Bishop Kenny NJROTC Naval Science Two

1. CHAPTER 2
APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP

2. Leadership
Traits
Approaches to
Leadership
How to apply
one’s abilities
Ways to achieve
best results

3. Webster’s
dictionary:
Authority is ~
“The power or
right to give
commands,
enforce
obedience, take
action, or make
final decisions.”

4. U.S. Navy:
The person in
authority is
the person
in charge.

5. Burdens on a Leader
To be in charge is an exciting thought.
However, with authority goes
responsibility, and accountability.

6. Responsibility
The social force that binds you
to your obligations and the courses
of action demanded by that force

7. Accountability
Responsibility to someone
or for some activity

8. Commanding Officer
Authority in charge.
Totally responsible and accountable
for all things within his or her command.
Cannot delegate this responsibility.

9. Officer in Charge (OIC) Squad Leader (SL)
Commanding Officer (CO)
Platoon Leader (PL) Division Officer (DIVO)
Petty Officer in Charge (POIC)
Whoever has authority of a unit is also
accountable for what occurs in the unit,
both the good and the bad.
A naval leader is accountable for deeds
and results—not good intentions.
It must be this way for confidence and
trust.

10. AUTHORITY IN CIVILIAN LIFE
Authority in civilian life does not carry
the same amount of accountability.
In many cases,
civilian leaders
may be held
accountable
only if they break
the law.

11. AUTHORITY IN CIVILIAN LIFE
Nevertheless,
they should accept
the responsibility of
carrying out their
acts in a highly
professional manner.
Parents have
authority because
they have
responsibility until
you are of legal age.

12. AUTHORITY IN CIVILIAN LIFE
Teachers are responsible for teaching
you, and are accountable to the
principal and superintendent.

13. AUTHORITY IN CIVILIAN LIFE
Police, civil, and school authorities
are responsible to maintain law
and order.
They get their authority from the
people through the laws people enact.

14. AUTHORITY IN CIVILIAN LIFE
From the school district and the Navy,
naval science instructors have authority
over you and your fellow cadets from
the agreement each makes when
becoming a member of the cadet corps.

15. These authorities require your
instructors to present the NJROTC
course in the best way possible.

16. Discipline is not something to fear.
It is an orderly way of doing things.
In both military and civilian life,
discipline is a way of guiding people
toward the right actions.

17. Discipline
Training to act in accordance with
rules; drill
To bring to a state of order and
obedience by training and control

18. Self-Discipline is control of yourself.
It is an inner strength coming from
your experiences and training.
Go to class
Clean up room
Get home on time
Homework
Wear uniform
It’s what makes you do what you know
needs to be done instead of only doing
what you would rather do.

19. Self-Discipline
Training and control of oneself
and one's conduct, usually for
personal improvement

20. The NJROTC program is designed to
teach self-discipline.
Self-discipline helps cadets learn how
to manage their time, take and follow
directions, and make decisions.
Leaders need these skills whether they
are in the military or civilian worlds.

21. Manage
To direct or control the use of
To make submissive to one’s
authority, discipline, or persuasion

22. SELF-DISCIPLINED PEOPLE
• Make the military, and all society,
work,
• Are dependable,
• Take care of their responsibilities on
their own.

23. Dependable
Worthy of reliance or trust
Consistent in performance
or behavior

24. Self-discipline begins
with self-control.
Practicing self-control
builds better habits.
A self-controlled person can
stand up to hardships and danger.

25. United States Navy
UNIFORM
REGULATIONS
NAVPERS 15665I
With high morale, self-disciplined
people follow regulations cheerfully
and well.

26. Regulations
A principle, rule, or law designed
to control or govern conduct

27. DRILL AND DISCIPLINE
Drill teaches self-discipline, because it
requires the unit to act as one person.
Good drill units must practice regularly
until each individual knows the routine
perfectly and can move in unison.

28. DRILL AND DISCIPLINE
Drilling is not punishment, or endless routine.
It is a leadership tool to build a sense of
belonging and pride in each member of a unit.
Wearing uniforms correctly and moving in
unison looks good and feels good.

29. LEADERSHIP STYLES
Most leaders’ styles fall somewhere in
between the two extremes.

30. AUTOCRATIC STYLE
The autocratic or authoritarian style of
leadership is centered on the leader.
It is direct, often impersonal, and
demanding as quick response is in drill.

31. Autocratic
Characteristic of an absolute ruler
or absolute rule; having absolute
sovereignty

32. Authoritarian
Characterized by or favoring
absolute obedience to authority,
as against individual freedom
Of, relating to, or expecting
unquestioning obedience

33. AUTOCRATIC STYLE
The autocratic leader is responsible to
direct a group effort. Subordinates do
not question this leader’s commands.
The emphasis is on carrying out orders.

34. AUTOCRATIC STYLE
Unconcerned about relationships with
subordinates, the autocratic leader
uses position as the leadership basis.
This won’t build a close-knit group.

35. AUTOCRATIC STYLE
• Gets the job done quickly
• Produces well for short periods only
• Followers can’t act independently
without leader

36. AUTOCRATIC STYLE
Autocratic approach has its place.
Under normal conditions though, leaders
should refrain from overuse in order to
get better results when actually needed.

37. DEMOCRATIC STYLE
• Includes participation of followers, as
well as leader
• Requires democratic skills with people
• Time consuming but better long term

38. Democratic
Characterized by or advocating
or based upon the principles of
social equality
Representing or appealing to or
adapted for the benefit of the
people at large

39. DEMOCRATIC STYLE
Encourages group members to help
set procedures, make decisions, and
discuss problems. Group is more willing
to work together to get the job done.

40. DEMOCRATIC STYLE
Allows people some leeway to carry out
tasks, as long as the job gets done.
Group takes responsibility and pride.
Leader trains group in decision-making.

41. DEMOCRATIC STYLE
• Produce better over longer periods
• Keep producing when the leader is
not present
• Members can exercise initiative/pride

42. RANGE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES
Effective leadership is based on results ,
not effort.
Authority alone may not produce the
best results.
Democratic style alone may not be the
best either.
With each new opportunity, a successful
leader will find the most effective blend
to achieve the best results.

43. RANGE OF
LEADERSHIP STYLES

44. The leader keeps all authority and gives
the group little freedom. The leader
decides, and the group follows.

45. The leader makes the decision, then
persuades the group that this decision
is the “best” for the group.

46. The leader states the problem, picks a
possible solution, and lets the group
react to this solution. Possibly accepting
suggestions, the leader makes a final
decision and informs the group.

47. The leader presents the problem and
asks for ideas from the group members.
The group recommends solutions;
the leader selects one, and informs
the group.

48. The group decides and the leader
follows. Here the leader is just another
member of the group and agrees to
carry out the group’s decision.

49. RANGE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES
No matter what leadership style they
use, leaders cannot be everywhere all
the time, nor can they—or should
they—try to do everything themselves.
Frequently it is necessary for leaders to
delegate (give) authority to individuals
and groups in order to get the job done.
Remember though, that delegating
authority does not relieve a leader of
responsibility or accountability.

50. Delegate
To commit or entrust to another
To authorize and send (another
person) as one's representative

51. When delegating authority, it is
important to set:
~ clear and concise limits to operate
~ specific goals
~ time constraints
If the individual or group finds it
necessary to exceed the limits set,
the leader must be advised in all but
emergency cases.
Alternatives and requests for further
directions are appropriate.

52. Goal
The purpose toward which an
endeavor is directed; an objective

53. LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNICATION
To become a good leader, one has to
be able to communicate.

54. COMMUNICATION
The four skills necessary for
communication are:
• Reading
• Writing
• Listening
• Speaking

55. READING
In order to “pass the word” to followers
and carry out instructions, a good
leader must be able to read directives
and understand them.

56. READING
When reading
longer articles,
books, or
instructions,
save time, effort, and get a better
understanding by:
~ scanning the material first to pick out
the main ideas
~ then reread for details

57. WRITING
Often, leaders must give written orders
and instructions.
The second skill is to be able to write in
a way others can clearly understand.

58. WRITING
There are four important steps to follow
for effective writing:
1. Clarify your purpose.
2. Limit the subject.
3. List your ideas.
4. Organize your ideas into groups.

59. WRITING
There are four important steps to follow
for effective writing:
1. Clarify your purpose. Be able to say
why you are writing, who will read it,
and what you expect the reader to do
after reading it.

60. WRITING
There are four important steps to follow
for effective writing:
1. Clarify your purpose.
2. Limit the subject. Material should be
limited to what suits your purpose as
stated in Step 1. Do not waste the
readers’ time with extra material.

61. WRITING
There are four important steps to follow
for effective writing:
1. Clarify your purpose.
2. Limit the subject.
3. List your ideas. You want to list
ideas that will get across to your
reader. As you read and research,
write down ideas and change them
later if necessary.

62. WRITING
There are four important steps to follow
for effective writing:
1. Clarify your purpose.
2. Limit the subject.
3. List your ideas.
4. Organize your ideas into groups.
Main ideas are followed by important
subheadings, then supporting
information. An outline will help keep
you on course and save time when
you actually start writing.

63. WRITING
There are four important steps to follow
for effective writing:
1. Clarify your purpose.
2. Limit the subject.
3. List your ideas.
4. Organize your ideas into groups.
your leadership and organizational
skills will be evident in the text.

64. LISTENING
The art of listening effectively is picked
up through practice and hard work.
Poor listeners often try to place the
entire burden on the speaker.
There are some people who only want
to hear themselves speak, but that is
not the way to effectively manage
people or build respect.

65. LISTENING
Practicing the following rules, anyone
can become a better listener. A good
listener will be a better leader.

66. LISTENING
Four rules to becoming a better listener:
1. Get ready to listen.
2. Take responsibility for understanding.
3. Listen to understand rather than to
disagree.
4. Listen for the main ideas.

67. LISTENING
Four rules to becoming a better listener:
1. Get ready to listen. Do not place all
the responsibility on the speaker.
You must be alert!

68. LISTENING
Four rules to becoming a better listener:
1. Get ready to listen.
2. Take responsibility for understanding.
Do some thinking as you listen. If
you just listen to words, you will miss
the purpose of the speech. In your
mind put the speaker’s ideas in your
own words. Repeat what you
thought you heard to be sure.
Do not go away in doubt.

69. LISTENING
Four rules to becoming a better listener:
1. Get ready to listen.
2. Take responsibility for understanding.
3. Listen to understand rather than to
disagree. Listen and wait; try to
understand first and evaluate second.
Emotions should not cloud the
matter. Question only after a speech
or lesson is finished.

70. LISTENING
Four rules to becoming a better listener:
1. Get ready to listen.
2. Take responsibility for understanding.
3. Listen to understand rather than to
disagree.
4. Listen for the main ideas. If you are
listening to a teacher or other
speaker, take notes. Come to classes
and lectures prepared to do so.
Taking notes will make you more alert
for the main ideas.

71. LISTENING
If you use these four rules,
1. Get ready to listen.
2. Take responsibility for understanding.
3. Listen to understand rather than to
disagree.
4. Listen for the main ideas.
you will gain more knowledge and
understanding. It is still the best way.

72. SPEAKING
Everyone speaks, but not everyone
effectively communicates.
A speaker must be able to speak on a
level that the audience will understand.

73. SPEAKING
You have probably listened to someone
give directions, and been even more
confused by what they said.
That person did not communicate
effectively.

74. SPEAKING
A speaker needs to know the audience
and should use words the listeners will
understand.
Otherwise, listeners will “turn off” and
“tune out” the speaker’s voice.

75. SPEAKING
Since leadership means getting things
done through other people, a leader
must be able to speak well.
Although giving orders and
instructions...

76. SPEAKING
...is not the same as giving a speech,
the same rules apply in either case.

77. SPEAKING
To speak well, you must
organize your materials.

78. SPEAKING
Five basic steps for an effective speech:
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
2. Narrow the scope of your topic.
3. Choose a subject of interest to you
and your audience.
4. Make an outline to organize your
speech.
5. Practice your speech.

79. SPEAKING
Five basic steps for an effective speech:
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
Having “zeroed in” on your purpose,
stick to it. Do not wander in your
research or your writing.

80. SPEAKING
Five basic steps for an effective speech:
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
2. Narrow the scope of your topic. Do
not try to cover too much in one
speech. You will bore your listeners
if you do. Most good speeches can be
given in 15 minutes or less.

81. SPEAKING
Five basic steps for an effective speech:
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
2. Narrow the scope of your topic.
3. Choose a subject of interest to you
and your audience. Keep in mind the
maturity of your audience. Do not
rely just on what you know about the
subject. Do some research. Be sure
your information is correct.

82. SPEAKING
Five basic steps for an effective speech:
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
2. Narrow the scope of your topic.
3. Choose a subject of interest to you
and your audience.
4. Make an outline to organize your
speech. Note facts and figures so
you don’t make mistakes.

83. SPEAKING
Five basic steps for an effective speech:
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
2. Narrow the scope of your topic.
3. Choose a subject of interest to you
and your audience.
4. Make an outline to organize your
speech.
5. Practice your speech. Say it in front
of a mirror or use a tape recorder.
Time it. Listen to yourself. Plan to
use gestures. “Running through”
your speech will give you confidence.

84. SPEAKING
Preparing with these five basic steps,
1. Determine the purpose of the speech.
2. Narrow the scope of your topic.
3. Choose a subject of interest to you
and your audience.
4. Make an outline to organize your
speech.
5. Practice your speech.
will give you additional confidence to
deliver an effective speech as a leader.

85. SPEAKING
The best speeches use what is called
three part communication or:
3 Part Comm.
As the name implies, there are three
separate parts to guide your audience’s
attention during your presentation.
Introduction
Body
Close

86. SPEAKING
3 Part Comm.
Introduction Tell your audience what
you are going to tell them.
This prepares them to
listen for key points or
Body phrases and helps keep
their attention in
anticipation.
It is easily prepared from
Close your outline.

87. SPEAKING
3 Part Comm.
Introduction
Tell them. In other words,
present your speech. Hit
the key points or phrases
Body in the same order you
offered in the introduction.
This is a “road map” they
can follow.
Close

88. SPEAKING
3 Part Comm.
Introduction Tell your audience what
you told them. This
reinforces the key points
you were making in the
body of your speech and
Body
refreshes their memory.
It also offers an excellent
method of wrapping up
and ending a speech with
Close a “Thank You!”

89. SPEAKING
Using these proven methods,
3 Part Comm.
Introduction Tell your audience what
you are going to tell them.
Body Tell them.
Tell them what you told
Close
Them.
you will find speeches easier to prepare,
deliver, and close, with your leadership
persona enhanced.

90. What does authority mean in
the Navy?

91. What does authority mean in
the Navy?
The person in charge

92. What is the definition of
"authority?"

93. What is the definition of
"authority?"
The power or right to give
commands, enforce obedience,
take action, or make final
decisions

94. In the Navy, authority comes
with what?

95. In the Navy, authority comes
with what?
Responsibility and
accountability

96. What is the difference between
civilian authority and naval
authority?

97. What is the difference between
civilian authority and naval
authority?
Civilian leaders may be held
accountable in many cases only
if they break the law. Naval
authority is held accountable for
all that occurs in that command.

98. Who has authority over all the
cadets in this program?

99. Who has authority over all the
cadets in this program?
Naval Science Instructor(s)

100. What is discipline?

101. What is discipline?
Doing things in an orderly way

102. Why do parents have authority
over their children?

103. Why do parents have authority
over their children?
They are responsible for your
actions.

104. Where does self-discipline
begin?

105. Where does self-discipline
begin?
Self-control

106. Who gives authority to
law-enforcement and school
officials to carry out their
responsibilities?

107. Who gives authority to
law-enforcement and school
officials to carry out their
responsibilities?
They get their authority from
the people, through laws.

108. What is one way to learn
self-discipline?

109. What is one way to learn
self-discipline?
Through drill

110. Where do the NSIs get
authority to teach and manage
the NJROTC unit?

111. Where do the NSIs get
authority to teach and manage
the NJROTC unit?
That authority rises from the
agreement each cadet makes
when he or she becomes a
member of the cadet corps.

112. What is the first step toward
developing self-discipline?

113. What is the first step toward
developing self-discipline?
Control of yourself

114. Describe an autocratic leader.

115. Describe an autocratic leader.
The autocratic leader does not
allow input or discussion.

116. Why does military drill help in
learning self-discipline?

117. Why does military drill help in
learning self-discipline?
It requires the unit to act as
one person.

118. Describe a democratic leader.

119. Describe a democratic leader.
The democratic leader allows
the unit to have input.

120. What are the two extreme
styles of leadership, and what
are the features of each?

121. What are the two extreme
styles of leadership, and what
are the features of each?
Autocratic is centered on the
leader and Democratic means
participation of followers, as
well as the leader, in the
leadership process.

122. Upon what is effective
leadership based?

123. Upon what is effective
leadership based?
Results

124. What are the five approaches
to leadership?

125. What are the five approaches
to leadership?
a. Telling
b. Selling
c. Testing
d. Consulting
e. Joining

126. Which style of leadership is
better, autocratic or
democratic?

127. Which style of leadership is
better, autocratic or
democratic?
Each one has a purpose, and
it is necessary to use the one
that will suit the situation.

128. TRUE or FALSE. A good leader
must be able to effectively
communicate.

129. TRUE or FALSE. A good leader
must be able to effectively
communicate.
TRUE.

130. What are the four skills
necessary for effective
communication?

131. What are the four skills
necessary for effective
communication?
1. Reading
2. Writing
3. Listening
4. Speaking

132. What are the four important
steps for effective writing?

133. What are the four important
steps for effective writing?
1. Clarify your purpose
2. Limit the subject
3. List ideas
4. Organize ideas

134. What are the four rules for
being a good listener?

135. What are the four rules for
being a good listener?
1. Get ready to listen
2. Take the responsibility for
understanding
3. Listen to understand
4. Listen for the main ideas

136. What are the five basic steps
to follow in preparing a
speech?

137. What are the five basic steps
to follow in preparing a
speech?
1. Determine the purpose
2. Narrow the scope of your
topic
3. Choose a subject of interest
4. Make an outline
5. Practice your speech

138. Why is it important to know the
audience that you are
addressing?

139. Why is it important to know the
audience that you are
addressing?
So that you can speak on their
level