1. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES© 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Actual Situation and Approach for Municipal Solid
Waste Treatment in the Arab Region
MSc. Ayman Elnaas
Department Waste Management and
Material Flow
University of Rostock
08/19/16
PhD Defense 31/03/2016

2. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Outline
1. Introduction and problem statement
2. Waste teartement in the Arab region
3. Study approach
4. Assessment of compost produced in the region
5. Examining MBT to produce RDF and stabilized fine material
6. Costs calculation of treatment options for the region
7. Conclusion and recommendations
08/19/16 2

3. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 3
Introduction

4. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 4
LegalLegal TechnicalTechnicalManagementManagementFinancialFinancial
Problem statement
― 90% for logistic and
10% for treatment
and landfilling
― Lack of laws and
regulations
― Absence of local
standards
― Absence of
monitoring systems
― Lack of local know-how
― Undetermined local
conditions
― Failure of sorting and
composting facilities
― Landfilling of waste
without treatment
― 2-5% recyclable
materials recovery
Problem statement

5. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Objectives
08/19/16 5
• Reviewing the current SWM practices in the Arab region
• Assessment of the existing SWM systems and some of the
treatment technologies
• Adoption the MBT technology for the region
• Utilization and disposal of the output from MBT
• Estimating the needed investment and operation cost
• Recommendation for adopted waste treatment system

6. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 6
Waste treatment in the region
• Technology applied
• Local conditions (Time, quantity and weather)
• Management and technical
• Financial and marketing
• Quality of finished compost

7. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 7
Study
approach
Study
approach
Compost
assessment
Compost
assessment
MBT
examination
MBT
examination
― Survey of operating facilities
― Compost samples collection
― Compost analysis
― Waste characterization
― Sampling and analysis
― Process monitoring
― RDF assessment
― Design MBT options
― Financial feasibility
Study approach

8. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Areas of study
Samples collected
• Number of samples: 16 from 8 treatment facilities
• Type of samples: compost from mixed municipal solid waste
• Samples were collected from different cities in some Arab countries,
depending on the availability
Compost assessment

9. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 9
Rotting class AT4 (mg O2/g
DM)
Classification of
the samples
tested
Product description
I >40 19% Compost raw
materials
II 40-28 19% Fresh compost
III 28-16 6% Fresh compost
IV 16-6 44% Finished compost
V <6 12% Finished compost
Compost properties

10. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 10
Heavy metals analysis

11. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 11
1st
approach main findings
• Only one of the 16 samples tested fulfilled the requirements and
considered as stable compost of class (A)
• Sorting and composting facilities are being operated with limited
capacity
• Compost produced in operating facilities has poor quality

12. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 12
Composting vs. Refuse Derived Fuels
(RDF)
Aspects Composting RDF
Time needed 8-12 weeks
1-3 weeks (biodrying)
30 min (physical drying)
Output
Low quality
compost
High energy content
Land needed Large area Less area
Selling of the output
Needs
marketing
High potential
Weather conditions Negative impact Positive impact

13. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 13
• Biological drying process
• RDF quality investigation
• MBT design
• Cost analysis
MBT Pilot project in Tunisia

14. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 14
Trials
Quantity of waste
(t)
Number of
windrows
Beginning
of trail
End of
trail
1 110 2 25/06/2014 15/07/2014
2 96 1 04/08/2014 28/08/2014
3 98 1 03/09/2014 23/09/2014
4 145 2 27/10/2014 19/11/2014
5 60 1 02/12/2014 17/12/2014
Field work schedule

15. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 15
Experimental monitoring
Trial 1.1
Trial 1.2
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4

16. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 16
mass balance after
biodrying process
Results of the biodrying process
Characteristics of
waste before and
after biodrying

17. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 17
Properties of RDF
Parameter
Summer trial Winter trial
1 2 3 4
DMInput (%) 47 44 51 47
LHVInput (MJ/Kg) 6.21 5.99 8.54 5.99
DMoutput/RDF (%) 75 69 50 67
LHVoutput/RDF (MJ/Kg) 13.53 13.45 8.73 11.82
Chlorineoutput/RDF (%) 0.84 0.66 1.30 0.94
Heavy metalsoutput/RDF
(mg/Kg)
Cd 0.76 0.45 4.18 0.62
Cr 89 74.7 96 142
Ni 71.1 34.9 45.6 70.2
Hg 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.55
Zn 262 141 140 229
As 3.5 2.3 4.5 3

18. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
2nd
approach main findings
• MBT was approved to be a simple practical solution for the region.
• Waste mass reduction:
― 35% (biodrying)
― 55% (RDF utilization)
― 75% (further stabilization)
• The RDF produced has a high calorific value, low moisture and
acceptable chlorine content.

19. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 19
100%waste
input
100%waste
input
Biological drying
2-4% Metal
20-25% RDF
30-40% Water and
mass loss
35-40% dried
material
To landfill
10-15%
Water and mass loss
13-15%
Compost-like output
Stabilization
13-15% Stabilized material to
landfill
Option 1
50,000Mg/a
Option 1
50,000Mg/a
Option 2
100,0000Mg/a
Option 2
100,0000Mg/a
Option 4
Compost like output
100,0000Mg/a
Option 4
Compost like output
100,0000Mg/a
Option 3
Stabilized material
100,0000Mg/a
Option 3
Stabilized material
100,0000Mg/a
MBT treatment strategies

20. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 20
Strategy 2:
Biological drying and stabilization processes
Compost-like
output

21. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Costs analysis for MBT
Option 1 2 3 4
Parameter:
Capital costa 8 12 14 14 MioEUR
Net equity 30 30 30 30 %
Useful economic life 15 15 15 15 years
Interest (inflation adjusted) 5 5 5 5 % p.a.
Costs:
Capital investment 859,517 1,289,275 1,504,154 1,504,154 EUR/a
Effective personnel costs 206,400 275,200 344,000 344,000 EUR/a
Maintenance 800,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 EUR/a
Removal of residues 197,938 395,875 342,400 39,375 EUR/a
Electricity consumption 174,400 348,800 348,800 348,800 EUR/a
Earnings:
Gate fees 10,20,30,40 EUR/Mg
RDF sale 15,20,25,30 EUR/Mg
Sale of recyclables 50 EUR/Mg
Sale of compost like output 10 EUR/Mg

22. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
50,000t/a Drying and RDF production 100,000t/a Drying and RDF production
100,000t/a stabilized material to landfill 100,000t/a sell of compost like output

23. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
37,500 50,000 62,500 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 t
Option 1. 50000 t/a (drying and RDF production) -685 -291 102 496 T€/a
Option 2. 100000 t/a (drying and RDF production) -402 385 1,172 1,960 T€/a
Option 3. 100000 t/a (stabilized material to landfill) -846 -45 756 1,556 T€/a
Option 4. 100000 t/a (sell of compost like output) -460 470 1,399 2,329 T€/a
Pre-tax
profitT€/a
waste quantity
with investment costs
-1,500
-1,000
-500
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Option 1.
Option 2.
Option 3.
Option 4.
Pre-taxprofitT€/a
waste quantity (t)
Gate fees 30 EUR/Mg
RDF sale 30 EUR/Mg
Sale of recyclables 50 EUR/Mg
Sale of compost like output 10 EUR/Mg
With capital investment
45 €/t
35 €/t
39 €/t
36 €/t

24. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
37,500 50,000 62,500 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 t
Option 1. 50000 t/a (drying and RDF production) -239 17 272 528 T€/a
Option 2. 100000 t/a (drying and RDF production) 59 571 1,082 1,594 T€/a
Option 3. 100000 t/a (stabilized material to landfill) -169 355 880 1,405 T€/a
Option 4. 100000 t/a (sell of compost like output) 217 871 1,524 2,178 T€/a
without investment costs
Pre-tax
profitT€/a
waste quantity
-500
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Option 1.
Option 2.
Option 3.
Option 4.
Pre-taxprofitT€/a
waste quantity (t)
Gate fees 20 EUR/Mg
RDF sale 25 EUR/Mg
Sale of recyclables 50 EUR/Mg
Sale of compost like output 10 EUR/Mg
without capital investment

25. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 25
Conclusions
• Landfill and open dumps are still the common disposal, up to 95%
• Facilities has limited capacity, breakdown and poor maintenance
• Poor quality compost produced in the region, heavy metals and stability
• MBT is an efficient waste treatment concept (biodrying)
− Volume reduction 35%, with RDF utilization 55%
− RDF is of acceptable quality, LHV increased from 6 to13 MJ/kg
− About 20% residue to landfill after stabilization and output recover
• Investment cost 40% of total cost makes it hard to gain revenue
• Local authorities cooperation for better economic performance can be achieved

26. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 26
Recommendations
for further work
• Adopting legal framework for SWM
• Developing a financing system for cost/revenue analysis and cost
recovery (producers responsibility)
• Adoption of separate collection system
• Developing a model for municipalities and cement industry
cooperation in SWM
• Developing a solution for small and medium size communities

27. © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES08/19/16 27
Thank you for your
attention