Biotechnology has been helping scientists to attain unbelievable and unattainable goals. biotechnology is not only making progress day by day but also has been helping other fields of science to rise. there are many applications, in this slideshare fragment i will sharing few application of biotechnology in the field of agriculture.

1. Application of Recombinant
DNA Technology
Agricultural Biotechnology
An overview

2. “Our greatest weakness lies in
giving up. The most certain way
to succeed is always to try just
one more time.
- Thomas A. Edison

3. Content
◍ Agriculture
◍ Agricultural Biotechnology
○ History
◍ Applications
○ Genetic Engeenering
○ Pharmaceutics
○ Nutrition factory
○ Tissue culturing
○ Bioreactors
◍ Benefits
◍ Limitations
◍ Future Aspects
◍ What about Pakistan?

4. AGRICULTURE
◍ Cultivation of Plants
◍ Agriculture is the
cultivation
of plants and fungi for foo
d, fiber, biofuel, medicinal
plants and other products
used to sustain and
enhance human life.”
• Rich in nutrition
• More Immune to viruses
• Better in quality
• Aid easy and healthy
`cultivation

5. Agricultural
Biotechnologhy
Agricultural
biotechnology is the term
used in crop and
livestock improvement
through biotechnology
tools. This will focus only
on agricultural crop
biotechnology
Agricultural
biotechnology is the term
used in crop and
livestock improvement
through biotechnology
tools.we will focus only
on agricultural crop
biotechnology

6. HISTORY
In 1990 -The first
food product of
biotechnology (an
enzyme used in
cheese production
and a yeast used
for baking)
appeared on the
market
In1995, farmers
have been
growing GE crops.
Plant
biotechnology is
founded on the
principles of
cellular totipotency
and genetic
transformation,
which can be
traced back to the
Cell Theory of
Schleiden and
Schwann
and the discovery
of genetic
transformation in
bacteria by
Frederick Griffith,
In 2003,
7 million farmers in
18 countries—more
than 85 percent of
them resource-
poor farmers in the
developing world—
were planting
biotech crops.
Almost one third of
the global biotech
crop area was
grown in
developing
countries..

7. Applications
Genetic
Engineering
and GM
Crops Pharmaceutics
TISSUE
CULTURING
BIOREACTORS
NUTRITION
FACTORY
Many More

8. Gene cloning provides a new dimension to crop
breeding by enabling directed changes to be made to
the genotype of a plant, circumventing the random
processes inherent in conventional breeding.
Two general strategies have been used:
Gene addition in which cloning is used to alter the
characteristics of a plant by providing it with one or
more new genes.
Gene subtraction, in which genetic engineering
techniques are used to inactivate one or more of the
plant’s existing genes.

9. GENE ADDITION
1-Plants that make their own
insecticides
In agricultural settings the greatest problems are
caused by insects.
To reduce losses,crops are regularly sprayed with
insecticides (pyrethroids and
organophosphates)insecticides also have
potentially harmful side effects for members of the
local biosphere chemicals in the ecosystem
sometimes insects escape the toxic effects.
Hight selective and
effective
Biologically degradable
No danger to biospherd
IDEAL INSECTICIDES

10. BT CROPS
Maize is an example of a crop plant
that is not served well by
conventional insecticides.
A major pest is the European corn
borer (Ostrinia nubilialis), which
tunnels into the plant from eggs laid
on the undersurfaces of leaves,
thereby evading the effects of
insecticides applied by spraying.  Gram +ve bacteria
 cry gene
 protein called delta-endotoxin
 active against a specific
species of target pest.
 highly poisonous to insects,
 80,000 times more toxic than
organophosphate insecticides,
 relatively selective,
 effective against the larvae of
different groups of insects.

11. Cloning a 4-endotoxin gene in maize
The first attempt at countering this pest by
engineering maize plants to synthesize c-
endotoxin was made by plant
biotechnologists in 1993, working with the
• CryIA(b) version of the toxin.
• Cry protein is 1155 amino acid in length.
• Toxic activity residing in 29-607 amino
acids.
• Rather than isolating the natural gene, a
shortened version containing the first 648
codons was made by artificial gene
synthesis.
• Introduction into the maize embryos.
• Use of tissue culturing
• Introduction of BT crops to Farmers
• Crops were insecticides.

12. GLYOPHOSATE
In commercial terms the
most important
transgenic plants are
those that have been
engineered to withstand
the herbicide
glyphosate..
Non toxic to insects and
animals
Glyphosate kills all
plants, both weeds and
crop species, and so
has to be applied to
fields very carefully in
order to prevent the
growth of weeds
without harming the
crop itself
PLANT
contain an enzyme
(EPSPS), which converts
shikimate and
phosphoenol pyruvate
(PEP) into
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-
phosphate(EPSP), an
essential precursor for
synthesis of the aromatic
amino acids tryptophan,
tyrosine, and
phenylalanine.
.
Glyphosate competes
with PEP for binding
to the enzyme
surface, thereby
inhibiting synthesis of
EPSP and preventing
the plant from
making the three
amino acids.
As a result
Without these
amino acids, the
plant quickly dies.
.
2-Herbicides and crops

13. ROUND UP READY CROPS
Monsanto Co. and
called “Roundup
Ready”, reflecting the
trade name of the
herbicide.
Search was carried out for
an organism whose EPSPS
enzyme is resistant to
glyphosate inhibition and
whose EPSPS gene might
therefore be used to confer
resistance on a crop plant.
Place your screenshot here
CROPS

14. Place your screenshot here
 Glyphosate resistance,
the EPSPS gene from
Agrobacterium strain
CP4 was chosen
 Agrobacterium EPSPS
gene was cloned in a Ti
vector
 Biolistics was used to
introduce the
recombinant vector into
Patunia Alpa callus
culture. After
regeneration, the GM
plants were found to
have a threefold increase
in herbicide resistance.

15. GENE SUBSTRACTION
mRNA Silencing and the
engineering of fruit
ripening in tomato
Fruit ripening
Effect the colour , taste and texture.
Tissue softening of fruits during ripening is
the result of solubilization of the cell wall by
a group of enzymes.
One of the key enzymes is
polygalacturonase (PG), functioning in
the breakdown of pectin, a polymer of
galacturonic acids that forms part of
the structural support in cell wall.
Flavour
Saver

16. Antisense RNA and FLAVR SAVR
In normal gene function, the gene is transcribed
into mRNA, which is translated into the enzyme
PG If one can introduce a piece of RNA with a
sequence complementary to that of the PG
mRNA,
RNA would be able to bind to the mRNA
preventing the translation of the mRNA and
consequently the production of the enzyme.
The RNA molecule that is complementary to the
mRNA is called antisense RNA, and the mRNA is
the sense RNA

18. Nutrition Factory
◍124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A, which leads to
death and blindness
◍b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A & consuming milled rice leads to
vitaminA deficiency.
◍ Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene, a common carotenoid pigment
normally found in plant photosynthetic membranes.
◍The prototype of golden rice was developed in 2000 and is a light yellow
color
◍ It contains 1.6 mg/g of carotenoid
◍ In 2005, new transgenic lines were developed that dramatically increased
the amount of carotenoid synthesized, making the rice a deep golden color’
◍ latest form contains 37 mg/g of carotenoid, of which 84% is b-carotene –
trial.
Golden Rice

19. ◍The Orange cauliflower has
higher than normal levels of b-
carotene that encourages healthy
skin
◍Purple colour comes from
Anthocyanin which may prevent
Heart disease by slowing blood
clotting
◍Tests of the orange cauliflowers
in America found that they
contained 25 times the
concentrations of beta carotene in
normal cauliflowers
Rainbow cauliflower

20. ◍Hirudin is a protein which is
anti coagulant.
◍Found in the sliva of leach
◍Very important
◍Cloning of the hirudin gene to
Brassica napus.
◍Seeds containing Hirudin
◍Isolation of the seeds
◍Edible vaccines are vaccines
produced in plants that can be
administered directly through the
ingestion of plant materials
containing the vaccine.
◍Eating the plant would then confer
immunity against diseases.
◍ Edible vaccines produced by
transgenic plants are attractive for
many reasons.
◍The first human clinical trial took
place in 1997. Vaccine against the
toxin from the bacteria E.coli was
produced in potato.
◍Polio vaccine and bannanas
◍Rabies-Tomato plants expressing
rabies antigens could induce
antibodies in mice
◍Cholera-Transgenic potato with
CT-B gene of Vibrio Cholerae
◍Hepatitis B-First human trials of a
potato-based vaccine against
hepatitis B have reported
encouraging results
HIRUDIN
PHARMACEUTICS EDIBLE VACCINES

21. Micropropagation
Virus free plants
Polen cultures
Somaclonal variations
Protoplast cultures
Conservation of germ lines
Synthetic seeds
TISSUE CULTURING

22. A device in which a substrate of low value is
utilized by living cells to generate products of
higher value.
BIOREACTORS
 Seed-based plant bioreactors
 Plant Suspension Cultures
 Hairy Root System Bioreactor
• Simple and Cost effective.
• Plant pathogens do not infect humans or animals.
• Easy scale up & rapid harvesting.
• Chimeric plant viruses can be used in production
of vaccines.Produce large biomass.

23. BENEFITS ◍GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield.
◍Offer more nutritional value and better flavor.
◍ A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some
foods.
◍Inbuilt resistance to pests, weeds and disease. More capable of thriving in
regions with poor soil or adverse climates.
◍ More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides.
Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped
long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods.
◍As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land, GM
crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations.Increasing food
production.
◍ improvement and the production of new products with new traits like
◍ improvement in health & safety standard
◍ less environment pollution.
◍ Potential productivity
◍ Medicines and pharmaceutics
◍ Safe
◍ Easy
◍ Liable

25. LIMITATIONS
Health-related issues:
Allergens and toxins
○People with food allergies usually react only to one or a few
allergens in one or two specific foods.
○A major safety concern raised with regard to genetic engineering
technology is the risk of introducing allergens and toxins into
otherwise safe foods.
Social issues
“Terminator” technology Most farmers buy fresh seeds each
season, particularly of such crops as corn, green peppers, and
tomatoes.
Anyone growing hybrid varieties must buy new seeds annually,
because seeds from last year’s hybrids grown on the farm will
not produce plants identical to the parent.
There is a belief among some opponents of genetic engineering
technology that transgenic crops might cross pollinate with
related weeds, possibly resulting in “superweeds” that become
more difficult to control.
Environmental issues:

26. Future Aspects
◍Genetically-modifiedfoods have the potential to solve many of the
world'shunger and malnutritionproblems, and to help protect and
preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance
upon chemical pesticides and herbicides.
◍ Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in
the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food
labeling.
◍Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of
the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has
such enormous potential benefits.
◍However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing
unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of
our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.
◍ At the present time,genetically modified foodsare dangerous for the
world that we live in, not just for its people, but the delicate balance
between organisms that inhabit it..

27. Pakistan and Biotechnology
Pakistan is an agricultural country yet the
applications of biotechnology are less then other
countries.
In 2005 BT cotton was introduced but farmers
couldn’t get enough benefit , it was the terminator
technology which became the reason of loss, that’s
why we need to provide ethical education to the
farmers.
Moreover GM crops can play a better role..
Through GM crops we can avoid Food Adultration
that has more bad effects on our health.
Pakistan has more threats from food Adultratiion.
For now as an indicidual we can start Kitchen
gardening
Organic food is more important.