Nokia has continually adapted to changes in its environment over 150 years, beginning as a pulp and paper mill and eventually becoming a world leader in cellular telephones. A survey found that international expansion, restructuring, and employment reductions were common organizational changes occurring in the late 1980s and early 1990s across several countries. The process of organizational change involves three steps: unfreezing the current state, changing to a new state, and refreezing the changes into the new organizational system.
3. 3
Organizational Change: An International
Phenomenon
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Percentage of Respondents by Country
International
expansion
Reduction in
employment
Mergers,
divestitures,
acquisitions
Major
restructuring
Hungary
Mexico
S. Korea
Germany
United States
Japan
(Source: Kanten, R., 1991.)
7. Some External Forces for ChangeSome External Forces for Change
InformationInformation
TechnologyTechnology
GlobalizationGlobalization
& Competition& Competition
DemographyDemography
Courtesy National Board of Antiquities, Finland
16. Organization Development DefinedOrganization Development Defined
A planned system wide effort, managed
from the top with the assistance of a
change agent, that uses behavioural
science knowledge to improve
organizational effectiveness.
17. 17
Organizational Development: HowOrganizational Development: How
Effective Is It?Effective Is It?
2020
3030
4040
5050
PercentageofStudiesShowingPositiveChangesPercentageofStudiesShowingPositiveChanges
IndividualIndividual
outcomesoutcomes
(e.g., job(e.g., job
satisfaction)satisfaction)
OrganizationalOrganizational
outcomesoutcomes
(e.g., profit)(e.g., profit)
(23.55)(23.55)
(48.70)(48.70)
Organizational outcomes
more often benefited from
OD interventions than did
individual outcomes
(Source: Porras and Robertson, 1992.)
22. 22
The Ethics of OD:The Ethics of OD:
Summary of the DebateSummary of the Debate
OD is
unethical
• Imposes values of the
organization; coercive
and manipulative
• Potential for abuse
OD is
ethical
• The imposition of values
is an inherent part of life,
especially on the job
• Abuse comes from
individuals, not from
the technique itself,
which is neither good
nor evil