A talk about the history of the Internet given at an Erasmus+ /KA2 training event.

1. A brief history of the Internet
1
Chalkia Kalliopi
MSc Computer Science
11/1/2016

2. Topics of discussion
• History of the Internet
• Basic network terminology
• The growth of the Internet
2
• The growth of the Internet
• Internet services
• Mobile Internet
• The Future

3. What is the Internet?
3

4. Precursors of the Internet
• Invention of electricity
• Telegraph system
4
• Telephone
• Radio
• Television

5. Basic Network Terminology
• Computer Network
• Transmission medium
5
• Communication Protocol
• Services

6. What is a Network
6

7. Transmission medium
7

8. Protocol
• IPX/SPX, X.25, ATM, Apple Talk, FDDI, TCP/IP
• NCP used by ARPANET
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
8
TCP is one of the Core Protocol of Internet (IP)
TCP provides reliable, ordered, error-checked,
communication on devices connected to a LAN, WAN
or the Internet

9. Network Services
• Remote login
• Ftp – File transfer
• E-mail
• Space sharing
9
• Space sharing
• Software sharing
• Hardware sharing
• voip
• Video conference
Time for
animation ….

10. 1957 – Lets talk about politics …
USSR launches Sputnik
10
US forms ARPA in DoD

11. Galactic Network
• 1962 Licklider - The idea of a globally
interconnected set of computers
11
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxVbRz6udmI

12. Packet S. vs Circuit S. Networks
1962 Emersion of packet switching
12

13. 13

14. ARPANET
• 1969 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network) – Network Control Protocol
Nodes of Net: Interface Message Processors (IMP)
14IMP1 at UCLA IMP2 at SRI
LOGIN

15. What is the Internet?
3

16. IMP - Router
16
Honeywell 316

17. 1970 – ALOHAnet
• ALOHAnet developed by Norman
Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii, connected to
ARPANET in 1972
17

18. 1971 Electronic-mail
• Ray Tomlinson creates email
(SNDMSG+CPYNET)
• People – to – people communication
18
• E-mail became the most famous application
for the next two decades
• @ symbol separates user name from host
name (e.g. halkia@sch.gr)

19. ARPANET in 1971
19

20. ARPANET
• 1972
–Telnet specifications
• 1973
20
• 1973
–First international connection to
ARPANET (satellite connection)
• University College of London (England)
• Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)
–Full standardization of FTP

21. 1974 - TCP/IP
1974 - Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf creates TCP/IP
- Each network can connect to others with no
internal changes
- In case of a packet lost, the source retransmits
21
- In case of a packet lost, the source retransmits
the data
- Black boxes connect the networks together
(later called router/bridge/gateway)
- There is no centralized authority to manage the
protocol

22. 1974 - First packet data Service
• BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data
service (a commercial version of ARPANET)
• Various commercial and government entities
paid monthly fees for dedicated lines connecting
22
paid monthly fees for dedicated lines connecting
their computers and local networks to
this backbone network.
• Free public dialup access to Telenet, for those
who wished to access these systems, was
provided in many cities throughout the US

23. • 1979 USENET a worldwide distributed discussion
system - Newsgroups
• 1982 ARPA establishes the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the
protocol suite for ARPANET (Internet)
23
• 1983 ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET
• 1984 Number of hosts breaks 1,000
• 1984 Domain Name System (DNS) introduced

24. Identification of devices on the Internet
• Each Ethernet Network Card has a unique
48 bit number called Media Access Control
address
24
• Each computer on Internet has a 32 bit
number called IP (192.168.114.1)
• Intranet communication uses MAC address
• Internet communication uses IP address

25. Address classification
• Initially using IP the address space is 2^32
~ 4.2 billion addresses (hosts)
• Now, IP address space is 2^128
25
• Now, IP address space is 2^128
• IP has Public and Private addresses
• IP multicast addresses

26. Precursors of the Internet
• Invention of electricity
• Telegraph system
4
• Telephone
• Radio
• Television

27. Precursors of the Internet
• Invention of electricity
• Telegraph system
4
• Telephone
• Radio
• Television

28. Precursors of the Internet
• Invention of electricity
• Telegraph system
4
• Telephone
• Radio
• Television

29. 29

30. The expansion of the Internet
• 1986 NSFNET - National Science Foundation
Network - created at 56Kbps
• 1988 The Morris worm or Internet worm was one of
the first computer worm distributed via the Internet,
affecting ~ 6,000 of its 60,000 hosts
30
• 1989
– Number of hosts breaks 100,000
– Internet Service Providers begin appearing
• 1990
– ARPANET ceases to exist
– Linus Torvalds began a project that later became
the Linux

31. World Wide Web - WWW
• In 1991 Tim Berners-Lee introduced the
World Wide Web
• Instead of sending files from one place to
another, he organizes information as a
31
another, he organizes information as a
number of nodes linked together as a web
• Anyone on the Internet could retrieve and
browse information form node to node
• Berners-Lee created the Internet that we
know today.

32. • 1991
– NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net
– PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), a program for symmetric
cryptography released by Philip Zimmerman
– Security …
• 1992
– Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
32
– Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
– First MBONE audio multicast
– Video multicast
• 1993
– New Worms over net named WWW Worms (W4)
– Internet radio broadcasting
– Mosaic browser released by NSCA

33. • 1994
– URL from Tim Berners-Lee
– Shopping malls arrive on the Internet
– E-commerce
• 1995
– Java released by Sun Microsystems
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– Java released by Sun Microsystems
– streaming technologies for audio and video
– WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service
with greatest traffic
– NSFNET replaced by traditional online dial-up
systems (Compuserve, America Online) begins to
provide Internet access
– Entertainment

34. • 1996
– Internet2 project is initiated by 34 universities
– Nokia releases first cell phone with internet access
• 1999
– A wireless technology called 802.11b, Wi-Fi, is
standardized (54Mbps).
34
– Salesforce.com delivers enterprise applications (cloud
computing)
• 2001
– Blackberry releases first internet cell phone in the United
States.
– spread of P2P for file sharing across the Internet

35. 2004 - From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0
• In Web 1.0 (1991-2004) the vast majority of
users simply acting as consumers of content
• In Web 2.0 a user is invited to contribute to
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• In Web 2.0 a user is invited to contribute to
the site's content by commenting on
published articles or creating a user profile on
the site, which may enable an increased
participation
• Facebook launched

36. Social Networks
• dedicated websites that enable users to
communicate with each other by posting
information, comments, messages, images
…
36
…
• Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, Instagram,
Myspace, …

37. 2005 Youtube launches
2006
– Twitter service launched
– Amazon launched its Elastic Compute cloud
(EC2)
– There is an estimated 92 million websites online
2007
37
2007
– Internet2 passes to level3 Network
– Google releases GoogleDocs providing free
web-based spreadsheets and word processing
tools.
2008
– Google index reaches 1 Trillion URLs

38. Basic Network Terminology
• Computer Network
• Transmission medium
5
• Communication Protocol
• Services

39. 2012
– Twitter surpasses 200M active users (Dec), and
500M tweets per day (Oct)
2013
– The number of Internet hosts surpasses 1billion
2014
39
2014
– The number of Web servers surpasses 1billion
Abundant Information Resources
Inexhaustible Education

40. Not only advantages …
• Piracy
• Security
– Theft of Personal Information
40
– Spamming
– Malware Threats
• Age-inappropriate Content
• Social Isolation, Obesity and Depression

41. Percentage of Internet Users 2015
60
70
80
90
100
41
0
10
20
30
40
50
Africa Asia Europe MiddleEast North America Latin America Australia

42. Internet Usage November 30, 2015
World Regions
Population
( 2015 Est.)
Population
% of World
Internet
Users
30 Nov 2015
Penetration
(%
Population)
Growth
2000-2015
Users %
of Table
Africa
1,158,355,66
3
16.0 % 330,965,359 28.6 % 7,231.3% 9.8 %
Asia
4,032,466,88
2
55.5 % 1,622,084,293 40.2 % 1,319.1% 48.2 %
42
Europe 821,555,904 11.3 % 604,147,280 73.5 % 474.9% 18.0 %
Middle East 236,137,235 3.3 % 123,172,132 52.2 % 3,649.8% 3.7 %
North America 357,178,284 4.9 % 313,867,363 87.9 % 190.4% 9.3 %
Latin America / Caribbean 617,049,712 8.5 % 344,823,099 55.9 % 1,808.4% 10.2 %
Oceania / Australia 37,158,563 0.5 % 27,200,530 73.2 % 256.9% 0.8 %
WORLD TOTAL
7,259,902,24
3
100.0 % 3,366,260,056 46.4 % 832.5% 100.0 %

43. Internet mapping
based on DNS
43
net, ca, us
mil, gov, edu
uk, it, fr

44. 44
Level3 network

45. The Future
• higher transmission speeds
• advanced applications for distributed
computing
• digital libraries
45
• digital libraries
• virtual laboratories
• E- learning
• tele-immersion