1.
KASHMIR CONFLICT AND
POSSIBLE OPTIONS FOR
ITS RESOLUTION

2.
PRESENTED BY:
• Awais Farooq
• Musa Alkazim
• Adeel Mukhtar
• Ijaz Khan

3.
ABSTRACT
• This synopsis investigates the conflict between India and Pakistan over the region
of Kashmir in order to weigh whether a political rather than military resolution
can be found. Various proposals to resolve the conflict are examined and
evaluated. On the one hand, the possibility of Kashmir's autonomy is considered;
on the other, the solution of joint governance or, as a third option, formal
partition of Kashmir in an Indian and Pakistani territory is explored. The
importance of resuming political talks between India and Pakistan represents a
primary first goal in order to make any resolution possible.

4.
INTRODUCTION
• Kashmir is a mountainous region, which enjoys a very important geo-political
situation. It is surrounded by Pakistan in the west and China embraces it in the
east. The Indian provinces of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are in the south. Its
northern fringes touch the borders of Afghanistan too. The area is famous for its
extra-ordinary natural beauty and resources. Presently, the northern and western
sides of the region are occupied by Pakistan while the southern and eastern parts
are controlled by the Indian Union. For over six decades, the region has been
devastated by confrontations between the two countries. Both India and Pakistan
are nuclear powers and in the case of another shooting war between them; the
entire subcontinent including Kashmir may be destroyed

5.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Indo-Pak political parties on Kashmir issue:
• The Indian National Congress, has historically supported a policy of dialogue and
reconciliation with respect to the Kashmir issue
• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), has advocated for a strong military response to
separatist and terrorist activities in the region
• Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N), have
generally advocated for a peaceful resolution to the dispute through diplomatic
means

6.
INDO-PAK POLITICAL PARTIES ON KASHMIR ISSUE
• Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) have also called for self-determination for the
people of Kashmir
• Jamaat-e-Islami, which have called for a more aggressive stance against India in
regards to the issue of Kashmir

7.
PAKISTAN AND INDIAN SECURITY FORCES POLICY
OF KASHMIR ISSUE
• India and Pakistan have historically held divergent policies on the issue of
Kashmir. India maintains that the region is an integral part of its territory, while
Pakistan claims the region as a disputed territory, with the right of self-
determination for its people.

8.
VIEWPOINT OF GENERAL POPULATION
• Pakistanis view the conflict in Kashmir as a just cause and a matter of principle
• Opinions among the Indian population on the issue of Kashmir can vary, with
some viewing it as an integral part of India's territory and others viewing it as a
disputed region. Many Indians view the region as an integral part of India's
territory and believe that it should remain under Indian control
• Additionally, there are also people who believe that the issue of Kashmir is a
human rights issue and that the rights of the people of the region should be
protected

9.
PROMINENT EVENTS REGARDING ISSUE
• The issue of Kashmir has been a source of tension between India and Pakistan since the partition
of British India in 1947. Here are some key events in the history of the conflict:
• There are many events which taken place which are
• After the partition of sub-continent the Maharaja of Kashmir signs a treaty of accession with
India, leading to Indian military intervention.
• 1965: India and Pakistan go to war over the issue of Kashmir. The war ends in a stalemate, with
the status quo being maintained.
• 1999: Pakistan-backed militants infiltrate the Indian-administered region of Kargil, leading to a
short but intense conflict. The conflict ends with the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, but the issue
of Kashmir remains unresolved

10.
PROMINENT EVENTS REGARDING ISSUE
• 2008: The region of Jammu and Kashmir is hit by a series of violent protests and a
rise in separatist activity. India blames Pakistan for supporting separatist groups,
but Pakistan denies the allegations.
• 2019: India revoked the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir granted
under the Indian constitution and split the state into two union territories. This
move was met with widespread protests and international condemnation.

11.
EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE ISSUE OF KASHMIR
• Pakistan has repeatedly called for a plebiscite to be held in the region, in accordance
with United Nations resolutions, to allow the people of the region to determine their
own future.
• India, on the other hand, has maintained that the issue of Kashmir is an internal
matter and has rejected the idea of a plebiscite.
 Possible Solution:
• Humanitarian solution
• Third-party mediation
• Self-determination

12.
RESEARCH QUESTION
1. Why IS failed to get strong in Kashmir?
2. How politicians in both sides use Kashmir issue for their political gain?
3. What was Chain rule in Kashmir issue from start of this issue?

13.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• Organic State theory
• Protracted Social Conflict theory
• Frustration-Aggression Theory

14.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
• Understanding the historical and political origins of the conflict.
• Assessing the current state of the conflict.
• Evaluating the impact of the conflict on the people of Kashmir.
• Examining the role of external actors in the conflict.
• Identifying and analyzing potential solutions and pathways for resolving the
conflict.
• Engaging with involving stakeholders, including policymakers, civil society
organizations, and the general public, in the research process, to ensure that
research results are relevant, useful, and accessible to those who need them.

15.
CONCLUSION
• the dialogue between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir conflict has failed to
create any meaningful solutions to the conflict.
• The proposal for formal partition between India and Pakistan, though promising
in some aspects and guaranteed to gain Pakistani support if the border is
redrawn in their favor
• currently unrealistic due to its conditions that autonomy, soft borders, and
demilitarization should come after the implementation
• The dialogue that existed between India and Pakistan on this issue has broken
down and come to a standstill following the Mumbai attacks of 2008

16.
CONCLUSION
• India asserting that no talks will continue until the perpetrators of the attacks,
both within the LET and the ISI, have been brought to justice, and Pakistan either
unwilling or unable to oblige. Within Pakistan itself, the military and its ISI are
more than willing to ensure talks remain dead over this issue, as the Kashmir
conflict is what keeps them in a position of power and wealth within the Pakistani
economy and politics
• All that can be hoped, at least at this time, is that the situation on either side of
the LOC improves on its own for the Kashmiri people, who have become caught
in the middle of these two states and have thus had to suffer the consequences of
their conflict.