JULY-DEC_2022_BSCBT_1_SEM_V9_BSCBT103_BSCBT103BZBC102___Unit_3_PPT.pptx

BSc BT/ZBC
Semester-I
Plant Diversity
BSCBT103BZBC102
Dr. Niharika Dewangan
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Kalinga University
Naya Raipur (C.G.)
PLEASE LEAVE THIS SPACE BLANK

COURSE OBJECTIVES
• The course aims at making the students understand the diversity
among algae, fungi, bryophytes ,pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.
• To impart an insight into the modern classifications in lower forms of
plants.
• To impart basic knowledge of plant diversity.
• To train the students to pursue further education.
BSCBT103/BZBC102-Plant Diversity 2

COURSE OUTCOMES
• On completion of the course, students are able to:
• Understand the diversity among Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.
• Understand the life cycle pattern of plant diversity.
• Know the Economic Importance of plant diversity

CONTENTS
• Bryophyta: General characteristics
• Bryophyta: Classification
• Bryophyta: Economic Importance
• Life Cycle of Marchantia
• Life Cycle of Anthoceros
• Life Cycle of Funaria

REFERENCES/TEXT BOOKS
• Introduction to Botany – Bendre & Kumar
• Botany for degree students – Algae: Vashishtha et al.
• Botany for degree students – Bryophyta: Vashishtha et al.
• An introduction to Pteridophyta – A Rashid
• Botany for degree students: B.P.Pandey
• Botany: S.B. Agrawal

LECTURE PLAN
Lecture No. Topics to be covered Slide No.
L-1
Bryophyta: General characteristics
8-11
L-2
Bryophyta: Classification
12-17
L-3
Bryophyta: Economic Importance
18-26
L-4
Life Cycle of Marchantia
27-53
L-5
Life Cycle of Anthoceros
54-76
L-6
Life Cycle of Funaria
77-101
Quiz 102-111

UNIT III

BRYOPHYTA: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• The term Bryophyta originates from the word ‘Bryon’ meaning
mosses and ‘phyton’ meaning plants. Bryophyta includes
embryophytes like mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
• These are small plants that grow in shady and damp areas. They lack
vascular tissues. They don’t produce flowers and seeds, instead,
reproduce through spores. The study of bryophytes is called bryology.
• Bryophytes are called “amphibians of the plant kingdom” because
they are terrestrial plants, but require water to complete their life
cycle at the time of sexual reproduction.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BRYOPHYTES
• Plants occur in damp and shaded areas
• The plant body is thallus like, i.e. prostrate or erect
• It is attached to the substratum by rhizoids, which are unicellular or
multicellular
• They lack true vegetative structure and have a root-like, stem-like and leaf-
like structure
• Plants lack the vascular system (xylem, phloem)
• Bryophytes show alternation of generation between independent
gametophyte with sex organs, which produces sperm and eggs and
dependent sporophyte which contains spores
• The dominant part of the plant body is gametophyte which is haploid
• The thalloid gametophyte is differentiated into rhizoids, axis and leaves

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BRYOPHYTES
• The gametophyte bears multicellular sex organs and is photosynthetic
• The antheridium produces antherozoids, which are biflagellated
• The shape of an archegonium is like a flask and produces one egg
• The antherozoids fuse with egg to form a zygote
• The zygote develops into a multicellular sporophyte
• The sporophyte is semi-parasitic and dependent on the gametophyte for its
nutrition
• Cells of sporophyte undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes which form a
gametophyte
• The juvenile gametophyte is known as protonema
• The sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule

The life cycle of bryophytes

CLASSIFICATION OF BRYOPHYTES

CLASSIFICATION OF BRYOPHYTES
• According to the latest classification, Bryophyta is divided into three classes:
Hepaticopsida (Liverworts)
Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts)
Bryopsida (Mosses)
• A. Hepaticopsida (Liverworts): The name hepaticopsida comes from the word
“hepatic” meaning liver. Liverworts come under this class.
• Hepaticopsida is further divided into 4 orders:
Marchantiales (e.g. Riccia, Marchantia)
Sphaerocarpales (e.g. Sphaerocarpos)
Calobryales (e.g. Calobryum)
Jungermanniales (e.g. Pellia)

HEPATICOPSIDA
• The main characteristics of the class hepaticopsida are:
• Gametophyte plant is either thalloid or foliose
• In foliose forms, leaves are without midrib and dorsiventral
• Thalloid is dorsiventral, lobed and dichotomously branched
• Each cell of thallus contains many chloroplasts without pyrenoids
• Rhizoids are unicellular, branched and aseptate
• Sex organs are borne dorsally embedded in gametophytic tissues
• The sporophyte is made up of only capsule (in Riccia) or foot, seta and
capsule (in Marchantia)
• The columella is absent in the capsule
• Sporogenous tissues develop from endothecium

B. ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA (HORNWORTS): There
are around 300 species present in this class. They are commonly known as hornworts. It
has only one order i.e. Anthocerotales. Examples: Anthoceros, Megaceros, Notothylas
The main features are:
• The gametophytic body is flat, dorsiventral, simple thalloid without internal
differentiation
• Rhizoids are smooth-walled
• Each cell has one chloroplast with a pyrenoid
• Sex organs are present dorsally embedded in the thallus
• The sporophyte is differentiated into foot, meristematic zone and capsule
• Sporogenous tissues develop from amphithecium
• Pseudoelaters are present in the capsule
• The columella is present in the capsule, which originates from endothecium

C. BRYOPSIDA (MOSSES): It is the largest class of
Bryophyta with around 1400 species. They are commonly
called mosses. Examples: Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum.
• Bryopsida is further divided into 5 orders:
Bryales
Andreales
Sphagnales
Polytrichales
Buxbaumiales

The main features are:
• The gametophyte is differentiated into protonema and foliose
gametophore
• Foliose is made up of stem as an axis and leaves without midrib
• Rhizoids are multicellular with oblique septa
• Sex organs are borne apically on stem
• Elaters are absent
• The sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule
• Sporogenous tissues develop from endothecium
• Columella is present
• Dehiscence of the capsule takes place by separation of the lid

BRYOPHYTA: ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES
• Bryophytes have great ecological importance. Mosses and lichens are
the first organisms to colonise rocks.
• They decompose the rock making it suitable for the growth of higher
plants. The acid secreted by lichens, death and decay of mosses helps
in soil formation
• Bryophytes grow densely so act as soil binders
• Mosses play an important role in bog succession. Mosses can change
the landscape from open soil to climax forest. The thick mat formed
of mosses forms suitable substratum for germination of hydrophilic
seeds due to the presence of water and humus. In the course of time,
the dead and decayed mosses and hydrophilic plants form a solid soil
for mesophytic development

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES
• They prevent soil erosion by reducing the impact of the falling rain
• They reduce the amount of run-off water due to their water holding
capacity
• They help in recycling of the nutrients
• They act as a rock builder. Certain mosses (Bryum) along with algae,
present in calcium bicarbonate rich shallow water or lakes form
calcareous (lime) rock-like deposits around these plants. These plants
decompose bicarbonate ions resulting in the precipitation of insoluble
calcium carbonate. This mineral deposit continues to grow and
extends over several hundred square feet area.

BRYOPHYTES AS FUEL
• Liverworts and mosses have long been tried and used as a fuel in
developed countries like Finland, Sweden, Ireland, West Ger-many,
Poland and Soviet Union.
• Peat a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground,
consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter.
• Peat is suitable for production of low and intermediate BTU gas as
well as hydrogen, ethylene, natural gas, methanol and Fisher Tropsch
gasoline
.• Peat mosses are best suited for the production of methane, and peat
is likely to become an important source of fuel for production of
heat,methane, or electricity in the future.

HORTICULTURAL USES
• There is a long tradition of use of bryophytes in horticulture as soil
additives, because of their high water holding capacity and to air. Peat
is an important soil conditioner and is commonly used for agricultural
and horticultural purpose
Bryophytes as ornamental plant• Bryophytes have also been used for
green house crops, potted ornamental plants and seedlings, and in
garden soil. s around the world.
As preservative agent Bryophytes have excellent power to absorb
moisture and can act as a goodpreservative agent . They not only help
to prevent food but also help to preserve death bodies.

CONT….
• Moss industry
• Moss industries in France manufacture moss carpets in various sizes.
• They are easy to fix along the roads, lawns, play grounds, etc.
• In Sri Lanka,a wide range of eco-friendly products such as coir pots, coir
fiber pith (coco - peat), moss sticks, hanging wire baskets and basket liners
are ma
House Construction
•These tiny plants are used in the construction of houses andtheir
furnishings.
•At Kapkot in the Himalayas, villagers use moss mats withshrubs, grasses,
and bamboo to make a pharki, a kind of doorplaced at the openings of
their temporary huts.Sphagnumpeat, peatcrete and peatwood are the
newmaterial use for making houses ,they are low cost and easyto
transport. de using bryophytes.

CONT….
• Household Uses •The Himalayans also use mosses as insect
repellents when storing food. •Local mosses and liverworts are dried,
made into a coarse powder that is sprinkled over grains and other
goods to be stored in containers.
• Fibre industries •Mosses are mixed with wool to make cheap
clothes. •They are used in decoration of net bags and other objects.
•Women also wear their steam like structure in their hair and as
decorations in bracelets . •Used in hiking boats to absorb odour and
moisture. •Used in lining of diapers to improve absorbing power.

CONT…
• Medicinal Uses Sphagnol’chilblains, scabies, acne and other forms of
skin diseasesUse for curing for allaying arising Skin Help to curefrom
insect bites. treatment ringworms. Ash of moss is mixed with honey
and fat to treat cuts, burns and wounds
• Medicines cystitis cardio- vascular bronchitis system China in the
business oftonsillitis medicines tympanitis made up of bryophytes
• Use in Biotechnology• Transgenic Physcomitrella are now being used
to produce ‘blood-clotting factor IX’, for the treatment of
haemophilia’ B and other proteins

CONT…
• Medicinal uses:
• Sphagnum is used in surgical dressing due to its high absorptive power and some
antiseptic property for filling absorptive bandages in place of cotton for the
treatment of boils and discharging wounds
• Marchantia has been used to cure pulmonary tuberculosis and affliction of liver
• The decoction of dried sphagnum is used in the treatment of acute haemorrhage
and eye infections
• Peat-tar is antiseptic and used as a preservative. Sphagnol, which is a distillate of
peat-tar is used to treat skin disease
• Polytrichium species has shown to dissolve stone in kidney and gall bladder
• Antibiotic substances can be extracted from certain bryophytes having antibiotic
properties
• In research: Mosses and liverworts are used in research in the field of genetics. The
mechanism of sex determination in the plant is discovered in liverworts
• Packing material: Dried mosses make an excellent packing material for fragile goods like
glassware, bulbs. For trans-shipment of living material such as cuttings and seedlings as
they have water retention capacity

LIFE CYCLE OF MARCHANTIA

SYSTEMATIC POSITION
• Division : Bryophyta
• Class : Hepaticopsida
• Order : Marchantiales
• Family : Marchantiaceae
• Genus : Marchantia

OCCURENCE
• • The genus Marchantia includes about 65 species distributed all over
the world. In India, only 11 species have been reported.
• • All the species are terrestrial growing on moist shaddy places, damp
soil, moist rocks and banks of streams.
• • Common Indian species are : M. polymorpha, M. palmata, M.
nepalensis, M. indica, M. simlana

GAMETOPHYTIC GENERATION

VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE
• Dorsal Surface
• prominent mid rib which deepens at the apex
• presence of gemma cups which enclose a number of gemmae
• gemmae are the means of asexual reproduction
• sex organs are borne on special upright branches : antheridiophores
bear the antheridia whereas archegoniophores bear the archegonia

VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE
• Ventral Surface
• shows median grove
• rhizoids and scales are attached
• rhizoids are of two types :
1) Smooth walled (G) : inner walls smooth, living cells, fix the plant body to
substratum and absorb water and soil solutes
2) Tuberculate (F,H) : peg like ingrowths in their inner walls, living in the
beginning but lack protoplasm at maturity, helps to retain moisture in
the ventral surface and carry water to all the absorptive parts
scales are of two types :
1) Appendiculate (D): large, wedge shaped, bear an appendage at their tips
2) Ligulate (E): simple, small, tounge shaped and without appendage
• scales secrete mucilage and protect the growing point from desiccation

INTERNAL STRUCTURE
• 1) Epidermal region : well marked upper and lower epidermis. upper
epidermis is interrupted by barrel - shaped air pores. function of air
pores is to facilitate gaseous exchange.
• 2) Photosynthetic Zone : consists of regularly arranged air chambers
seprated with each other by septa. a large number of photosynthetic
or assimilatory filaments arise from the floor of air chambers.
perform the function of photosynthesis.
• 3) Storage Zone : consists of compact, colourless, thin walled
parenchymatous cells which store starch grains and protein bodies. A
few cells are filled with mucilage and oil bodies.

REPRODUCTION
• Vegetative Reproduction :
1) Fragmentation
2) Adventitious branches
3) The Gemmae : - produced inside the gemma cups - these cups are
produced on the dorsal surface of thallus
• Sexual Reproduction : - oogamous - all the species are dioecious -
male sex organs are antheridia and female sex organs are called
archegonia.

POSITION OF SEX ORGANS
• borne on special erect and stalked branches called gametophores or
receptacles.
• receptacle bearing antheridia is called antheridiophore and that
bearing archegonia is called archigoniophore.
• stalk of both antheridiophores and archegoniophores are
morphologically and structurally similar.
• the side corresponding to morphologically dorsal surface of thallus
photosynthetic zone.
• the other side of stalk corresponds to the lower ventral side of
thallus.

THE ANTHERIDIOPHORE
• differentiated into into a long stalk and a terminal disc
• disc is eight lobed
• upper zone of disc consists of air chambers alternating with
antheridial chambers
• air chambers possess assimilatory filaments which perform
photosynthesis
• antheridia are borne singly inside the antheridial chambers
• antheridia are borne in acropetal succession

MATURE ANTHERIDIUM
• differentiated into a short stalk and a large body
• body has single layered sterile jacket
• it encloses a large number of androcytes which metamorphose into
antherozoid
• antherozoids are small, uninucleate and biflagellate
• morphologically, antheridia consists of three parts :
1) Head piece : comprising of basal bodies with two long and equal flagella
attached to it
2) The nuclear portion : consisting of long narrow rod- shaped and coiled
nucleus
3) The cytoplasmic portion : comprising of a thin film of cytoplasm with a
few plastids and mitochondria

DEHISCENCE OF ANTHERIDIA
• Dehisce in presence of water provided by rain or dew drops
• at maturity, the pore of antheridial chamber becomes wide open through
which water enters and fills the chamber
• the body of antheridium encloses a mass of free antherozoids which float
in a viscous fluid formed by dissolution of cell walls of androcytes
• sterile jacket cells imbibe water , become softned, get disorganised
• antherozoids ooze out in mass through an opening
• they escape through the pore of antheridial chamber and come to the
surface of disc
• antherozoids swim in the film of water

THE ARCHIGONIOPHORE
• it is the reproductive branch bearing archegonia
• it is differentiated into stalk and disc
• disc consists of eight lobes directed away from the centre
• the archegonia develop on the upper surface of disc in arranged in eight
rows
• after fertilization central portion of disc buldges out and becomes convex
pushing the archegonia at the periphery
• the archegonia are inverted and hang downward from the tissue of disc
• each archegonium has an extra sheath called perigynium
• each group of archegonia is enclosed within a two lipped, curtain like
involucre called perichaetium

STRUCTURE OF MATURE ARCHEGONIUM
• mature archegonium is flask shaped
• it consists of a short few celled stalk, a globular venter and a long
neck
• the apical part of neck is covered by 4 cover cells
• the swollen venter consists of single layered jacket and encloses a
venter canal cell and a large egg

SPOROPHYTIC GENERATION
• Each sporogonium is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule
• it is enclosed within a protective covering called calyptra
• the other protective coverings are perigynium (pseudoinvolucre) which
encloses single sporogonium and perichaetium (involucre) which covers
the group of sporogonia
• Foot : it anchors the sporogonium and absorbs water and nutrients from
the gametophyte
• Seta : it connects the capsule with foot
• Capsule : it has single layered wall enclosing a mass of spores and elaters.
• Elaters are hygroscopic and in this way help in spore dispersal
• The sporophytic generation of lifecycle ends with the formation of spores
• The spores are carried away wind or rain

THE YOUNG GAMETOPHYTE
• Spore is the first cell of gametophytic generation
• Spore has thick wall differentiated into outer, thich exine and inner,
thin intine
• Each spore mother cell of Marchantia produces 4 spores, out of
which 2 develop into male thalli and 2 develop into female thalli
• Thus Marchantia shows physiological heterospory

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
• Since the plant bodies of two generations are morphologically
dissimilar, it is called heterologous type of alternation of generations -
and the life cycle is diplohaplontic

Life Cycle of Anthoceros

HABITAT
• Distributed world wide
• Grows in shady and moist areas of tropical and temperate regions
• About 200 species, and in Pakistan 3 common species are found in
Himalayas
1. Anthoceros himalayensis
2. Anthoceros erectus
3. Anthoceros chambensis

VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY
• The plant body is gametophyte and consist of small, dark green,
prostrate thallus
• It is rosette like, and with lobes of whose margins are divided into
small lobed segments
• Dichotomous system is present
• Surface of thallus is smooth, velvety , and contains ridges and spines
• Numerous thread like rhizoids are present on ventral surface of
thallus

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THALLUS
• There is no internal differentiation
• Parenchymatous cells are present
• Each contain single lens shaped chloroplast
• Deep cells contain 2-8 chloroplasts
• Each chloroplast contains single pyrenoid
• There are two surfaces, upper and lower epidermis
• Lower epidermis contains mucilaginous cavities that opens through a
pore called slime pore
• In these cavities blue green alga resides.

REPRODUCTION
• Vegetative reproduction
• Sexual reproduction

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• 1. Death of older plants: Vegetative reproduction takes place by the
death of older parts. Younger parts form new thallus.
• 2. Tuber: Some thallus forms tubers. These tubers are rich in stored
fats and proteins.
• These tubers germinate to on the margin of the lobes. They can
survive long periods of drought. Tuber detach and from new plants.

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• 1. Gemmae: Gemma are also produced on short stalks on the upper
surface of the thallus. These are also act as vegetative reproductive
bodies.
• 2. Persistent apices : in some species the thallus dies except the
apices , there are called persistent apices , they remain buried in soil
and develop into new plant body during favorable conditions

ANTHERIDIA
• Antheridia develops on cavities called antheridia chamber
• Present on the dorsal surface
• 1 to 25 antheridia may develop in each antheridial chambers
• Mature antheridium consist of an ovoid body with stalk.
• There is a mass of spermatogenous cells surrounded by jacket of
sterile cells

DEHISCENCE
• At maturity, the roof of the antheridial chamber ruptures, exposing
the antheridia. The apical cell of the antheridial wall, on absorbing
water, ruptures by apical aperture. The antherozoids are now
liberated to the covering film of water.
• The antherozoids:
• The antherozoid is spindle like and biciliate. The cilia are attached to
the anterior end of the body. Sometimes just near the attaching point
of the flagella to the body, the blepharoplasty ( flagellated cell or
basal body) is visible. The antherozoids swim in the water by the
lashing moment of their flagella.

ARCHEGONIUM
• Archegonia are produced close to the growing point. Archegonia are
embedded in the tissue of the thallus.
• Each archegonium consists of an egg and a ventral canal cell four
neck canal cells. The canal of the archegonium is closed at the top by
four cover cells.
• These cells project slightly above the general surface of the thallus.

DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHEGONIUM

FERTILIZATION
• Water is essential for fertilization. In the mature archegonium, the
venter canal cell, neck canal cells disintegrate and form a
mucilaginous mass.
• It absorbs water, swells up and becomes out of the archegonial neck
by pushing the cover cells apart.
• This mucilaginous mass becomes continuous with the mucilage
mound and in this way an open passage down to egg is formed.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPOROGONIUM
• With the result of the first vertical division, the daughter cells are
produced, which are subjected to a transverse division producing four
cells of equal or unequal size
• These cells again divide vertically, developing eightcelled embryo,
four cells in each tier. The upper tier of four cells divides transversely.
This way the three tiers of four cells each have been produced.
• The lowermost tier produces the foot, the middle tier produces partly
the foot and mainly the seta and the upper-most tier produces the
capsule.

SPOROGONIUM TISSUE
• In the young sporogonium, the columella consists of four vertical
rows of the cells, but later on it is made up of sixteen rows of cells.
• The jacket initials divide again and again periclinally producing the 4
to 6 layered wall of the capsule.
• Later on, the sporogenous tissue becomes differentiated into two
types of cells, i. e.,
(i) the sporocytes (spore mother cells) and
(ii) the sterile cells (pseudoelaters).

LIFE CYCLE OF FUNARIA

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF FUNARIA
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Bryophyta
• Class: Bryopsida
• Subclass: Funariidae
• Order: Funariales
• Family: Funariaceae
• Genus: Funaria

GENERAL CHARACTERS
•Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 species of moss and 18 species reported
from India.
• Funaria hygrometrica is the most common species. Funaria hygrometrica is called
“cord moss” because of the twisted seta.
•The name is derived from Latin word “funis” meaning a rope
• Moss plant Funaria grows in dense patches or cushions in moist shady and cool
places during the rainy seasons.
• It has a height of 3–5 cm, a radial symmetry with a differentiation of an axis or
stem, leaves or phylloids and multicellular colorless branched rhizoids
• These are primitive multicellular, autotrophic, shade loving, amphibious plants.
• They reproduce by spore formation.
• They have no vascular system. Root like structures called rhizoids are present.
• They show alternation of generation i.e. the gametophytic stage alternates with
the sporophytic stage

GAMETOPHORE STAGE
• Gametophore is the dominant stage in the life cycle.
•It is erect, leafy structure that reaches upto 3 cm height.
• It has slender, cylindrical upright central axis known as cauloid on which
the flat, green, lateral expansions phylloids are present.
• Cauloid and phylloids are structurally not similar to stem and leaves
because these are without vascular tissues and gametophytic in origin.
•Plant is small about 1-3 cm long, stem is erect and branched.
•It is differentiated into rhizoids, axis, and leaves.
•The rhizoids are multicellular and branched.
•The axis is aerial, erect, and branched.
•The leaves are simple, small, and spirally arranged.
•The upper leaves are large and lower leaves are crowded.

INTENAL STRUCTURE STEM
• i. Epidermis: it is outer most single
layered. It is made up of thick
walled cells.
• ii. Cortex: it is multilayered zone
situated just below the epidermis
and consists of parenchymatous
cells.
• iii. Central cylinder: it forms the
central core of the axis and consists
of vertically elongated, thin walled
cell. The central cylinder provides
mechanical strength to plant and
help in conduction of water and
mineral.

LEAVES
• leaves are arranged on the axis
in spiral fashion. The leaves are
sessile, simple, green and
distinct mid rib. The leaf is single
layered thick except for the mid-
rib. The central part is similar to
the central cylinder of the axis.

REPRODUCTION
• Vegitative reproduction In moss the vegetative reproduction takes
place by means of various methods :
• 1. By multiplication of primary protonema In Funaria spores on
germination form a branched, filamentous, multicellular structure. It
is pr. protonema which certain colorless separations are formed by
intercalary divisions. These cells die out and break up the protonema
into many fragments. These fragments grows into new protonema
cotaining buds which develops into leafy gametophytes.
• 2. By secondary protonema When protonema is developed by other
than the germination of the spore the it is called as sec. protonema. It
may develop from any detached living part of the gametophyte.

BY GEMMAE
• Durimg unfavorable condition the
terminal cells of the protonemal
branches divide by trnsverse,
longitudinal divisions and form
green multicellular bodies of 10-30
cells. These are called gemmae. At
maturity gemmae become slightly
reddish brown in color. On the
return of favourable conditions
gemmae germinate and form new
plant.
•

CONT..
BY BULBILS
• When such gemmae like structures are produced on rhizoids inside the
sustratum these are called bulbils. They are devoid of chloroplasts but
capable of developing them into leafy individuals under favourable
conditions.
• APOSPORY
• Development of gametophyte from sporophyte without formation of
spores is known as apospory. Any vegetative cell of the sporophyte may
form green protonemal filaments which bears lateral buds later develop
into leafy gametophyt. The gametophyte thus formed are diploid. Sexual
reproduction in such gametophyte results in the formation of tetraploi (4n)
zygote capable of bearing spores.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Sexual reproduction is oogamous. Male reproductive structure is
known as antheridium and female as archegonium. Funaria is
monoecious (having male and female sex organs on the same thallus)
and autoicous (antheridia and archegonia develop on separate
branches of the same thallus). Sex organs are borne on leafy
gametophores in terminal clusters. The main shoot of the leafy
gametophore bears antheridia and act as male branch. Female branch
develops as a lateral outgrowth from the base of the male branch and
bears archegonia. It grows higher than the male branch. Funaria ia
protandrous (antheridia mature before the archegonia). It ensures
the cross fertilization.

MALE BRANCH OR ANTHERIDIOPHORE
• Longitudinal section of male branch shows that its apex is expanded
and convex shaped. It bears large number of reddish brown or orange
antheridia in different stages of development. Projected antheridia
are surrounded by rosette of spreading leaves called perigonial
leaves.
• The antheridial cluster with surrounding perigonial leaves is called
perigonium. The antheridia are intermingled with large number of
sterile hair like club shaped structure called paraphyses which store
water, protect developing antheridia, help in photosynthesis and
dehiscence of antheridia.

STRUCTURE OF AN ANTHERIDIUM
• The antheridium is club shaped. It is differetiated into a short multicellular
stalk and antheridium body which has a single layered jacket of polyhedral
flattened cells. When young jacket contain chloroplast but turs orange or
reddish brown at maturity. Jacket encloses a large number of androcytes
(antherozoid mother cells).
• At maturity the distal end of the antheridium bears one or two thick walled
colorless cells called operculum. The opercular cells become mucilaginous,
absorb water and swell, break connection with the neighbouring cells and
form a narrow pore. Androcytes ooze out in the form of viscous fluid
through this pore.
• Each androcyte mother cell divides further and form two androcytes, each
produces a single biflagellate sperm or antherozoids or spermatozoid. Each
antherozoid is elongated, spirally coiled, biflagellated structure.

FEMALE BRANCH OR ARCHEGONIOPHORE
• The female branch arises from the base of the male branch. Longitudinal
section shows that many archegonia intermingled with paraphyses occurs
at the apex. The terminal cell of paraphyses is not swollen. The cluster of
archegonia is enclosed by a group of green foliage leaves called
perichaetial leaves. The archegonial cluster with the surrounding
perichaetial leaves is called perichaetium.
• Structure of an Archegonium
• A mature archegonium is flask shaped structure. It remains attached to the
female branch by a massive stalk. It consists upper elongated slender neck
and basal globular portion called venter
• The neck is slightly tubular, twisted, single layered and consists of six
vertical rows of neck cells which enclose an axial row of ten or more
vertical neck canal cells. The venter wall is two layered and encloses venter
canal cell and egg cell. Venter canal cell is situated just below the neck
canal cells.

FERTILIZATION
• In Funaria water is essential for fertilization. The operculum cells of
the antheridium rupture and releases mass of antherozoids. When
archegonium reaches at maturity the neck canal cells and venter
canal cell disintegrate to form a mucilaginous mass. It absorbs water,
swells up and comes out of the archegonial mouth by pushing the
cover cells apart. This mucilaginous mass consists chemical substance
mainly sugars.
• The cover cells of the neck separate widely from each other and form
a passage leading to the egg. Many antherozoids enter the
archegoniial neck because of chemical response but only one of them
fuses with the egg to form zygote.

SPOROPHYTIC PHASE
• Zygote is the first cell of the sporophytic phase. Development of the sporophyte takes
place within the venter of the archegonium.
• Structure of Sporophyte
• The sporophyte is semi-parasitic in nature. A mature sporophyte can be differentiated
into three distinct parts:
• FOOT
It is the basal portion of the sporogonium. It functions as an choring and absorbing
organ.
• SETA
• It is long, slender, stalk like hygroscopic structure. It bears the capsule at its tip and raises
it above the apex of leafy gametophores. Its internal structure is similar to axis. It is
mechanical in function and also conducts water and nutrients to the developing capsule.
• CAPSULE
• It is the terminal part of sporophyte and is green in color when young but on maturity
becomes bright orange coloured. It is covered by a cap like structure called calyptras.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE CAPSULE
• Longitudinal section of the capsule shows that it can be differentiated into three
distinct regions
• APOPHYSIS
• It is the sterile part of the capsule. It is bounded by the single layered epidermis
which is interrupted by stomata. The stomata have single ring like guard cells.
Below the epidermis is spogy parenchyma. The central part of the apophysis is
made up of elongated thin walled cells forming a conducting strand. It is called
neck of the capsule. It is the photosynthetic region and connects seta and
capsule.
• THECA
• It is the middle, slightly bent spore bearing region of the capsule which lies in
between the apophysis and operculum. L.S. passing through theca shows
following regions: epidermis, hypodermis, spogy parenchyma, air spaces, spore
sacs and collumela. When young the cavity of spore sac is filled with many spore
mother cells. At maturity the SMC divide meiotically and form haploid spores.
The spongy parenchyma consists of two to three layers of loosely arranged
chlorophyllous cells. Collumela is the central part made up of compactly arranged
colorless parenchymatous cells which helps in conduction of water and mineral.

CONT…
• OPERCULUM
• It is the upper region of the capsule. It is dome shaped and consists of
four to five layers of cells. The outermost layer is thick walled and
called epidermis.
• Operculum is differentiated from theca by a well marked constriction
below which is a diaphragm or rim. Above the rim is annulus which
consists of 5-6 superimposed layers of cells. Below the operculum lies
the peristome. It consists of two rings of radially arranged peristomal
teeth. In each ring there are sixteen teeth. Teeth are not cellular but
stripes of the cuticle.

DEHISENCE OF THE CAPSULE
• Funaria is a stegocarpous moss
(dehisce along pre determined
line. It occurs by breaking off of
annulus. The thin walled cells of
annulus break away, the
operculum is thrown off and the
peristome teeth are exposed.
The lengthening and shortening
of the outer peristome teeth
help in the dispersal of spores

STRUCTURE AND GERMINATION OF SPORES
• Each spore is spherical and surrounded by two wall layers. The outer
wall is thick, smooth, brown and known as exosporium. While the
inner wall is thin, hyaline called as endosporium. Spore wall encloses
single nucleus, chloroplast and many oil globules. Under favourable
conditions spores germinates, exosporium ruptures and endosporium
• forms one or two germ tubes. Each germtube is multicellular, green
whch grows into protonema.

Multiple Choice Questions
Q1 – The thalloid plant body is found in
a. Marchantia
b. Sphagnum
c. Funaria
d. Salvinia
B Q2 – Peat moss is used for transporting plants to distant places because
a. it is hygroscopic
b. it reduces transpiration
c. it is easily available
d. it serves as a disinfectant

Q3 – Find the true statement about bryophytes
a. they have chloroplasts
b. they have archegonia
c. they are thalloid
d. all of the above
Q4 – A characteristic feature of bryophytes is
a. a dominant and parasitic sporophyte
b. a dominant and spore-producing gametophyte
c. a small sporophyte phase, which is dependent on the gametophyte
d. sporophytes stay for a longer duration C

Q5 – The antherozoids of Funaria are
a. uniflagellate
b. biflagellate
c. multiflagellate
d. do not have flagella
Q6 – In mosses, meiosis takes place during
a. gamete formation a
b. ntheridia and archegonia formation
c. spore germination
d. spore formation

Q7 – The basal swollen portion of the archegonium is:
a. Venter
b. Neck
c. Jacket
d. Oospere
Q8- Which plant does belong to Anthoceropsida?
a. Funaria,
b. Polytrichum
c. Porella
d. Anthoceros

Q9 – Meristematic tissues are present in:
a. Marchantia
b. Polytrichum
c. Porella
d. Anthoceros
Q10 – Which of the followings is absent in bryophytes?
a. Archegonia
b. Oosphere
c. Zoospore
d. Antheridia

Q11 – A structure is present in the centre of the capsule called:
a. elaters
b. spores
c. columella
d. pseudoelaters
Q12-A narrow region encircles the columella. This region
contains spores and:
a. elaters
b. spores
c. columella
d. pseudoelaters

Q13 Endothecium divides to form:
a. elaters
b. spores
c. columella
d. pseudoeaters
Q14– The archegonia and bracts forms structure called:
a. bracts
b. paraphylls
c. involucre
d. Gemma

Q15-Elaters are present in sporogonium of
a. Riccia
b. Marchantia
c. Sphagnum
d. Selaginella
Q16–Sporogenous tissue is of amphithecial origin in
a. Riccia
b. Anthoceros
c. Marchantia
d. Funaria

Q17 – The air cavities in the capsule of moss are partitioned with delicate strands of cells. These
are called
a. Trabeculae
b. Compartments
c. Partitions
d. Septa
Q18 – The dehiscence of moss capsule takes place by the rupture of the following
a. Calyptra
b. Operculum
c. Peristome
d. Annulus

Q19 In moss sporophyte, following is absent
a. Foot
b. Seta
c. Columella
d. elaters
Q20 – Spore mother cell in Bryophytes is-
a. Haploid
b. Diploid
c. Triploid
d. Tetraploid

Thank You

JULY-DEC_2022_BSCBT_1_SEM_V9_BSCBT103_BSCBT103BZBC102___Unit_3_PPT.pptx

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