1. Pharmacology Drugs that Affect the Cardiovascular System

9. Fast Potential -80 -60 -40 -20 0 +20 RMP -80 to 90 mV Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 controlled by Na + channels = “fast channels”

11. Cardiac Conduction Cycle

12. Slow Potential -80 -60 -40 -20 0 Phase 4 Phase 3 dependent upon Ca ++ channels = “slow channels”

16. Potential Terms APD ERP RRP relative refractory period effective refractory period action potential duration

19. Reentrant Circuits

33. Pharmacology Antihypertensives

36. BP = CO x PVR Key: CCB = calcium channel blockers CA Adrenergics = central-acting adrenergics ACEi’s = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cardiac factors circulating volume heart rate contractility 1. Beta Blockers 2. CCB’s 3. C.A. Adrenergics salt aldosterone ACEi’s Diuretics

37. BP = CO x PVR Peripheral Sympathetic Receptors alpha beta 1. alpha blockers 2. beta blockers Local Acting 1. Peripheral-Acting Adrenergics Hormones 1. vasodilators 2. ACEI’s 3. CCB’s Central Nervous System 1. CA Adrenergics

42. ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin I ACE Angiotensin II 1. potent vasoconstrictor - increases BP 2. stimulates Aldosterone - Na + & H 2 O reabsorbtion . RAAS

47. CCB Site of Action diltiazem & verapamil nifedipine (and other dihydropyridines )

51. Diuretic Site of Action . loop of Henle proximal tubule Distal tubule Collecting duct

58. Pharmacology Drugs Affecting Hemostasis

60. Platelet Adhesion

64. GP IIB/IIIA Inhibitors GP II b/ III a Inhibitors Fibrinogen GP II b/ III a Receptor

71. Occlusion Mechanism

72. tPA Mechanism

77. Lipid Deposition

78. Thrombus Formation

79. Platelet Adhesion

80. Embolus Formation

81. Occlusion Causes Infarction