Nano biosensors and the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) were discussed. Key points: 1. Nano biosensors use nanomaterials to improve sensitivity of traditional biosensors and can be portable, wearable or implantable. 2. IoNT is a collection of nano-scale sensor networks that transmit data through the cloud for remote monitoring applications. 3. Challenges for nano biosensors and IoNT include limited capabilities, compatibility issues, and health concerns about implanting electronic devices.

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NANO BIOSENSORS AND
INTERNET OF NANO THINGS
Presented By,
ANJANA A S
S7 ECE
LTCR19EC062
Guided By,
Prof.GOPI C
Assistant Professor
Dept.of ECE

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CONTENTS
BIOSENSORS AND NANO BIOSENSORS
RELEVANCE OF IONT
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES
REFERENCES

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BIOSENSORS
BIOSENSORS
• These are analytical devices , which measures concentration of an
analyte.
• In biosensors , a biological material (such as enzyme, antibody,
whole cell, nucleic acid) is used to interact with the analyte.
• This interaction produces a physical or chemical change which is
detected by the transducer and convert it to electrical signal.

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COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR
• Bio elements (Analytes)
• Bio receptors (Biological component)
• Transducer
• Electronic system
Analyte
Bio receptors

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COMPONENTS AND WORKIG
• Bioelements: The biological elements, also known as
bioanalytes, which are required to analyse and fed as
input to the biosensor.
• Bioreceptors: A biological element (e.g. enzymes,
antibodies, DNA, synthetic molecules, etc.) which
specifically recognizes and captures the analyte.

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• Transducer: This module converts the biochemical signals
generated by the interaction between the bioelement and
bioreceptor into a measurable electrical signal which can be
used for the quantification of the analyte.
• Electronic system: The electrical signal generated by the
transducer is sent to this module which amplifies the signal and
processes it for further utilisation such as displaying, storing, or
transmitting through network.

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EXAMPLES
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TYPES OF BIOSENSORS
1.Calorimetric Biosensor: They measure changes in
temperature due to
either release (exothermic) or absorption (endothermic) of heat.
Eg:Temperature biosensors.
2.Potentiometric Biosensor: They measure potential difference
arising
during a redox reaction.
Eg: Urea biosensor.
3.Amperometric Biosensor: They measure current (flow of
electrons)
arising during a reaction.
Eg:Glucose biosensor.

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CONTINUOUS......
4.Conductometric Biosensor: These measure changes in electrical
conductivity arising during a reaction.
Eg:Urea biosensor.
5.Acoustic Wave Biosensor: They measure electric field developed by
piezoelectric effects.
Eg: Cocaine biosensor.
6.Optical Biosensors: They measure light arising from the action of
enzyme luciferase (fire fly).
Eg: Detection of bacteria.

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NANO BIOSENSORS
• Product of merging biosensors and nanotechnology
• Using nanomaterials for fabricating biosensors can improve the
sensitivity and other vital attributes of a biosensor.
• Nanotechnology makes nano biosensors portable ,wearable , and
implantable in our body or in any medical device.
• Nano biosensors are nothing but biosensors that are represented in
nanoscale.
• They are wearable , portable , highly sensitive , transportable and
implantable.
.

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APPLICATIONS
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
1.DNA Sensors:Genetic monitoring,Desease
2.Immunosensors:HIV,hepatitis,other viral deseases,drug testing etc.
3.Cell based sensors:Functional sensors,drug testing...
4.Point-of-care sensors:Blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids,
protiens,hormones,etc.
5.Bacteria sensors:Food industry,medicine,environmental,others
6.Enzyme sensors:Diabetics,drug testing,etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
1.Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity.
2.Agricultural monitoring
3.Ground water screening
4.Ocean monitoring

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INTERNET OF NANO THINGS (IONT)
WHAT IS IONT?
• Essentially a nanoscale version of the IOT.
• It is the convergent point where nanotechnology , IOT and industry
meet.
• IONT is the manifestation of a small-scale IOT systems that is an ideal
solution for remote environmental monitoring and medical application.
• It is a collection of sensor networks , data collectors and transmitters
that send data from multiple entry points through the cloud into a
centralized location.

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IONT
HOW IONT SYSTEMS WORK?
• Components in IONT network communicate with each other to
transfer data over long distance.
• There are two ways of communications:
1.Through the transmission of electromagnetic waves.
2.Through molecular communication which uses information
that has been stored and encoded within the molecules.

14. • The initial sensor points can’t transfer the data as far as other IOT
systems , so many of smaller hubs which collect the data is to be
placed near to each other. But there are large components which can
transfer the data over long distance.
• Data has been bought togather in one place , advance algorithms ,
artificial intelligence processes such as machine learning , deep
learning or artificial neural networks analyse the data without human
input.
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IONT
BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN IONT SYSTEMS
●NANONODES
●NANOROUTERS
●GATEWAYS
●NANO-MICRO INTERFACE DEVICES

16. IoNT ARCHITECTURE
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NANONODES
• These are the end-points such as nano sensors and nano-
actuators ,which are able to perform simple computation and
processing tasks.
• Due to their limited communication capabilities,reduced energy and
limited memory they can only transmit over very short distances.
• An example of nanonodes is nanomachines having communication
capabilities combined in various types of things,such as books and
keys.
• These devices can also be used inside the human body as
biological nanosensors.

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NANOROUTERS
• Compared to nanonodes,nanorouters have larger
computational resources,and they are appropriate
for collecting information from limited nano
machines(eg.nanosensors)
• Moreover nanorouters can also monitor the behaviour of
nanonodes by sending very simple control commands such as
sleep,on/off,etc.
• However,this would increase their size,and consequently their
deployment would be more invasive.

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NANO-MICRO INTERFACE DEVICE
• Information forwarded by nanorouters is aggragated by nano-
micro interface devices.
• These devices can handle information from microscale to
nanoscale devices.
• Nano-micro interfaces can be considered as hybrid devices
that are able to communicate in nanoscale using
nanocommunication technologies.
• In addition,they can also use classical communication models in
micro/macro communication networks.

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GATEWAYS
• These are used to enable the remote monitoring of the entire system
over the internet.
• Gateways can recieve the information from a nano-micro interface
and forward it to the related service provider.
• For example,in the case of a healthcare monitoring system,all the
sensor data from the human body can be forwarded over the internet
to the healthcare provider.
• The IONT architecture can also be customized according to the
applications and objectives of the network in order to achieve the
specific goals of a system.
• For example,in the nanorouters forward the collected data to
cognitive relay nodes that are usually connected to the internet for
remote processing.

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• These cognitive nodes act and make decision based on the nano
network conditions in order to save considerable amounts of
energy in the entire system.

22. IONT COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IN WIRELESS NANOSENSORS:
COMMUNICATION OPTIONS FOR
WIRELESS NANOSENSOR N/W
MOLECULAR
COMMUNICATIONS
DIFFUSION
BASED
NANO-ELECTROMAGNETIC
COMMUNICATIONS
FLOW
BASED
WALKWAY
BASED
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23. Molecular communication is a new approach to communications
between nano-machines, it is inspired by the communication
mechanisms that occur between living cells.
It is defined as the transmission and reception of information
encoded in molecules.
Nano-electromagnetic communication is defined as the
transmission and reception of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from
components.
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APPLICATIONS
1. Food analysis
2. Study of biomolecules and their interaction
3. Drug development
4. Medical diagnosis
5. Environmental field monitoring
6. Quality control
7. Industrial process control
8. Detection systems for biological warfare agents
9. Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and organ replacements.

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CURRENT RESERCH (WEARABLES)
• Activated when sufficient sweat is detected
• Measures metabolite & Electrolyte level of healthy person
• Alert-Dehydration,fatigue & rising body temperature

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CURRENT RESERCH (IMPLANTABLE)
• Measure glucose level.
• Hyperglycemia triggers the delivery of Metformin.
• patch can connect to portable analyser.
• Data can be sent to smartphone or tablet.

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CURRENT RESERCH
Detecting molecules associated with Neurodegenerative deseases
and types of cancer.

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WEARABLE & IMPLANTABLE

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CHALLENGES
.Limited computational capabilities.
.Limited memoy space.
.Designing lightweight protocols.
.Compatibility and Integration
.Sensor Validity and Temperature control
.Security and Privacy
.Health consequences:implanting electronic devices with radiating
signals inside the human body is still a concern for the scientists and
medical experts.(can overcome by using IoBNT)

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REFERENCES
[1] J. Pellico, C. M. Ellis, and J. J. Davis, ‘‘Nanoparticle-based
paramagnetic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging,’’
Contrast Media Mol. Imag., vol. 2019, May 2019, Art. no. 1845637.
[2] R. Nouri, Y. Jiang, X. L. Lian, and W. Guan, “Sequence-specific
recognition of HIV-1 DNA with solid-state CRISPR- assisted
nanopores (SCAN),” ACS Sensors, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1273–1280,
May 2020.
[3] A. M. C. Drăgulinescu, A. F. Manea, O. Fratu, and A. Drăgulinescu,
‘‘LoRa-based medical IoT system architecture and testbed,’’
Wireless
Pers. Commun., pp. 1–23, 2020.
[4] J. Best, ‘‘Could implanted medical devices be hacked?’’
Bmj, vol.368,2020.