1. Laws of Thermodynamics
Prepared by: Antonette C. Albina

2. CONTENTS
1. Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings
2. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
3. First Law of Thermodynamics
4. Second Law of Thermodynamics
5. Third Law of Thermodynamics

3. INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics in physics is a branch that
deals with heat, work and temperature, and their
relation to energy, radiation and physical properties of
matter.
To be specific, it explains how thermal energy
is converted to or from other forms of energy and how
matter is affected by this process. Thermal energy is
the energy that comes from heat. This heat is
generated by the movement of tiny particles within an
object, and the faster these particles move, the more
heat is generated.

4. Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings
A thermodynamic system is a specific portion of matter with a
definite boundary on which our attention is focused. The system
boundary may be real or imaginary, fixed or deformable.

5. Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings
A thermodynamic system is a specific portion of matter with a definite boundary on
which our attention is focused. The system boundary may be real or imaginary, fixed or
deformable.
There are three types of systems:
 Isolated System – An isolated system cannot exchange energy and mass with its
surroundings. The universe is considered an isolated system.
 Closed System – Across the boundary of the closed system, the transfer of energy takes
place but the transfer of mass doesn’t take place. Refrigerator, compression of gas in the
piston-cylinder assembly are examples of closed systems.
 Open System – In an open system, the mass and energy both may be transferred between
the system and surroundings. A steam turbine is an example of an open system.
Interactions of Thermodynamic System
Type of System Mass Flow Work Heat
Isolated System X X X
Open System / / /
Closed System X / /

8. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 The zeroth law of thermodynamics deals with the concept of thermal
equilibrium.
 Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no net
flow of heat between them when they are brought into thermal
contact.
When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also
separately with a body C, then B and C will be in

12. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
https://www.slideshare.net/arasubefast/therm
odynamics-1019613

13. NEWTON’S SECOND
LAW OF MOTION
“ The larger the mass of the object, the
greater the force will need to be to cause
it to accelerate “.
MASS
FORCE
ACCELERATION
It is the rate of change of the
velocity of an object with
respect to time.
It is a measure of the body's
inertia, the resistance to
acceleration when a net force
is applied.
It is an influence that can
change the motion of an object.
𝐹 = 𝓂 × 𝒶

14. NEWTON’S THIRD
LAW OF MOTION
“ Every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction “.

15. COULOMB’S LAW
“ The force of attraction or repulsion between two
charged bodies is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them “.
𝐹 ∝ 𝑞1𝑞2/𝑑2

16. D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE
“ For a system of mass of particles, the sum of
difference of the force acting on the system and
the time derivatives of the momenta is zero when
projected onto any virtual displacement. “
𝐹 − 𝓂𝒶 = 0

17. ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
“The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether
partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces
and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid ”.
GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE
BUOYANT
FORCE

18. DOPPLER EFFECT
“ The Doppler effect or Doppler shift is the change in
frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is
moving relative to the wave source “.

19. CASIMIR EFFECT
“ It is a small attractive force that acts
between two close parallel uncharged
conducting plates. The force arises due
to the quantum fluctuation of the
electromagnetic field “.
CASIMIR PLATES
VACUUM FLUCTUATIONS

20. DIRAC EQUATION
“ In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by
British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic
interactions, it describes all spin-1⁄2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks for
which parity is a symmetry “.
𝜇𝒟 =
𝑞𝑆
𝑚
Where S is the spin vector, q is the charge, m is the mass

21. BOLTZMANN EQUATION
“ Boltzmann's Equation shows just what the distribution of the atoms will be among
the various energy levels as a function of energy and temperature “.
N=m∑i=1Ni
+
K
L
M
N 2 8 18 32
Energy Level 01
Energy Level 02
Energy Level 03
Energy Level 04

22. MAGNET INFOGRAPHICS
NEGATIVES
• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing.
• Incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
• Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation.
POSITIVES
• Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate.
• Velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
• Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident.

23. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
SERIES 1
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
SERIES 2
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate
velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
SERIES 3
Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit
aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia.

24. Q. Which of the following is a semiconductor?
SILVER GLASS COPPER

25. THANK YOU
E D U C A T I O N P O W E R P O I N T T E M P L A T E