The drugs which used relieving pain in the stomach and intestine is Known as carminative.
The carminatives are prescribed in indigestion, gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
The gastrointestinal regulators are the agents which regularize the activity of G.I tract and include
bitter stomach,
anti-emetics
and appetizers.
*coriander
*black pepper
*fennel
*caraway
*cardamom
*nutmeg
*asafoetida
2. Carminative (Carminare : To cleanse)
⬩ The drugs which used relieving pain in
the stomach and intestine is Known as
carminative.
⬩ The carminatives are prescribed in
indigestion, gastric discomfort and loss of
appetite.
Fennel coriander,
cinnamon,
cardamom,
caraway
3. Gastric intestinal regulators.
⬩ The gastrointestinal regulators are the agents which
regularize the activity of G.I tract and include
⬩ bitter stomach,
⬩ anti-emetics
⬩ and appetizers.
4. CORIANDER
⬩ Synonyms: Fructus coriandri, Coriander fruits,
dhaniya
⬩ Biological Source: Coriander consists of dried
ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum Linn.,
⬩ Family: Umbelliferae.
⬩ Morphology:
▫ shape :The fruit is a cremocarp, subspherical
▫ Colour: Yellowish-brown
▫ Size: 3 to 4 mm in diameter
▫ Odour: aromatic
▫ Taste: spicy, aromatic
5. ⬩ Chemical Constituents:
1. Coriander consist of about 1% of volatile oil the chief volatile components
are D-(+)-linalool (coriandrol),
2. other constituents like, borneol, p-cymene, camphor, geraniol, limonene,
and alpha-pinenes.
3. The fruits also contain fatty oil and hydroxycoumarins.
⬩ Therapeutic Uses
1. It is used as tonic, appetizer, diuretic,
2. Coriander prevents flatulence and controls spasmodic pain
3. Coriander can be applied externally for rheumatism and painful joints.
4. The infusion of decoction of dried fruit of cardamom is useful for the
treatment of sore-throat, indigestion, vomiting, flatulence, and other
intestinal dis-orders.
6. FENNEL
⬩ Synonyms: Fennel fruits, FructusFoeniculumsaunf, sounf,
badi sounf
⬩ Biological Source: It consists of dried ripe fruits of the plant
known as Foeniculum vulgare.
⬩ Family: Umbelliferae
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour:Green to Yellowish-brown
⬩ Odour: Sweet aromatic
⬩ Taste: Strongly aromatic and mucilaginous
⬩ Size: 5 to 10 × 2 to 4 mm
7. Chemical constituents
1. It consists of 3 to 7% of volatile oil.
2. The chief active constituent of votatile oil is a ketone, Fenchone and Aenthole.
3. It also contained protein, fat, minerals, fibre and carbohydrates
4. Total phenolic content are; neochlorogenic acid (1.40%), chlorogenic acid (2.98%),
gallic acid (0.169%).
Therapeutic uses
1. It is used as a carminative, aromatic and stimulant.
2. Fennel is an herbal supplement which can be used as treatment of infants and nursing
children suffering from colic and dyspeptic disease.
3. It Use to treat menstrual disorders, dyspepsia, flatulence and cough.
4. It Roots were employed as purgative
5. It also be used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant.
6. It also used as flavouring agents.
8. Cardamom
⬩ Synonyms: Cardamom fruit, Cardamom seeds, ilaichi
⬩ Biological source:- It consists of the dried ripe fruits of Elettaria
cardamomum Maton
⬩ Family:-Zingiberaceae
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour:Green to pale buff
⬩ Odour: Aromatic, agreeable and pleasant
⬩ Taste: Strongly aromatic
⬩ Size: Capsule (Fruits) 2 cm in length.
9. Chemical Constituents:-
⬩ The seeds contain 3 to 6% of volatile oil along with fixed oil, salts of potassium, a
colouring principle,
⬩ The active constituent of the volatile oil is cineole.
⬩ Other aromatic compounds present are terpinyl acetate, terpineol, borneol, terpinene,
etc.
Therapeutic uses
1. It is used as a flavouring agents
2. Cardamom is used as a aromatic carminative
and stimulant.
3. It is used in the treatment of respiratory disorders
like asthma, bronchitis, cough, nausea, vomiting,
indigestion, headache, diarrhea, colds, for
flatulence, also used as a spice in cooking
10. Ginger
⬩ Synonyms: Zingiber, Zingiberis, sonth
⬩ Biological Source: Ginger consists of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale
⬩ Family:-Zingiberaceae
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour: Buff Coloured
⬩ Odour: Agreeable and aromatic
⬩ Taste: Agreeable and pungent
⬩ Size: Rhizomes of ginger
11. Chemical Constituents:-
1. Ginger contain about 1 to 2% of volatile oil, an acrid
resinous matter (5-8%) and starch.
2. Volatile oil is composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
like α-zingiberol; α-sesquiterpene alcohol α-bisabolene,
3. The pungent principal of ginger is gingerol & shogaol
which is Yellowish oily substance
Therapeutic uses
1. Ginger is used as an antiemetic, spasmolytic,
carminative, and flavouring agent.
2. It is prescribed in dyspepsia, flatulent colic, vomiting
spasms,
3. In the cold, cough, and asthma.
12. Clove
⬩ Synonyms:-Caryophyllum, clove flower, clove bud,
Laung
⬩ Biological source: It consists of dried flower buds of
Eugenia caryophyllus.
⬩ Family: Myrtaceae
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour- Crimson to dark brown
⬩ Odour: Slightly aromatic
⬩ Taste: Pungent and Aromatic
⬩ Size: 10 to 17.5 mm in length, 4mm in width and 2mm
thick.
13. Chemical Constituents
⬩ Clove contains 14–21% of volatile oil.
⬩ The other constituents present are the eugenol, acetyl eugenol,
gallotannic acid, and two crystalline principles;
▫ α- and β- caryophyllenes,
⬩ Clove oil has 60–90% eugenol,
Therapeutic uses
1. Dentists use clove oil as an oral anesthetic and to disinfect the root canals.
2. The clove oil is used in perfumery
3. Clove kills intestinal parasites and have broad antimicrobial properties so it is
used in the treatment of diarrhea, intestinal worms, and other digestive ailments.
4. Clove is used as an antiseptic, stimulant & carminative,
14. Black Pepper
⬩ Synonyms: Kalimirch, Madagascar pepper, Piper nigrum.
⬩ Biological Source: It consists of dried unripes fruits of Piper nigrum Linn.
⬩ Family:Piparaceae
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour:-Blakish - Brown or greyish black.
⬩ Odour:- Aromatic and pungent
⬩ Teste :- Bitter
⬩ Size :- 3.5 to 6 mm in diameter.
⬩ Chemical Constituents:-
1. It should contain not less than 2.5% of piperine on dried basis.
2. Pepper contain an alkoloidpiperine (5-9%) Volatile oil (1.25%) pungent resin
(6.0%) piperidineand starch (about 30%)
15. 1. Synonyms:-Asafoetida, Gum Asafoetida, Devil's dung, Hing
2. Biological source:- It obtained by making incision from living Rhizomes and
roots of Ferula, Foetida, Regal.
3. Family:-Umbelliferae
4. Morphology:
5. Colour: Yellowish-white changing to reddish brown
6. Odour: Penetrating
7. Taste: Bitter
8. Size: Tears are 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter.
Asafoetida
16. Chemical constituents:
⬩ Asafoetida contains volatile oil (4–20%), resin (40–65%), and gum (25%).
⬩ The main constituent of the oil is isobutyl propanyl disulphide (C6H16S2).
⬩ The garlic-like odour of the oil is due to the presence of sulphur compounds which are;
⬩ Asafoetida also contains, α-terpineol, myristic acid, limonene, fenchone, eugenol, linalool,
borneol, cadinol, farnesol, assafoetidin.
Therapeutic uses
1. Asafoetida is used as carminative, expectorant,
antispas-modic, and laxative
2. In the treatment of cholera, asthma, whooping
cough, and chronic bronchitis.
17. Cinnamon
⬩ Synonyms: cinnomom bark, kalmi – Dalchini
⬩ Biological source:- It consists of dried inner bark of shoots of coppiced
trees of Cinnamomum zealanica.
⬩ Family: Lauraceae
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour: Dull yellowish brown
⬩ Odour: Aromatic
⬩ Taste: Quills compound
18. Chemical Constituents
1. Cinnamon bark contains about 10% of volatile oil, and 1.2% of tanins
2. Volatile oil contains 50 to 65% cinnamic aldehyde, along with 5 to 10% eugenol, terpene
hydrocarbons and small quantities of ketones and alcohols
3. It also contain calcium oxalate, starch and mannitol.
Therapeutic uses:
1. It used as flavouring agents and antiseptic.
2. Bark is used as a carminative, stomachic and mild astringents
3. It also used as the preparation of candy, perfumes.
19. Nutmeg
⬩ Synonyms: Myristica, Nux Moschata, jaiphal
⬩ Biological Source: It dried from kernels of seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtten
⬩ Family: Myristicaceae.
⬩ Morphology:
⬩ Colour: -Greenish- brown or brown (Kernels)
⬩ Odour: - Strongly aromatic
⬩ Taste: -Pungent and aromatic
⬩ Chemical Constituents:
⬩ It containElemicin, myristicin and saffrole.
⬩ It other constituents is contain geraniol, terpineol.
⬩ Therapeutic uses:
⬩ Cancer, Diarrhea, Intestinal gas, Nausea.
⬩ Nutmeg and its oil are used as stimulants, flavouring agents and carminatives.