1. Geographic Relevance to Development
Approaches: Spatial Dynamics of Social
and Economic Organizations, Spatial
Implications of Development Measures:
Import Substitution
Course Code: GES 4105
Course Title: Geography of Development

2. Submitted By
Team D
Session: 2018-19
Dept. of Geography and
Environmental Science
Begum Rokeya University,
Rangpur
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Begum Rokeya University,
Rangpur
Submitted To

3. Geographic Relevance in Development
Geographic factors determine the
availability and distribution of natural
resources, including minerals, energy
sources, fertile land, water, and biodiversity.
1. Natural Resources
2. Climate and Environment
Favorable climatic conditions can
support agricultural activities and
contribute to food security and
economic growth.
Regions located closer to major markets may
have an advantage in terms of reduced
transportation costs, quicker response times,
and access to larger consumer bases.
4. Market Access and Trade Opportunities
5. Human Settlement Patterns
The concentration of population and
skilled labor in specific regions can
contribute to economic agglomeration,
knowledge spillovers, and innovation.
3. Infrastructure and Connectivity
Regions with well-developed
infrastructure are better positioned to
attract investments, facilitate trade, and
connect with markets.
6. Environmental Vulnerability
Certain areas may be more prone to water scarcity,
coastal erosion, deforestation, or soil degradation,
which can hinder development efforts and require
sustainable management practices.

4. Spatial Distribution of Social & Economic Organizations
Culture
Ethnicity
Historical Patterns
Access to Resources
Market Dynamics
Government Policies
Socioeconomic Factors
Proximity to Market
Customer Preferences
Infrastructure
Regional Specialization
Factors of Economic Organizations
Factors of Social Organizations

5. Case Study: Urbanization and Spatial
Dynamics in Shanghai, China

6. “Import substitution is a development strategy that aims to
reduce a country's reliance on imported goods by promoting
domestic production of those goods. The strategy focuses
on creating a self-sufficient economy by producing goods
locally instead of depending on foreign imports.”
Import Substitution

7. Land Use Changes
01
Urbanization
Spatial Implications of Development Measures
02
Transportation
05
Spatial Inequalities:
03
Environmental Impacts
04

8. Importance of Import Substitution
02
Regional
Disparities
03
Infrastructure
Development
04
Urban-Rural
Dynamics
05 Export Potential
01
Concentration of
Industries

9. Industrial Localization Market Proximity
01
Supply Chain Efficiency
02
Knowledge Spillovers and
Collaboration
03
Infrastructure and Support
Services
04
Labor Market Pooling
04
External Economies of Scale
04

10. Disadvantages, Challenges, and Risks
Limited Product Variety and Consumer Choice
Trade Disruptions and Protectionism
Allocative Inefficiencies and Resource
Misallocation
Inefficiencies and Reduced Competitiveness
Dependence on Local Markets
Lack of Access to Advanced Technology
and Know-How
02
04
06
01
03
05
Reduced Integration in Global
Value Chains
07

11. Policy Recommendations
Resource Allocation
Strategies
Targeted Regional
Development Policies
Human Capital
Development
Export-Oriented
Development
Infrastructure
Investments
01
02
03
05
06
Research and
Development (R&D)
Support
04
Institutional
Support and Policy
Stability
07

12. Thank You.

13. Any questions?