Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
3. Introduction
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology.
4.
5. Proteobacteria
Proteus, the Greek word : God of the sea, who could change his shape.
Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens
All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, move using flagella.
Wide variety in the types of metabolism.
Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic.
Proteobacteria are divided into five groups.
6. Importance In Industry
Alphaproteobacteria of Current industrial Importance are:
Acetobacter
Gluconobacter
Zymomonas : Copious amount of Alcohol
Acetic acid bacteria Properties:
Production of glucoronic acid ,galactonic aicd, arabonic acid
Vineger, sorbose.
Manufacture of ascorbic acid
Produce pure cellulose
7. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Soil bacterium.
T DNA (gall producing gene)
occurs in Ti plasmid.
Ti plasmid is used as vector for
higher plants.
Produced genetically modified
plants.
Cry gene an Nif gene is cloned
inside A. tumifaciens
Golden Rice
Greater pro vitamin A content
8. Firmicutes
Gram-positive bacteria
The G+C ratio is an taxonomic characteristic used in classifying bacteria.
Fermicutes contain many bacteria of industrial importance.
Divided into three major groups:
Spore forming firmicutes
Non-Spore forming firmicutes
Wall-less
9. Spore forming firmicutes
Form internal spores.
Divided into two:
Clostridium spp :pathogens of humans and animals.
Clostridium thermocellum :convert the sugars into ethanol
Bacillus spp : enzyme production, to kill insects.
Bacillus papilliae : infects and kills the larvae of the beetles in plants.
B. thuringiensis : used against mosquitoes genes for the toxin
produced by B. thuringiensis
Engineered into plants to make them resistant to insect pests.
10. Bacillus thuringiensis
Soil bacterium.
Produces a protein that has insecticidal
properties.
used as spray.
Bt produces Bt toxins which are inactive
protoxins.
When an insect ingests it, inactive
protoxin gets converted into active form
This led to swelling of gut and ultimately
death of insect .
12. Non-Spore Forming Firmicutis
non-spore forming low G+C members of the firmicutes group
Lactic acid bacteria are Rods or cocci : production of foods, industrial and pharmaceutical products.
They lack porphyrins and cytochromes.
Lactic acid bacteria are divided into two major groups:
Homofermentative
Heterofermentative
Desirable characteristics of lactic acid bacteria as industrial microorganisms.
Resent Research .
13. Continue:
The choice of a particular lactic acid bacterium for production primarily depends on the
carbohydrate to be fermented.
Lactobacillus delbreuckii :ferment sucrose.
Lactobacillus delbreuckii subspecies bulgaricus :use lactose
Lactobacillus helveticus : use lactose and galactose.
Lactobacillus amylophylus & Lactobacillus amylovirus :ferment starch.
Lactobacillus lactis : ferment glucose, sucrose and galactose
Lactobacillus pentosus : ferment sulfite waste liquor.
14. Continue
Streptococcu: cause sore throat, non-pathogenic
strains used in yoghurt manufacture.
Enterococcus: Used to monitor water quality
Lactococcus: Used as starter in yoghurt
manufacture, Produces copious amounts of lactic
acid.
Pediococcus: Spoils beer, required in special beers
such as lambic beer drunk in parts of Belgium
Leuconostoc: Involved in pickling of vegetables,
produce dextrans from sucrose.
15.
16. Actinobacteria
G+C content of 50% or higher.
Tendency to form filaments or
hyphae
Industrial Importance are :
Actinomycetes
Corynebacterium
17. Importance In Industry
Corynebacterium spp : secreters of amino acids
Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the industrial
manufacture of products .
L-lysine is mainly used for its beneficial properties
as additive in animal and human nutrition.
18. Actinomycetes
Branching filamentous hyphae
Petidoglycan in their cell walls, and about 1.0 in diameter
Ability to produce secondary metabolites which are of industrial
importance.
Search for any bioactive microbial metabolite from soil.
Streptomyces : many antibiotics as well as non-anti-microbial drugs
have been obtained.
Streptomycin, the first antibiotic to cure tuberculosis.
Erythromycin, Neomycin, Tetracycline and Cefoxitin.
