

TMT Bars are made at our state-of-the-art plant and under the close supervision of frontline
engineers and metallurgists.

The Construction TMT Bars are passed through a highly controlled in-line process of hardening
and tempering during hot rolling. Prior to passing through the finishing stand, Ribbed Bars
undergo specially designed water-based cooling systems. The cooling system transforms the
outer surface to marten site, while the core remains comparatively hot and austenitic. The
composite structure has so formed high yield strength and excellent ductility characteristics.

Chemical Composition

Chemicals Unit IS:1786 (Fe 415)
Carbon % 0.30 max.
Sulphur % 0.060 max.
Phosphorus % 0.60 max.
S&P % 0.110 max.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Mechanical Composition

Mech Properties Unit IS:1786 (Fe 415)
Yield Stress N/mm2 415 min
Tensile Strength N/mm2 10% over YS
Elongation %min 14.5min.

TMT Bars Features

Excellent Bond Strength

The rib pattern of TMT Bars has been specially designed to ensure excellent bounding between
the bar and the surrounding concrete. These ribs are uniform and concrete due to cutting by
automated machines. Thus the bond strength is 100-200% higher than the M.S Plain Bars and
convectional CTD Bars.

Excellent Weld Ability

TMT Bar has far more superior weld ability than convectional CTD Bars. Due to its low carbon
content, it can be butt- welded or lap-welded using ordinary retile coated electrodes of matching
strength.

Super Bend Ability

The tough outer surface and the ductile core of I TMT Bars make it extra high ductile and
bendable than reinforcement Steel Bars.

Highly Resistant Against Corrosion

Our premium product TMT is manufactured by thermo mechanical treatment processes with no
tensional residual stresses on the Bars. This results in superior corrosion resistance characteristics
than conventional Bars.

Dimensional Tolerances

Argee Bar confirms to the IS: 1786 standard laid for dimensional tolerances and has section
weight generally lower than found on other bars.

More Economical

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Argee manufactured TMT Bars are new generation high strength bars with usable yield strengths
in excess than required to meet Fe-415 grade and ARE - 1786 standard. It helps our Argee Bars
take higher stress levels, resulting in less consumption of our Steel Bars than other conventional
Bars. Thus, it helps in saving the valuable money of our clients and avoiding unnecessary loads
on the structure.

Standard sizes TMT Fe415 bars as per BIS

Section (mm) Nominal Weight (kg/meter)
8 0.395
10 0.617
12 0.888

16 1.580
20 2.470

PATEL SHANTI STEELS PVT LTD manufactures following quality of steel bars:

CTD BARS

Cold Twisted Deformed Bars having high strength and proof stress produced by High Speed

Rolling and precision cold twisting.

TMT BARS

Our TMT bars are Thermo-Mechanically treated for high yield strength. The process involves the
rapid quenching of hot bars through a series of water jets after they come out of the last rolling
mill stand. The bars are cooled allowing the core and surface temperatures to equalize. The bar
core cools down slowly to turn into a ferritepearlite aggregate.

TMT Bars

TMT bars are Thermo-Mechanically treated for high yield strength. The process involves the
rapid quenching of hot bars through a series of water jets after they come out of the last rolling
mill stand. The bars are cooled allowing the core and surface temperatures to equalize. The bar
core cools down slowly to turn into a ferrlitepearlite aggregate.
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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

The company is using the Tempcore Process, the most advanced technology worldwide for
manufacturing TMT bars in private sector after Tata Iron and Steel Corporation Limited. For
determining better quality monitoring of the different layers of the TMT bars at the micro level,
the company uses Micro Structure Analysis.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

The salient features of these products are:

• High strength

• High ductility

• Bending and re-bending

• Weld ability

• Corrosion Resistant Characteristics

• High Temperature Resistant

• Dimensional Tolerance

• Seismic Resistance Properties

Product Specifications

Trademark Tempcore TMT

Grades : TMT Grade Fe 415, Fe500

Diameter :8,10,12,16,20,25 mm

Standard Length 5.5 meters to 13 meters.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Mechanical Properties of the product and Comparison with Indian Standard

PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION BIS INDIA (IS : 1786) COMPANY’s
TMT

For Grade Fe-415

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Proof Stress 415 N/mm2 450 N/mm2

Tensile Strength 485 N/mm2 530 N/mm2

Elongation 14.50% 20%

Bend Test Up to 22 mm-3D

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION (%)

Carbon 0.30 Max. 0.30 Max.

Sulphur 0.06 Max. 0.06 Max.

Phosphorous 0.06 Max. 0.06 Max.

S+P 0.11Degree Max. 0.11Degree Max.

For Grade Fe- 500

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Proof Stress 500N/mm2 30N/mm2

Tensile Strength 545N/mm2 600N/mm2

Elongation 12% 15%

Bend Test Upto 22mm-4D Upto 22mm-3D

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION (%)

Carbon 0.30 Max 0.14-0.22 Max

Sulphur 0.060 Max 0.05 Max

Phosphorous 0.060 Max 0.05 Max

S+P 0.110 Max 0.09 Max

Mn ----- 0.4 Min

Si ----- 0.4 Max

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Organization Structure:-

MANAGING DIRECTOR

1ST DIRECTOR FACTORY 2ND DIRECTOR
Manager

MARKETING FINANCIAL PRODUCTIO HUMAN
MANAGER MANAGER N MANAGER RESOURCE
MANAGER

Asst. Manager Asst. Manager Asst. Manager

Foreman

Sales Executives Financial Executives Fitter

Helper

The company’s organizational chart is formed in a hierarchical way, where the hierarchy
starts with the “Managing Director”. Then in the next level of hierarchy two “Directors” are
there. After Director, “Factory Manager” leads to the next level which is further divided into
four departments namely “Marketing Manager”, “Financial Manager”, “Production Manager”,
“Human Resource Manager”. Where each department is further divided into assistant managers
and helpers which helps the upper level of the organization to work effectively and efficiently.
Hence the organizational chart shows the structure of the company and the flow of authority
between different levels.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Boards of Directors:-

Managing Director : Mr. Shivji Patel

1st. Director : Mr. Mohanlal Patel

2nd. Director : Mr. Lalji Patel

Factory Manager : Mr. Shamlal

Marketing Manager : Mr. Bhim Rao

Assistant Marketing Manager : Mr. Mallikarjun

Finance Manager : Mr. Vinay Patel

Assistant Finance Manager : Mr. Mukesh Vyas

Production Manager : Mr. Ravji Patel

Assistant Production Manager : Mr. Punesh Solanki

Human Resource Manager : Mr. Shamlal

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS

The company consists of four departments namely Production, Finance,
Administration & Marketing and Human Resource Management. The company of 48
permanent staff and there are some 5-10 more who work on a daily wage basis. Every employee
who joins the company for the first time has to under go a probation period for one year. The
employee will be under observation during this period. If the director board is satisfied with the
performance, he will be made permanent. The permanent staff members are entitled for provident
fund, gratuity, employee state insurance, house rent allowance. The daily wage basis employees
are entitled for shift allowance. During the peek seasons the company works round the clock with
two shifts. The normal office working hours are from 9.00 to 14.00 hrs and 15.00 hrs to 19.00
hrs. The working shifts is of 6(six) hrs of two shifts.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

MARKETING DEPARTMENT

MARKETING DEPARTMENT

Marketing occupies an important position in the organization of any business unit.

Marketing functions are not limited to the functions of buying and selling but they include all

function necessary to satisfy the customer such as financing, storage, risk bearing and after sales

services etc. Marketing is a vital connecting link between the producer and the customer.

Functions
Target Customer

Target customer are small dealers vending in Taluks and small villages and house
constructing customers.

Market Research

Market Research are determined by the feedback by their dealers and walk-in customers.

Present Market Situation

The demand situation is slack due to general slowdown on the export front and there by
due to a slowdown general Indian economy. However due to agricultural production the rural
demand is intact and therefore demand situation is not totally hopeless and the production is
some-how seems to be picking up due to the seasonal demand.

Major Competitor

Major Competitor are from outside the state steel producers because there is very less
production as the local electricity power rate is very high, so there is minimum production allover
the state(being electricity is the major cost in the production of steel), naturally the goods comes
from out of the state for local demand within the state.

Market Segmentation

About 50% from city and other 50% from near by rural markets.

Market Target
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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Target Market is our own district (Raichur), because delivery to other places involves
higher transportation charges and hence less profitable.

Positioning

The main strategy is to produce only economically viable production that is produce only
such extant which is viably saleable.

Sales Promotion

For sales promotion, suitable incentives in kind are being offered to the dealer and as well
as direct customer, so that the sales volume is maintained at the optimum level.

Just like: 1. Quantity discount.

2. Price discount.

3. Better credit facility to credit worthy dealer and customers.

4. FOR delivery.

General economic and business conditions

The demand for company products is dependent on general economic conditions in India
and may affect if there are changes in business conditions in our country.

Demand

The demand for company products viz. Steel, Cement, SS Pipes and POP is a derived
demand, meaning that it is dependent upon the state and condition of the infrastructure,
construction and housing industry. Company have a very well diversified customer base which
obviates dependence on any major Customer. Company have further sought to expand company
customer base. The prospects and earnings growth of the customers company serve will have an
impact on company ability to generate sales.

Competition

Selling prices of company products may be affected if competition intensifies, including
as a result of increased capacity of Competitors or company competitors adopt aggressive pricing
strategies in order to gain market share or new competitors enter the markets we serve.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Raw Material Prices

Raw materials i.e. Steel Ingots, Sponge Iron and M.S. Scrap constitute a major portion of
company total expenses. Fluctuations in the cost of these raw materials may alter company cost
structure and affect profitability. Historically, we have been able to pass on increases in raw
material costs to company customers but company cannot assure you that in future also company
will be able to do so.

Other Factors

Company results of operations are dependent upon company success in managing
company inventories. Company have to schedule out production process and procurements
according to delivery schedule of customers. Any change in schedule may affect company
operation in short run.

Demand Forecasting

The company expects the demand revival in the third quarter of this year following the
government realized finance through various schemes for enhancing construction activities.

We have appointed special representative to study the demand from various segment of
the industry and various customers putting up houses.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Marketing Department Chart

DIRECTOR

MARKETING MANAGER

ASST. MARKETING MANAGER

SALES EXECUTIVES

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Human Resource Department

Human Resource department is a department for the effective management of personnel

at work. Human Resources management is the sense of planning organizing and controlling the

various operating functions of processing, developing, maintaining and utilizing the labor process

for the purpose of contributing a lot towards the accomplishment of major goals of the

organization.

FUNCTIONS

1. Recruitment & Selection.

2. Performance Appraisal.

3. Compensation.

4. Human Resource Planning.

5. Manpower Planning.

6. Maintaining Communication with Employees.

HUMAN RESOURCE POLICY

1. Patel Shanti Steels recognizes that its people are the primary source of its
competitiveness.
2. It will pursue management practices designed to enrich the quality of life of its
employees, develop their potential and maximise their productivity.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

3. Patel Shanti Steels will strive continuously to foster a climate of openness, mutual
trust and teamwork.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

MANPOWER PLANNING

The present strength of the Company is 60 employees.

S.No. Name of Department Number of Employees

1. Technical & Administration Staff at 10
2. Administration ,Marketing and Finance at Registered Office 08
Total 18.

The Company also employs contract labour for its manufacturing facility at Raichur, Karnataka

RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION

There is no recruitment from last few years in Patel Shanti Steels Pvt Ltd Due to heavy
computerization, mechanisms, and modern technologies. Preference is given to son(s) of
workman.

They require much lesser manpower as there is centralized management.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

Performance appraisal assesses an individual's performance against previously agreed
work objectives. Performance appraisal is normally carried out once a year. They assess key
result areas of their employees, workers and supervisors. Since it is a joint responsibility of the
individual and the supervisor every individual in PSSPL are co prime to each other.

It also enables management to compare performance and potential between employees
and subordinates of the same rank. Rating of employees is done by their performances. It is given
as per ranks very good, average, and average to medium and below average.

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
• Safety is a high priority area. Several movements to inculcate a culture of safety have been
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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

practiced, but the Company needs to do more to prevent accidents and improve its safety
record.

• They are trained to know the changes in environment, market, and in steel prices.
• They also get training of problem solving techniques, conflict management, etc.

COMPENSATION PLANNING
• It depends on financial capabilities.
• Yearly increments are given.
• Compensation for inflation is common for all employees. (flat rates)
• It is decided by union and management where various demands are negotiated.
• It is paid as per other industries.
• Individual performance bonus is also given.

MAINTAINING COMMUNICATION WITH EMPLOYEES
Communication is maintained through various communication channels such as:
• Notices
• Circulars
• Calling forums
• Correspondents
• Functional departmental meetings, ETC.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

It is finance, which brings together various segments of an organization and transforms

them into an integrated whole so that it may function smoothly and move in the direction of

achieving the organizational goal. Finance Manger is the top authority in Finance Department.

He has equal rights and responsibilities as compared to the Managing Director of the Company in

general matters.

Director himself handles finance department covering both purchase and sales as price of

steel very volatile, changing almost every day. Therefore they have make bulk purchase at the

time of lower price and make sales as and when appropriate.

Capital Structure of the Company

Capital structure or composition of capital or pattern of securities or the security mix is a

major aspect of financial planning. Once the finance manager has determined the firm’s financial

requirements and his next task is to see that there are fund in hand. The capital comes in many

forms long term and short term Loans, secured and unsecured debtors, share contribution etc.

The decision upon the ratio of these securities into total capitalization is to decide the capital

structure.

Working Capital

Short Term Funds:- Working Capital generally taken care of by cash credit facility

extended by SBI to the extend of 1.5 corers.

Long Term Funds:- Now, there been a long term slow down due to international financial

crisis, there is no proposal to invest further as of now. If economic revival takes place in future,

fund can be raise through Equity, Bank funds, Private Equity.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Financial Plan

General financial plan is not done on a regular basis due to volatility of prices, all
decisions regarding purchases and sales is done by market on daily basis.

Financial Position

Current financial position of the organization is quite stable.

Report to Government Agencies

1. The usual financial reports are always required for excise department, VAT
department and lending Banks.

2. Report to PCB Boards(Pollution Control Boards).

3. Report to Auditors.

Tax Policies and procedures

Tax policies and procedures are observed with the consultant CA’s.

Insurance Cover

Regular insurance is covered for the value average stock held at the factory.

Cost of Unit of Product

Cost of product is approximately Rs. 3600 per ton inclusive of all taxes and expenses.

1. Coal – Rs. 700.

2. Power – Rs. 750.

3. Burning Loss – Rs. 700.

4. Labour – Rs. 600.

5. Administrative Expenses – Rs. 200.

6. Tax and Interest – Rs. 650.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Financials

As of 31st March 2008 total turnover including other income was Rs. 12.51 Corers and net
profit after tax was Rs.9.7 Lacks.

Accounting Policies

1. Basis of Accounting: Financial statement is prepared under the historical cost convention

and on annual basis.

2. Fixed Assets: Fixed Assets are stated at their historical and less accumulated depreciation

there own. The cost of fixed assets comprises their acquisition cost and any attributable of

bringing the asset to its working conditions. The cost of self - constructed fixed assets

comprise those costs that are related directly to the specific assets and overheads consistently

allocated at predetermined percentage of direct salaries and wages.

3. Valuation of Inventories

a. Raw Material, stores &Spares, Packing Material, Fuel, Stock in process are valued
at cost

b. Finished goods are valued at cost or realizable value whichever is less.

c. Waste & scrap and Runner & Riser are valued at realizable value.

4. Sales

Sales are stated net of sales returns.

5. Cenvat

Cenvat claimed on Plant & Machinery is reduced from the cost of Plant&

Machinery. Cenvat claimed on purchases of raw materials and other materials reduced from

the cost of such materials.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

6. Provision For Current And Deffered Tax

Provision for current tax is made after taking into consideration benefits admissible

under the provision of income tax Act, 1961. Deferred tax resulting from “timing difference”

between book profit and taxable profit is accounted for using the tax rates and laws that have

been enacted or substantively enacted as on the dare of balance sheet. The deferred tax

liability is recognized and carried forward only to the extent that there is a reasonable

certainty that the same will be realized in future.

Company’s Future Business strategy

Company has taken a conscious decision to develop and enlarge its business operations
by adopting Franchise route. The Franchisee markets the Products at its own using Marketing
network of PSSPL and paying the Company Royalty on sales per tone basis/per bag/percentage.
Company have plans to establish our own Stock Yards at various strategic locations and
materials required for these yards will be sourced from the nearby Franchisees, who are
manufacturers of PSSPL Steel TMT/ CTD Bars.

The Company will derive following benefits of this strategy:

• Company would be able to increase its profitability by increased turn-around cycle of available
resources.

• Company would be able to derive benefits of handling large volumes.

• Company would get Royalty payments from the Franchisees for use of PSSPL brand.

. PSSPL proposes to establish the stockyards in leased properties. It is proposed to acquire land at
a suitable location.

Each stockyard would be managed by a team of 5-6 people.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Finance Department Chart

Director

Finance Manager

Asst. Finance Manager

Financial Executives

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

Production Process Chart:-

Production Process Chart:-

Charged in Re-heating Furnace

Roughing Mil
(Ingot 4’’ reduced to 2’’)

Finishing Mill

(2’’ to reduced to required finishing
size)

TMT Treatment Plant

Cooling Bed

Cutting and sizing

Bending and Staking

Finished Goods

(8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm TMT Bars)

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

PROCESS FLOW CHART FOR PRODUCTION OF STEEL BARS

M.S.Ingot

Sponge iron and Mild Steel Scrap is fed into induction furnace for melting at the temp of 1550
degree Celsius. Suitable quantity of Ferro Alloys i.e. Ferro Silicon, Ferro manganese aluminum
sorts etc are added as per required chemical composition. The melted scrap is tapped from
induction furnace to C.I. Moulds for manufacturing M.S. Ingot by bottom

TMT Tempcore Bars

The Tempcore process is the best process for the production of high quality rebars
because it replaces costly alloy elements like Vanadium and Niobium with low cost raw material.
It results in high mechanical properties, excellent weldability, excellent ductility& bendability. It
imparts high strength to the bar using the latest technique of Thermo Mechanical Treatment
(TMT).

Steel billets are heated in a Reheating Furnace and rolled through a sequence of rolling
stands, which progressively reduce the billet to the final size and shape of the reinforcing bar.
According to Tempcore process, the bar leaving the final stand is submitted to a special heat
treatment involving three stages.

Quenching Stage

The first stage consists of a drastic water cooling applied to the bar as it leaves the last
finishing stand. The efficiency of the water cooling equipment used at this stage has to be as high
as to produce a very hard cooling, on the bar surface, faster than the critical rate to form the
martensite so as to obtain a surface layer of crude martensite while core remains austenite.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Tempering Stage

In the second stage the bar leaves the water quenching line and is exposed to air. The heat
flux from the still hot core reheats the quenched by conduction and the martensite formed in the
first stage is thus subjected to selftempering giving a structure called “Tempered Martensite”
which is strong and tough. The core is still austenitic at this stage.

Final Cooling stage

The third stage of “Atmospheric Cooling” occurs on the cooling bed, where the austenitic
core is transformed to a ductile ferrite pearlite core. Thus, the final structure consists of a
combination of strong outer layer of tempered martensite and a ductile core of ferrite-pearlite.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Structure of Production and Operation

Production
Manager
Asst. Production/supervisor

Foreman

Operation Fitter Operation Work shop Electricity
Manager Mgr. Department Department

Production Helpers Electricity
Worker Supervisor

Asst. Electrician

Roughing Mill 6 Workers Turner Helper

Finishing Mill 8 Workers Roller Finisher Helper

Materials Store Manager
Handling

Raw Materials Finish Goods

4 Workers 24 Workers

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Production Department Chart

Director

Production Manager

Asst. Production Manager

Foreman

Fitter

Helper

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Sources of Raw-Materials

Ingot are procured from various private manufacturers(furnaces) from different states,
like Goa, Maharashtra, Andra Pradesh and within Karnataka itself.

Water

Water consumption for TMT & Mill Cooling and for domestic purpose consumption is met from
a bore well tube well within the factory premises. Water is recirculated and re-used.

Power

The Company sources Power from GESCOMM, through dedicated high voltage feeder lines and
do not have alternate source of electricity for manufacturing facilities.

Evaluate of Suppliers

Demanding upon the quality supplied by various private manufacturers and best prices
offered by them.

Suppliers Evaluation and Rating Mechanism

Usually evaluation is done in-house by quality material received from him and best prized
offered by him, these are only criteria for evaluation and rating mechanism.

Usual Ordering Practice

During these time of economic slowdown of lower demand, ordering is done only when
the inventory is of minimum requirement (i.e., 10 tons.)

Purchase

Around 4200 tons per annum.

Production Capacity

Production capacity is about 6000 ton per annum; usually single shift is operated because
of lower demand.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Schedule of Working Hours

Schedule is from 7am to 7pm with intermittent interval of one hour after each hour of
work for all workers, that mean effectively each worker works for only 6 hours during 7am to
7pm.

Typical Mechanism/ Technology Used

1. Roughing Stands

Where in 7 passes are taken up for rolling down the materials from 100mm sq to
35mm sq.

2. Finishing Stands

Where in 7 to 9 passes are under taken up for rolling down to finishing size of
materials from 35mm sq to finishing size (i.e., 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 14mm,
16mm, 20mm.)

3. Technology Used

Jet thermo technology is used for TMT Bars.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

SWOT Analysis

(Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat)

Strength

1. Company is using “Tempcore Process” which is the most advanced technology
worldwide for the manufacturing of the Thermo Mechanical Treatment bars. As the
plants are based on the upgraded Automatic US Technology, the speed of the plant is 32
seconds for manufacturing of Thermo Mechanical Treatment Bars.

2. The company has a network of more than 175 dealers and distributors spread across the
state.

3. The Thermo Mechanical Treatment bars manufactured in the factory according to
standard of Indian Standard(IS) 1786:2008. In making Thermo Mechanical Treatment
bars US technology is used. The company’s name is Jet Therm.

4. The company has talented, skilled and qualified man power to look after different
activities at various levels in the organization.

5. The company provides adequate training to staff to keep them updated on all issues
related to our Industry.

6. Raw material is locally available within the boundary of 200 kms.

7. The company has a Skilled Manpower.

8. The company has its own trading shop and has experience of 3 decades.

9. Company produces quality product at reasonable prices which has competitive of the
company.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

10. Direct Marketing helps company to deal directly with the customers to know their needs
and satisfaction.

WEAKNESS

1. Fluctuation in raw material prices results in fluctuation in daily prices of the product.

2. Labour shortage and communication problem with labour.

3. High cost of production compared to giant producers like Tata, SAIL (Steel Authority of
India Limited).

4. Irregularity of power supply stops the production process and leads to the idle machine
time, idle workforce as there is no power backup.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

OPPORTUNITIES

1. The major raw material is available within the boundary of 200 kms, so that company can

compete easily with the bigger player as the cost of production is very less.

2. Beside the factory about 2000 acres has been allotted towards development of growth

center, because of this all development activity needs heavy quantity of steel. Obviously

they will buy from nearby manufacturing only.

3. Company can make use of full capacity of production by providing good maintenance of

machines and proper power supply.

4. Company should create good dealers distribution network to make a good hold and a

large market share for its product.

5. Company can reduce its cost of production due to high productivity.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

THREATS

1. Emerging big player & hence there is competition in the market.

2. Steel prices are depends globally, so sometimes it affects the availability of raw material

and it is not possible to make a large stock of raw material due to daily fluctuation in

price.

The Company Vision

To be the first choice of customers through leadership in quality and services and achieve
sustainable growth through backward integration.

The Company Mission

To constantly strive to meet or exceed customers' needs and expectations by staying
ahead of competition with innovative ideas and add super-value to all customers.

Scope of Study

Since the decision regarding working capital are of an operating nature not one time
decision, the scope of the study is geared towards identifying important areas of control and to
establish model for better control of the various components of working capital

The study would also attempt to identify the various sources available for financing of
working capital.

The study gives a fair idea of improvement in efficiency of working capital management
and also to have proper control over the components of working capital and managing of
efficiency.

Objectives of Study

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

• To study the efficiency of working capital management of the company
• To analyze the working capital trends in the company
• To study the efficiency of cash, and receivables management of the company
• To understand and analyze the working capital position of PSSP Ltd. During the
period of 2004-2008.
• To measure the overall financial position of the organization with the help of ratio
analysis.

METHODOLOGY

The information of the budgetary control where obtained from
• Primary Data : The information Collected from Personnel Interaction with manager and

other staff

• Secondary:- Annual reports of PSSPL Company

Limitation of the study

• This study deals only with the data made available. Hence the result of this study
cannot judge the business of the firm in general
• The study have been influenced by the limitation of the ratio analysis
• The study extensively uses the data provided is the financial reports of the firm which
may also have their own limited perspective
• The analysis made on the working capital management is for a particular period of
time the current assets and current liabilities will change for an analysis made at any
other of time.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Theoretical background

Introduction

One of the vital aspects of company’s financial management is to manage its current
assets and the current liabilities in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is
maintained. Working capital management means administration of all aspects of working capital
i.e. current assets and current liabilities. Firm has to manage it properly in order to attain its goal
of wealth maximization.

Meaning

Working capital is that part of total capital which is used for carrying out routine business
operations. In simple terms, working capital is the capital with which the business of the
company is worked over. Working capital is the lifeblood of business and it is the controlling
system of every business firm.

The working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting
to manage the current assets and current liabilities and the interrelationships that exists between
them. This tries to evolve how much funds to be invested in each type of current assets and what
should be the proportion of long-term funds to short-term funds and which are the sources that
are ideal for financing current assets.

Concepts of working capital

There are two concepts of working capital, they are;

1. Gross working capital concept
2. Net working capital concept

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Gross working capital concept

Gross working capital concept refers to firm’s investments in its current assets. Current
assets are assets, which can be converted into cash within an accounting year (or operational
cycle) and includes cash, short-term securities, debtors, bills receivables and inventories.

The gross working capital is a financial concept. It is also called as current capital or
circulating capital and is represented as sum total of current assets of an enterprise. The gross
working capital concept focuses attention on two aspects of current asset management:

1. Optimum investment in current assets
2. Financing of current assets

Net working capital concept

Net working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. It may
be positive or negative. A positive working capital arises when current assets exceeds current
liabilities and a negative working capital occurs when current liabilities exceeds current assets

Net working capital= Current assets-Current liabilities

Net working capital is a qualitative concept and it indicates the:

1. Liquidity position of the firm
2. Suggests the extent to which working capital needs may be financed by permanent
sources of funds.
The current assets of the firm should be sufficiently in excess of current liabilities to
constituting a margin for maturing obligations within the ordinary operating cycle of the
business. A weak liquidity position poses a threat to the solvency position of the firm and makes
it unsafe and unsound. A negative working capital may prove to be harmful for the company’s
reputation. On the other hand, excessive liquidity is also bad which may lead to mismanagement
of current assets.

The net working capital concept also covers the question of judicious mix of long-term
funds for financing the current assets. Every firm needs a minimum amount of net working
capital, which is permanent. Hence a portion of working capital should be financed with the
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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

permanent sources of funds such as owner’s capital, debenture, long-term debts, preference
capital or retained earnings. Management must therefore decide the extent to which current assets
should be financed with long-term sources.

Even though both gross and net working capital concepts are the important facets of
working capital, there is no precise way to determine the exact of gross or net working capital for
every firm. The working capital needs depends upon the business operations of the firm.

Significance of working capital:

To fulfill its endeavor to maximize the shareholder’s wealth, firm has to earn sufficient
return from its operations, which needs a successful sales activity. The firm has to invest
sufficient funds in current assets to succeed in sales, as the sale do not convert into cash
instantaneously because of time gap between the sale of goods and actual receipts in cash. Hence
there is a need for working capital in the form of current assets to sustain sales activity during
that period. Since cash inflows and cash out flows don’t match, firms have to necessarily keep
cash or investment in short term liquid securities to fulfill its obligations as and when they
become due.

The adequate stock of inventory provides a cushion against being out of stock and help as
a guard to meet the demand for its products. To be competitive, the firm must sell its products to
their customers on credit, which necessitates the holding of accounts receivables therefore an
adequate level of working capital is absolutely necessary for the smooth sales activities, which in
turn enhance the owner’s wealth.

The working capital need arises for the following purpose:

• For purchasing raw materials, components and spare parts
• For paying wages and salaries
• To incur day-to-day expense and overhead costs like fuel, power and office expense
etc….
• To meet selling costs of packing advertising etc…

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

WORKING CAPITAL

On the basis of concepts On the basis of time

Net working Capital Gross working capital Permanent Variable
working capital Working
capital

Seasonal working Capital Special working capital

Initial working capital Regular working
capital

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

A. On the basics of Concept :

1. Net Working capital :

This is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are
those that are expected to mature within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable
and outstanding expenses.

Working Capital Management is no doubt significant for all firms, but its significance is
enhanced in cases of small firms. A small firm has more investment in current assets than fixed
assets and therefore current assets should be efficiently managed.

The working capital needs increase as the firm grows. As sales grow, the firm needs to
invest more in debtors and inventories. The finance manager should be aware of such needs and
finance them quickly.

Current Assets can be financed through long –term and short-term sources. The ratio of
long –term to short-term source will depend on whether the firm is aggressive or conservative. If
the firm is aggressive then it will finance a part of its permanent current assets with short-term
funds. On the other hand , a conservative firm will finance its permanent assets and also a part of
temporary current assets with long- term financing.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

2. Gross Working Capital

This refers to the firm’s investment in current assets. Current assets are the assets which
can be converted into cash within a short period say, an accounting year. Current assets include
cash, debtors, bills receivables, short term securities etc.

B) On the Basis of Time
1) Permanent Working Capital

Permanent Working Capital is permanently locked up in the circulation of current assets.
It covers the minimum amount requested for maintaining the circulation of current ass

a) Initial working capital

At its inception and during the formative period of its operations a company must have
enough cash fund to meet its obligations. The need for initial working capital is for every
company to consolidate its position.

b) Regular working capital

It refers to the minimum amount of liquid capital required to keep up the circulation of
the capital from the cash inventories to accounts receivable and from account receivables to back
again cash. It consists of adequate cash balance on hand and at bank, adequate stock of raw
materials and finished goods and amount of receivables.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

2. Variable Working Capital

It refers to the past of the Working Capital which changes with the volume of business; it
may be divided into two classes.

a) Seasonal Working Capital

There are many lines of business where the volumes of operations are different and hence
the amount of working capital varies with the seasons. The capital required to meet the seasonal
needs of the enterprise is known as seasonal Working capital.
b) Special Working Capital

The Capital required meeting any special operations such as experiments with new
products or new techniques of production and making interior advertising campaign etc, are also
known as special Working Capital.

Sources of Working capital:

Sources of working capital can be broadly divided into two types,

1. Internal sources
2. External sources

Internal sources:

1. Shares
2. Debentures
3. Retained earnings
4. long term loans
5. Sale of fixed assets
6. Depreciation fund
7. Using the resource meant for taxation

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

External resources:

1. Bank credit
2. Customer advances
3. short term public deposits
4. Installment credit
5. Factoring
6. Commercial papers
7. Indigenous banker
8. Trade credit
9. Outstanding expenses

CASH MANAGEMENT:

Cash is the liquid money, which a firm can disburse immediately without any restriction.
The term “cash” includes coins, currency and cheques held by the firm and balances in its bank
accounts. Sometimes near cash items, such as marketable securities or bank time deposits are
also included in cash. The basic characteristics of wear cash assets are that they can readily be
converted into cash, and we invests it in marketable securities. The kind of the investment
contribute some profit to the firm.

Cash is often called as “non earning asset”. It is needed to pay for labor and raw
materials, to buy fixed assets, to pay taxes, to service debts, to pay dividends and so on.
However, cash itself earns no interest. Thus the goal of the firms must hold for use in conducting
its normal business activities. It the same time it should have sufficient cash.

1. To take trade discounts
2. To maintain its credit rating
3. To meet unexpected cash needs
The cash management is concerned with the managing of

1. Cash flows into and out of the firm
2. Cash flows within the firm at
3. Cash balance held by the firm at a point of time by financing deficit.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

Cash management techniques or procedures:

1. Improving forecasts of cash flows
2. Synchronizing cash inflows and outflows
3. Speed up the cheque clearing process
4. Using float
5. Accelerating collections
6. Getting available funds to where they are needed
7. Controlling disbursements

Collection technique:

1. Speedy cash collections
2. Prompt payment by customer
3. Early conversion of payments into cash

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

“Evaluating the financial performance of Patel Shanti steels Pvt ltd.”

Working Capital Management

Schedule showing working capital for the financial years

Calculation of Gross working capital

Particular 2004-05 2005-06 Increase Decrease

A. Current assets

• Inventories
11108491 10293700 _ 814971

• Sundry debtors 4955298 6466001 1510703 _

• Cash and bank 2115880 1466183 _ 649697
balance

• Loans and advances 646872 10095831 3627103 _

Total current assets or 24648397 28321715 _ _
gross working capital

B. Current Liabilities 42403714 9516509 32887205 _

(17755317) 18805206 38025011 1464488
Decreased W C 36560523 _ _ 36560523
Net working capital 18805206 18805206 38025011 38025011

Interpretion As we can see increase in the table 2005-06 as compared to 2004-05. above table
current assets are increases more. In current assets are llike inventeiors, bank and loan, sundry
detros.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR



A. Current assets

Inventories 10293700 8244141 _ 2049560

Sundry debtors 646600 5805123 _ 660878

Cash and bank balance 1466183 1266688 _ 199495

Loans and advances 10095831 12995701 2899871 _

Total current assets or gross 28321715 28311653 2899871 2909933
working capital _
B. Current Liabilities 9516510 5474299 4042211 _
Net Working Capital 18805205 22837454 _ 4032149
Decreased W C (4032149) _ - 6942082
Net working capital 22837454 22837454 6942082

As we can decreases in the above table 2006-07assets are decreases because of increases the
inventories decrease bank and loan sundry debtors decreases as compare to previous years.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR



A. Current assets

• Inventories
8244141 13318258 5074117 _

• Sundry debtors 5805123 30322092 24516969 _

• Cash and bank 1266688 1019325 _ 247363
balance

• Loans and 12995701 4977737 _ 8017962
advances

Total current assets 28311653 496377414 29591086 8265325
or gross working capital

B. Current Liabilities 5474299 12616200 _ 7141901

22837354 37021314 14183860
Decreased W C 14183860 _ - 29591086
Net working capital 37031214 37021314 29591086

Interpretation As we can increases in the above table current assets 2007-08 as compared to
2006-07 are decreases because of increases the inventories bank and loan sundry debtors
increases as compare to previous years.

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

RATIO ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

The financial statement of a company contains a lot of information about the financial
performance of the company. Financial statements mainly consist of the Balance Sheet and Profit
and Loss Accounts. These statements give the overall picture of the company, but to analyse
each aspect of business extensively, financial ratios are used. The Balance Sheet and the
Statement of Income are essential, but they are only the starting point for successful financial
management. Financial Ratio Analysis derived from Financial Statements analyses the success,
failure, and progress of business.

Ratio Analysis is a very powerful analytical tool useful for measuring the performance
of an organization. The ratio analysis concentrates on the interrelationship among the figures
appearing in the mentioned financial statements. The ratio analysis helps the management to
analyze the past performance of the firm and to make further projections.

Note: we have used the ratio analysis in this project in order to substantiate the managing of
working capital. For this, we used some of the ratios to get the required output.

Various working capital ratios used by me are as follows:

• Liquidity ratios
• Turnover/activity ratios

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

I. Liquidity Ratio

Liquidity ratio measures the ability of the firm to meet its current obligation (liabilities).
In fact analysis of liquidity needs the preparation of cash budget and cash and fund flow
statement but liquidity ratio, by establishing a relationship between cash and other current asset
to current obligation, to provide a quick measure of liquidity. A firm should ensure that it doesn’t
suffer lack of liquidity and also that it dose not have excess liquidity.

The common liquidity ratios are:-

1. Current Ratio

Current ratio may be defined as the relationship between quick or liquid asset and
current liabilities. This is a measure of general liquidity & is most widely used to make analysis
of short-turn financial position or liquidity of firm. It is calculated by dividing the total current
assets by total current liabilities.

Current Ratio = Current Assets

Current Liabilities

TABLE-1.1 Current Ratio

Current Current
Year Ratio
Assets Liabilities

2004-05 24648397 42403714 0.58

2005-06 28321715 9516509 2.97

2006-07 28311652 5474299 5.171

2007-08 49637413 12616200 3.93

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PVT LTD, RAICHUR

INTERPRETATION

An arbitrary standard of current ratio is 2:1 indicates that for every one rupee of current
liability two rupee of current assets is available. in the year 2004-05 Ratio was 0.58. in the year
2005-06 increasing ratio 2.97. in the year 2006-07 increasing ratio 5.17. in the year2007-08
decreasing 3.93. company position is favorable.

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2. Quick Ratio/Acid Test Ratio

Quick ratio establishes relationship between quick or liquid assets & current liabilities.
It is also known as acid test ratio. An asset is said to be liquid if it can be converted into case
within short period of time without loss of value. The prepaid expenses and stock were excluded.

Quick ratio = Quick asset

Current Liabilities

TABLE-1.2 Quick Ratio

Quick Current
Year Ratio
Assets Liabilities

2004-05 13539906 42403714 0.31

2005-06 18028015 9516507 1.89

2006-07 20067511 5474299 3.66

2007-08 36319155 20012616 2.87

INTERPRETATION

Table 1.2 Standard of ratio is 1:1 . in the year 2004-05 ratio was 0.31. in the year 2005-
06 increasing 1.89. in the year 2006-06 increasing ratio 3.66. and in the year 2007-08 decreasing
trend 2.87. company position is favorable.

3. Absolute Quick Ratio/cash Ratio

Cash ratio is the strongest measurement of liquidity. Since cash is the most liquid assets,
a financial analyze may examine cash ratio & its equivalent to current liabilities. Trade
investments or marketable securities are equivalent of cash therefore they may be included in
computation of cash ratio.

To calculate absolute quick ratio we consider cash in hand, cash at bank & marketable
securities.

Cash Ratio = Cash + Marketable securities

Current Liabilities

TABLE-1.3 Absolute Quick Ratio

Year Quick Assets Current Liabilities Ratio

2004-05 2115880 42403714 0.04

2005-06 146183 9516509 0.15

2006-07 1266688 5474299 0.23

2007-08 1019325 12616200 0.08

INTERPRETATION

In the year 2004-05 ratio was 0.04 in the year 2005-06 increased o.15. in the year 2006-07
increased o.23. in the year 2007-08 again decreased 0.08 . there fore company position is
unfavorable.

Table 1.3 reveals that absolute quick ratio is below the standard ratio i.e. 0.5:1 indicates that 50
paisa worth of absolute liquidity assets are sufficient to meet one rupee worth of current
liabilities.

4. Net Working capital ratio

Net Working capital ratio is the relationship between net working capital to its net
assets. The different between current asset & current liabilities excluding short term
borrowing is called net working capital (NWC) or net current assets.

NWC = Net Working Capital

Net Assets

TABLE-1.4 Net Working Capital Ratio

Year NWC Net Asset Ratio

2004-05 17755317 65071495 0.27

2005-06 18805206 88085255 0.21

2006-07 22837353 822771402 0.02

2007-08 36751213 98137066 0.37

INTERPRETATION

In the year 2004-05 ratio was 0.02 in the year 2005-06 decreased 0.5. in the year 2006-07
increased 0.26. in the year 2007-08 again increased 0.37 . there fore company position is
unfavorable.

Table 1.3 reveals that absolute quick ratio is below the standard ratio i.e. 0.5:1 indicates that 50
paisa worth of absolute liquidity assets are sufficient to meet one rupee worth of current liabilities.

In Relation to Sales

Gross Profit Ratio

G.P.Ratio measures the relationship between gross profits & sales; it is usually
represented in percentage. Thus Gross profit margin highlights the production efficiency at a
concern

G.P.Ratio = Gross Profit X 100

Sales

G.P.Ratio indicate the extent to which selling price of goods per unit may decline without
resulting in losses on operations of firm. It reflect efficiency with which firm produces the
product.

TABLE-3.1 Gross Profit Ratio

Year Gross Profit Sales Ratio

2004-05 3218328 125946615 2.55

2005-06 5556628 108477129 5.12

2006-07 3446889 107302000 3.212

2007-08 7459228 122909228 6.06

INRTEPRETATION

In the year 2004-05 ratio was 2.55 . in the year 2006-07 increased 5.12 and in the year 2006-07
decreased 3.21 and 2007-08 increased 6.06.

Findings:-

1) Current ratio is favorable of the company.

2) Quick ratio is below the standard of ratio so for it is unfavorable of the company.

3) Cash ratio is fluctuating year by year .there fore un favorable of the company.

4) Gross profit is increasing year by year so it favorable of the company.

CONCLUSION

Today working capital is considered to be an important tool for progress. Working capital
management techniques are playing significant role in assistant the management for design
making. The study of working capital system at Patel Shanti Steel Pvt at Raichur is found to
be very affective. The working capital contains the management of cash, management of
receivables and management of inventory.

BIBOLOGRAPHY

 Financial management by M.Y. Khan and P.K. Jain

 Financial management by I.M. Pandey

A project report on working capital management patel shanti steels pvt ltd, raichur

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