Research

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. DEFINITION
 RE + SEARCH
 RE … Again
 SEARCH … Examine closely / Carefully
 RESEARCH
 Search for facts , answer to research
questions and solution for the problem

3. CHARACTERISTICS : RESEARCH

4.  1 EMPIRICAL
Based on direct observations by the
Researchers
 2 LOGICAL
Based on valid principles and
Procedures
 3 CYCLICAL
Research starts with a problem and
Ends with a problem

5.  4 ANALYTICAL
Utilises proven analytical procedures
 5 CRITICAL
Exhibits precise and careful judgement
 6 METHODICAL
Conducted in a methodical manner
 7 REPLICABILITY
Research design and procedures are
repeated to enable the researchers
to arrive at valid and conclusive results

6. QUALITIES OF RESEARCHER

7. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
 Systematic Enquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or solve
problems

8. NURSING RESEARCH
 Nursing research is systematic inquiry
designed to develop knowledge about
issues of importance to the nursing
profession,
o nursing practice
o Education
o administration
o and informatics.

9. PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH
 IDENTIFICATION
 DESCRIPTION
 EXPLORATION
 EXPLANATION
 PREDICTION AND CONTROL

10. RESEARCH PROCESS
 Research process describes the
steps followed for conducting
Research

13. 1 Conceptual Phase
2 Design & Planning Phase
3 Empirical Phase
4 Analytic Phase
5 Dissemination Phase

14. PHASE I
CONCEPTUAL PHASE

15. 1)IDENTIFICATION OF
RESEARCH PROBLEM
 To decide what do you want to find out
 2 steps
 1 Understand thoroughly
 2 Rephrase the same in to meaningful terms
 Consider
 1 Feasibility 2 Fund 3 Expertise
 4 Knowledge 5 Statistical analysis

16.  Source of research problem
1. Personal Experience
2. Previous research
3. Existing theory
4. Social & current issues

17.  Question. >>>>> Answer
 Not been investigated
 Investigatable
 Leads to another Question
 GOAL
 OBJECTIVE

18.  GOAL
 Achievable outcome that is generally
broad and longer term
 OBJECTIVE
 Measurable actions to achieve an over
all goal
1 Specific 2 Measurable 3 Attainable
4 Relevant 5 Time bound

20. 2)REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
 Body of prior work related to a
research problem
 Reviews previous researches :
Familiar with several known and
unknown

21. PURPOSE OF ROL
 Gives an idea about the variables
which are practically and
conceptually important and
unimportant in the related field
 Provides an estimate of previous
work and it’s meaningful extension
 Systemising the expanding and
growing body of knowledge
Conclusions : variables under study
 Redefine the variables and
determine their relation among
themselves

22. SOURCES OF ROL
 Manual
 Journals
 Books
 Government Documents
 Electronic
 Internet
 MEDLINE

23. TIPS FOR ROL
 Use all possible sources
 Never put limit for information
 Collect only relevant information
 Read carefully and critically
 Recent publication : manual search
 Electronic search

24. 3) DEFINING THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
 Provides prospective from which the
investigator views the problem
 Consist of concepts and proposition
 Identify : key concepts
 Evaluating and explaining relevant
theories
 Shows : How your research fits in to
existing research

25. 4) FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
Kind of suggested answer to the
problem
Derived from
Earlier research findings
Existing theories
Personal experience and observations

26. PHASE II
DESIGN & PLANNING PHASE

27. 5) SELECTING A RESEARCH
DESIGN
 Over all plan
 Designs
 Experimental
 Non experimental
 Quasi- experimental

30. 6) IDENTIFY THE POPULATION
TO BE STUDIED
 Data is collected only from the
sample
 Result of the study is applicable to
the whole population

31. 8) DESIGNING THE SAMPLING
PLAN
 Sample
 Subset of population selected to
represent the population
 Sampling
 Process of selecting a portion of the
population to represent the entire
population

34. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

38. CLUSTER SAMPLING

39. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

44. 9) FINALISING & REVIEWING
THE RESEARCH PLAN
 Consulting experts

45. 10) PILOT STUDY

46. PHASE III
EMPIRICAL PHASE

47. 11) DATA COLLECTION
12) PREPARING THE DATA FOR
ANALYSIS

48. PHASE IV
ANALYTIC PHASE

49. 13) ANALYSING THE DATA
14) INTERPRETING THE
RESULTS

50. PHASE V
DISSEMINATION PHASE

51. 15) COMMUNICATING THE
FINDINGS
16) UTILISING THE FINDINGS

53. RESEARCH DESIGNS

54. RESEARCH DESIGN
 Description of the plan
 To investigate the phenomenon
Under study

55. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
 PROCESS
1 QUANTITATIVE
2 QUALITATIVE
 OUTCOME
1 BASIC RESEARCH
2 APPLIED RESEARCH
 PURPOSE
1 DESCRIPTIVE. 2 ANALYTICAL
3 PREDICTIVE. 4 EXPLORATORY

56. RESEARCH DESIGN
CLASSIFICATION
 1 QUANTITATIVE
 2 QUALITATIVE

59. I QUANTITATIVE
 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 2 QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
 3 NON - EXPERIMENTAL

60. I EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 Researcher actively introduces
an intervention or treatment
 Also called as Controlled trial
Or Clinical trial

61. CHARECTERISTICS
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 1 RANDOMISATION
Process of assigning subjects
to the study on a random basis
 2 CONTROL
Ability of researcher to regulate
and check all elements in the
research

62.  3 MANIPULATION
Process by which researcher
Manages the independent variable
in order to study its effect on the
dependent variable

63. VARIABLE
 Anything that can take on different
values
 2 types
1 Dependent variable
Influenced by the independent
Variable
2 Independent variable
Does not depends on the outcome
being measured

67. STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Randomly assign in to
2 Groups
CONTROL
GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
Introduce
independent variable
to experimental
group

68. Compare the changes
Record the differences
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Establish Causal
relationship

69. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TYPES

70.  1 PRE TEST – POST TEST
RANDOMISATION
Experimental
Group
Control Group
PRE TEST PRE TEST
Intervention
Post test Post test

71.  2 POST TEST ONLY
Randomisation
Experimental
Group
Control Group
Intervention
Post test Post test

72.  3 SOLOMON 4 GROUP DESIGN

73. II QUASI - EXPERIMENTAL
 1 MANIPULATION
Evaluating the effect of independent
Variable on dependent variable
 2 RANDOMISATION
OR ABSENT
 3 CONTROL

74. QUASI – EXPERIMENTAL
TYPES

75. 1 NON RANDOMISED CONTROL
GROUP DESIGN
 Randomisation absent
 Control group present
Non random selection
Control Group C Experimental E
PRE test
E… medicine
C… X
POST TEST

76. 2 TIME SERIES DESIGN
 Researcher want to assess the effect for
longer duration
Experimental group
Observation at
1hr, 2hr,3hr
Treatment( manipulation)
Observation at (1hr,2hr,3hr)

77. III NON EXPERIMENTAL
 Researcher is examining the things
naturally happening
 No Manipulation
 No Control

78. NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TYPES

79.  1 DESCRIPTIVE
Observe/Describe/ Document
Things naturally happening
Ex : Back pain among nurses working
In ICU
 2 CORRELATIONAL
Examine relationship between two
Variables
Examining : Cause & effect
Ex : Smoking ……… Lung cancer

80.  3 DEVELOPMENTAL
Examining things at particular
time
Ex : Perception of nurses towards
Nursing profession
 4 SURVEY RESEARCH
Data collection ( interview)
Record………… Analysis

81. II QUALITATIVE
 In depth examination/ study of
Human behaviour
 Data collected in descriptive forms
 NOT IN NUMERICAL FORM
 Data collected by direct interaction
with people

82. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
CLASSIFICATION
 1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL
 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC
 3 GROUNDED THEORY
 4 CASE STUDY
 5 HISTORICAL

83.  1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Learning from people
Ex : Earthquake … Victims
Examine their experiences
 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC
Lived Experiences
Ex: Blood donation ~ Sin
Study of culture by collecting data
by living with that culture

84.  3 GROUNDED THEORY
Data collection … Analysis
Formation of new theory
 4 HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Collect data related to past events
Relationship with the present and
Future
 5 CASE STUDY
In-depth study of a single case

85. CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON PURPOSE
 1 BASIC RESEARCH
Search for broad principles/aim
With out any immediate utilisation
Intellectual exploration
Ex: Einstein’s theory of relativity
 2 APPLIED/ACTION RESEARCH
Action is taken to solve the problem
Study the effect of action
Ex: American nursing practice in india

89. PREVIOUS QUESTIONS
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 QUALITIES OF RESEARCHER
 NURSING RESEARCH
 PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH
 PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS
 DEFINE RESEARCH PROCESS
 STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS

90.  TIPS FOR ROL
 SAMPLE
 SAMPLING
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESGN
 BASIC RESEARCH VS APPLIED
RESEARCH