The document discusses group dynamics, defining it as the forces operating within groups and the dynamic interaction between individuals in groups. It outlines the key characteristics of groups, including interaction between members, mutual awareness, belongingness, common goals, and norms. The document also examines the advantages of groups, the process of group formation according to Tuckman's model, and different types of formal and informal groups.

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4. Content
‐ Introduction
‐ Definition
‐ Characteristics of group
‐ Advantage of group
‐ Group formation process
‐ Types of group dynamic
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5. “
“Never doubt that a small group
of thoughtful citizens can
change the world. Indeed, it is
the only thing that ever has.”
- Margaret Mead
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6. Introduction
‐ The term ‘Group Dynamic’ is comprised of 2 words: Group and
dynamic.
‐ A group consists of a number of individuals working together for
a common objectives.
‐ The word dynamic means force.
‐ The term group dynamics refers to the forces operating in groups.
‐ Group dynamic is concerned with the dynamic interaction of
individuals in face to face relationship.
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7. Contd..
‐ Group dynamic is a social process that emphasizes upon
interpersonal relation: how people interact face to face in small
group.
‐ It arises question: why and how group formed; how do the
groups function; and what is the effect of groups over the
organization.
‐ The interactions that influence the attitudes and behaviour of
people when they are grouped with others through either choice
or accidental circumstances.
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8. Definitions
‐ Group Dynamics refers to an interaction of intricate
(complex) intra- and inter-personal powers operating in
group which establish its development, character, and
long-term survival.
‐ It can also be defined as a field of study dealing with
determination of laws basic to group behavior.
‐ Group dynamics is the behaviors and mental processes
that happen in or between group of people.
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9. Characteristics of group
‐ Collection of individuals: Group consist of people. Without
individuals, there can be no groups. For example a college
cannot exist without student and teachers. Similarly a group
cannot come into being in the absence of people.
‐ Interaction among members: interaction among members is
the very basis of group life. Hence, mere collection of people
does not make a group. The members must have interaction
with each other. A work group is, in fact, a system of
interaction.
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10. Contd..
‐ Mutual awareness: group involves mutual awareness.
Group members are aware of one another. Their behavior is
therefore, determined by this mutual recognition.
‐ Belongingness: it refers to the tendency on the part of the
members to identify themselves with the groups. It
represents the group unity. This feeling creates sympathy in
and foster cooperation among the members. It helps the
group members to defend their interest collectively.
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11. Contd..
‐ Group unity and solidarity: Group members are tied
by a sense of unity. The solidarity (team spirit)and the
integration of the group are largely dependent upon the
feelings and emotions of its members. An interest
group or a friendship group is highly united and
integrated because its members are related to several
interest and have frequent social contacts. Unity is
maintained more often by conscious effort.
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12. Contd..
‐ Common goals: the goals and ideal of a group are
common. Groups are mostly formed or established for the
fulfillment of certain goals. The forms of groups differ
depending upon the common goal of the group.
‐ Group norms: Every group has its own norms, rules and
codes of conduct. All the members are supposed to follow
these norms and standards. This norm may be written or
unwritten. Violation of these norms is panelized.
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13. Contd..
‐ Group are dynamic: Group is not static but dynamic.
They are subjected to changes whether slow or rapid.
Internal and external pressure or forces changes the
group, its goal, structure, norms, etc.
‐ Influence on personality: Groups, directly or
indirectly shape the personality of their members.
They provide opportunity for individuals to grow,
learn express, and become mature.
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14. Advantages of group
1. Need fulfillment: It provides a means of fulfilling many of
the need of the individual members. Social satisfaction
represents an important aspect of the totality of benefits that
may evolve from group association.
2. Personality development: It gives to each member the
sympathetic and human consideration that serve to support
buttress their self image and personality integrity.
3. Protection: Trade union are formal groups established to
protect interest of members.14

15. Contd..
4. Training: Training on the job which is a formal process,
becomes more effective if the colleague of the trainee worker
come forward to help him/her.
5. Reinforcement: In organization there are many jobs which
are performed groups. Job team leads to formal group. If
informal relation can be built up and it helps to strengthen the
formal group.
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16. Contd..
6. Motivation and morale: Manager should maintain the
equilibrium of the social organization so that the individual
through contributing services to this common purpose obtain
personal satisfaction that make them willing to cooperate.
7. Problem solving: Group provide the environment for
supporting experiment with new ways of working. Groups
have important problem solving abilities.
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17. Contd..
8. Communication: A social system can have an impact by
facilitating the flow of information to and by manager.
9. Culture: A group continues more and more ideas norms,
values, rules and procedures come into being and are changed,
refined and handed down. All this add up to culture.
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18. Group Formation Process
‐ As applied to group development, group dynamics is concerned
with why and how groups develop. There are several theories as
to why groups develop.
‐ A classic theory, developed by George Homans, suggests that
groups develop based on activities, interactions, and sentiments.
Basically, the theory means that when individuals share common
activities, they will have more interaction and will develop
attitudes (positive or negative) toward each other.

19. Contd..
‐ According to Tuckman's theory, there are five stages of group
development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and
adjourning.
‐ During these stages group members must address several issues
and the way in which these issues are resolved determines
whether the group will succeed in accomplishing its tasks.

20. 1. Forming.
‐ This is the initial stage of group formation where member are
trying to know each other.
‐ Thus, forming is an orientation period when members get to
know one another and share expectations about the group.
‐ Neither the major goals of the group have not been established
nor the nature of the task or leadership of the group has not been
determined.
‐ Members learn the purpose of the group as well as the rules to
be followed.

21. Contd..
‐ The forming stage should not be rushed because trust and
openness must be developed.
‐ These feelings strengthen in later stages of development.
‐ Individuals are often confused during this stage because roles are
not clear and there may not be a strong leader.
‐ This stage is characterized by confusion, anxiety, silence and
awkwardness and off-topic chatter-group struggles to find a level
of ease.

22. 2.Storming
‐ In this stage, the group is likely to see the highest level of
disagreement and conflict.
‐ Members often challenge group goals and struggle for power.
‐ Individuals often view for the leadership position during this
stage of development.(conflict arise and emergence of informal
leaders)
‐ This can be a positive experience for all groups if members can
achieve cohesiveness through resolution.
‐ Members often voice concern and criticism in this phase.

23. Contd..
‐ If members are not able to resolve the conflict, then the
group will often disband or continue in existence but will
remain ineffective and never advance to the other stages.
‐ An effective group leader will utilize the skills of
negotiation nd consensus building.
‐ Then the group move to ‘problem solving’ mentality from
that of the testing and ‘proving mentality’

24. 3. Norming
‐ This stage is characterized by the recognition of individual
differences and shared expectations.
‐ Hopefully, at this stage the group members will begin to develop
a feeling of group cohesion and identity.
‐ Cooperative effort should begin to yield results.
‐ Responsibilities are divided among members and the group
decides how it will evaluate progress.
‐ Group process characterized by openness, sharing attitude and
creativity and share the feelings, ideas, solicit and offer feedback
to one another and explore action related to group task.

25. 4. Performing.
‐ Members become highly task-oriented and people oriented
and the depth of their relationships become interdependent.
‐ Performing, occurs when the group has matured and attains a
feeling of cohesiveness.
‐ During this stage of development, individuals accept one
another and conflict is resolved through group discussion.
‐ Members of the group make decisions through a rational
process that is focused on relevant goals rather than
emotional issues.

26. 5. Adjourning.
‐ Not all groups experience this stage of development because
it is characterized by the disbandment of the group.
‐ Some groups are relatively permanent (Luthans, 2005).
‐ Reasons that groups disband vary, with common reasons
being the accomplishment of the task or individuals
deciding to go their own ways.
‐ Members of the group often experience feelings of closure
and sadness as they prepare to leave.
‐ Adjourning may also be referred to as mourning, i.e.
mourning the adjournment of the group.

27. Mode of group dynamic
‐ In most organization several different types of groups
are present. One way to classify groups is by way of
formality- formal and informal groups.
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Formal Informal
Types of groups
Command Task
Interest Friendship Reference
Functional

29. 1. Formal Group
Formal groups are established by an organization to achieve
its goals. Formal groups may take the form of command
groups, task groups and functional groups.
i. Command groups: Command groups are specified by the
organizational chart and often consist of supervisor and the
subordinates that report to that supervisor. E.g., a group of
workers working on a project and reporting to the same
manager is considered as a command groups.
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30. Contd..
ii. Task Groups: Task groups consist of people who work
together to achieve a common task. Members are brought
together to accomplish a narrow range of goals within a
specified time period. Task groups are also commonly
referred to as task forces. The organization appoints members
and assigns the goals and tasks to be accomplished. Example
of assigned tasks are the development of new curriculum,
development project proposal, etc.
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31. Contd..
iii. Functional groups: A functional group is created by
the organization to accomplish specific goals within an
unspecified time frame. Functional groups remain in
existence after the achievement of current goals and
objectives. Examples of functional groups would be a
marketing department, a customer service department, or
an accounting department.
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32. 2. Informal Group
‐ In every organization, along with formal groups, there exist
informal groups which emerge naturally due to the response
and common interests of the members who can easily identify
with the goals or independent activities of the informal groups.
‐ Sometimes, the efforts may be driven by a common goal that
may compliment or work against the goals of the formal group.
An informal group can be defined as a group that evolves
spontaneously, not shown in the organization’s structure, with
the objective of fulfilling personal and social need of it
members. 32

33. Contd..
‐ Informal groups can have a strong influence in
organizations that can either be positive or negative.
For example., employees who form an informal group
can either discuss how to improve a production
process or how to create shortcuts that jeopardize
quality. Informal groups can take the form of interest
groups, friendship groups, or reference groups.
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34. Contd..
i. Interest groups: Interest groups usually continue over time
and may last longer than general informal groups. Members of
interest groups may not be part of the same organizational
department but they are bound together by some other common
interest.
The goals and objectives of group interest are specific to each
group and may not be related to organizational goals and
objectives. An example of an interest group would be students
who come together to form a study group for specific class.
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35. Contd..
ii. Friendship groups: Friendship groups are formed by
members who enjoy similar social activities, political
beliefs, religious values, or other common bonds.
Members enjoy each other’s company and often meet
after work to participate in these activities. For example, a
group of employees who form a friendship group may
have a yoga groups, etc.
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36. Contd..
iii. Reference groups: a reference group is a type of group that
people use to evaluate themselves. The amin objectives of reference
groups are to seek social validation and social comparison. Social
validation allows individuals to justify their attitudes and values
while social comparison helps individuals evaluate their own
actions by comparing themselves to others. Reference groups have
strong influence on member’s behavior. Such groups are formed
voluntarily. Family, friends and religious affiliations are strong
reference groups for most individual.
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37. References
‐ Pathak. S., Sapkota. S. (2016). “A Textbook pf Leadership
and Management for Nursing”. 2nd edition. Vidyarthi Pustak
Bhandar. Ktm. Nepal. Pg. no.176-178
‐ Cherie. A., Gebrekidan. A. (2005). “Nursing Leadership and
Management”. In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public
Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia
Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education.
Pg. no. 178-180
‐ Feb 16. 2012. Divya Prabhu. https://www.slideshare.net/
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