1. �
Parts of Speech
Verb , Adverb
Anza Afzal Dar

2. 1-Verb:
� A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens.
� For example, verbs describe:
� an action – run, hit, travel
� an event – rain, occur
� a situation – be, seem, have
� a change – become, grow, develop

3. Stative and Dynamic Verbs:
� Verbs in English can be classified into two categories:
� Stative verbs and dynamic verbs.
� Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs") usually
describe actions we can take, or things that happen;
� Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not
changing or likely to change.
� The difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally
be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms.
� This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and
give lots of examples of each kind.

4. � There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe
activities or events which can begin and finish.
� Here are some examples:
� Dynamic Verb Type Examples
� Play: activity She plays tennis every Friday.
� She's playing tennis right now.
� Melt: process The snow melts every spring.
� The snow is melting right now
� Hit : momentary action
� When one boxer is hitting another, brain damage can result.
� Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the examples above, can be used in
the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as
well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has
been playing, had been playing).

5. Stative verbs
� Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or
unchanging.
� They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition
� (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the
relationships between things). Here are some examples:
� Stative Verb Type Examples
� hate perception I hate chocolate.
� believe perception She believes in Allah.
� contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda.
� Own relation He owns three motorbikes.
� Note that we can not use these verbs in the continuous (progressive)
forms; you can’t say "*He is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an
action, so it is always in the simple form.

6. � Here are some common stative and dynamic verbs.
� The lists may help you to understand what types of verbs are likely to be
stative and what types are commonly dynamic.
� Stative Verbs: love; hate; like; see; hear; sound; think (meaning "have
an opinion");
� mind (meaning "care about"); recognize; seem; have (meaning "own");
prefer; doubt; consist of; mean
� Dynamic Verbs: eat; drink; go; type; read; write; listen; speak;
watch; say; grow; work; sleep; cook; talk

7. Transitive and intransitive verbs
� A transitive verb is one that is used with an object: a noun phrase, or
pronoun
� that refers to the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.
In the following sentences, admire, maintain, face, and love are
transitive verbs:
� I admire your courage.
� We need to maintain product quality.
� I couldn’t face him today.
� She loves animals.
� Some transitive verbs can be used with a direct object and an indirect
object:

8. � Hina brought her a glass of water.
� (indirect object) (direct object)
� He sent her a letter.
� (indirect object) (direct object)

9. Intransitive verbs
� An intransitive verb does not have an object.
� In the following sentences, cry, work, laugh, and talk are intransitive verbs:
� The baby was crying.
� The boy is playing.

10. Finite and Non-finite verbs:
� Finite verbs which has a subject and shows tense. Every sentence needs
finite verb. For example,.
� He is writing.
� Non-finite verbs
� are verbs that do not describe a verb, not showing tense or verbs which
are not acting like a verb.

11. There are three types of non -finite verbs
� 1-Gerunds: form of the verb which ends in ‘ing’ and has a function of noun e.g.
painting, writing
� 2-Participles: is verb form used as an adjective to modify noun and pronoun.
� All present participles end in ‘ing’ the laughing lady, the falling temperature.
� Past participles All regular verbs end in ‘ed’ tired dancer, the injured player
� 3-infinitives: The basic form of a verb is known as the infinitive. It’s often
preceded by the word ‘to’:
� He decided to follow him.
� He began to run back.

12. Active and passive verbs:
� Depending on the way in which you word a sentence, a verb can be either
active or passive.
� When the verb is active, the subject of the verb is doing the action, as in
these examples:
� Ali eats mangoes.
� [subject] [active verb]
� When the verb is passive, the subject undergoes the action rather than
doing it:
� Mangoes are eaten by Ali.
� [subject] [passive verb]

13. Auxiliary verbs
� Auxiliary verbs are so called because they help to form the various
tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs.
� The principal ones are be, do, and have. They are also called helping
verbs.
� Modal verbs
� There is a further set of auxiliary verbs known as modal verbs or modal
auxiliary verbs.
� These combine with other verbs to express necessity, possibility,
intention, or ability.
� The modal auxiliary verbs are must, shall, will, should, would, ought (to),
can, could, may, and might. For example:

14. Phrasal verbs
� A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with
an adverb or a preposition, or both.
� Typically, their meaning is not obvious from the meanings of the
individual words themselves. For example:
� She has always looked down on me.
� Fighting broke out among a group of 40 men.

15. Regular and irregular verbs
� An English verb can be regular or irregular. Regular verbs form their past
and past participle forms by adding –ed.
Examples are given below.
� Walk – walked – walked
Paint – painted – painted
Work – worked – worked
� Irregular verbs form their past and past participle forms in different ways.
There are mainly three types of irregular verbs.
� Verbs in which all the three forms are the same (e.g. put – put – put)
Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same (e.g. sit – sat – sat)
Verbs in which all three forms are different (e.g. drink – drank – drunk)

16. � Some verbs can be both regular and irregular. Examples are:
� Burn – burnt – burnt (irregular)
Burn – burned – burned (regular)
� Dream – dreamt – dreamt (irregular)
Dream – dreamed – dreamed (regular)
� In the context of verbs, we use the term inflection to talk about the
process of changing a verb form to show tense, mood (the form of
the verb
� that shows the mode or manner in which a thought is expressed), number
(i.e. singular or plural), and person (i.e. first person, second person, or
third person).

17. 4-Adverb
� An adverb is a word which we use to modify the meaning of adjective,
verb or other parts of speech.
� It is one of the parts of speech which tells us how, where, when, in
what manner, and to what extent an action is performed in the sentence.
� Some of the adverbs end with 'ly' (which are used to express how an
action is performed) such as carefully, gracefully, etc.
� However, some are without 'ly' such as well, very, fast, never, now,
most, far, least, more, less, there, etc.
� She was singing beautifully (manner) at a concert (place) last Sunday
(time)

18. Types of Adverb
� Different kinds of adverbs, expressing different meaning, are described below
with proper definition and examples:
� Adverb of Time
� Adverb of time is an adverb which tells us about time of happenings or time of
something is done in the sentence.
� Adverbs of time are used in the beginning (as a form of emphasis) or end of the
sentence.
� Adverbs of time are like already, afterwards, immediately, always, last month,
soon, then, now, and yesterday.
� For example:
� He admitted to hospital and died yesterday.
� My factory caught fire and burned down in the last month.
� I have completed my homework already.

19. Adverb of Place
� Adverb of place is an adverb which tells us about the place where
something is done or happens in the sentence.
� It is used generally after the verb, object or end of the sentence.
� Adverbs of place are like below, here, above, inside, outside, there,
over there, under, upstairs, etc.
� For example:
� We need to stop here for dinner.
� He was eating under the table.
� Birds fly above in the sky.

20. Adverb of Manner
� Adverb of manner is an adverb which tells us about manner of how
something is done or happens in the sentence.
� Such type of adverbs are generally end with 'ly' such as cheerfully,
badly, quickly, happily, angrily, sadly, slowly.
� However, some are simple like fast, well, hard, etc.
� For example:
� I went to school cheerfully.
� He runs fast.
� We celebrated teacher's day happily.

21. Adverb of Degree or Quantity
� Adverb of degree or quantity is an adverb which tells us about the
level or extent of something is done or happens in the sentence.
� It is used before the adjective or adverb.
� Adverbs of degree or quantity are like almost, nearly, quite, much,
really, too, very, so, etc.
� For example:
� It was too hard task for us to complete. (adverb is used before
adjective)
� I am feeling really sad for my friend's father death.

22. Adverb of Number
� Adverb of number is used to show number of action of the verb in a
sentence.
� Adverbs of number are like firstly, secondly, once, yearly, never,
twice, lastly, etc.
� For example:
� I eat food twice a day. (in this sentence, 'twice' is an adverb of
number)
� He saw me once.