1. The Crusades
Anirudh Koka

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4
TooOJGKlGc

5. Jerusalem
Jerusalem is holy to three major
religions, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
Christianity: This was the city where Jesus was
crucified, buried, and resurrected. And it was also
where Jesus ascended to heaven.
Islam: The third most holy city to Muslims. This is
where Muhammad ascended to heaven. The lace
where Jesus ascended to heaven and where
Mohammed ascended are only 700 yards from each
other.
Judaism: The holiest city to the Jews, and have the
oldest claim (Tenth Century B.C) Also the place where
the Temple in Jerusalem used to stand.

7. Pre-Crusades
By the 10th century, Europe and the Middle East
were divided into Muslim and Christian spheres of
influence. Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims.
Christian and Jewish followers were allowed to make
pilgrimages to Jerusalem safely. In the 11th
century, Christianity split between the Roman
Catholic Church and the Byzantine Empire. Both the
leaders excommunicated each other. Meanwhile, the
Muslims decided to attack the Byzantine Empire.
Because of the war, pilgrims were no longer allowed
to travel safely. When the Muslims threatened to
take Constantinople, the emperor of the Byzantines
requested help from the Holy Roman Church

8. Pope Urban the Second

9. First Crusade
Pope Urban 2 answered the Byzantines
call for help.
He called on the Christian princes of
Western Europe.

10. "

11. Council of Clermont
The noble race of Franks must come to the aid their fellow
Christians in the East. The infidel Turks are advancing into the
heart of Eastern Christendom; Christians are being oppressed and
attacked; churches and holy places are being defiled. Jerusalem is
groaning under the Saracen yoke. The Holy Sepulchre is in Moslem
hands and has been turned into a mosque. Pilgrims are harassed
and even prevented from access to the Holy Land.
"The West must march to the defense of the East. All should
go, rich and poor alike. The Franks must stop their internal wars
and squabbles. Let them go instead against the infidel and fight a
righteous war.
"God himself will lead them, for they will be doing His work. There
will be absolution and remission of sins for all who die in the
service of Christ. Here they are poor and miserable sinners; there
they will be rich and happy. Let none hesitate; they must march
next summer. God wills it! “

13. First Crusade
Priests and preachers alike spread the message of the
crusades along the countryside.
The Nobles gathered their knights and organized
them into armies. However, a man named Peter the
Hermit led thousands of peasants to Jerusalem.
Many of these peasants had no idea where
Jerusalem was.
Europeans began to kill Jews.

14. Peasant’s Crusade

15. Peasant’s Crusade
The armies of peasants led by Peter the Hermit set
off to Jerusalem much earlier than the Pope
planned. The army lacked military discipline, and
became increasingly chaotic, attacked anyone in
their way for food, even Christians.
The “army” finally arrived at Constantinople.
Alexios, the emperor of Byzantine, ferried them into
Asia Minor. They began pillaging the
countryside, when finally, a Turkish Army attacked
and destroyed them.

17. First Crusade
• The main Crusaders arrived at
Constantinople in 1097.
• They consisted of about 30,000 soldiers.
• Alexios, wary from the trouble the
Peasant’s Army gave him, did not want
to lead the army.
• However, in return for supplies, he made
the leader of the armies swear fealty to
him and any lands they won would be
returned to the Byzantium Empire.

19. First Crusade
The Crusaders fought their way down from
Constantinople to Jerusalem. By the time they
reached Jerusalem, they had about 12,000
men left. They sieged the city from two
sides, and did a direct assault. When one side
fell, the defenders fled in panic, letting the
Crusaders from the other side enter as well.

21. The Sacking of Jerusalem
After gaining entry to the city, the
Crusaders laid waste to it’s inhabitants.
Both Muslims and Jews were killed.
It was said that the soldiers feet were
painted red up to the ankles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o
Gj_bOX9yGo&feature=related
5:47

23. Aftermath
Afterwards, the Crusaders slit the land
they had won into 4 kingdoms, not
giving the land back to the Byzantines.
They accused Alexios of not following
his oath. The first crusade was the only
real Christian victory, and the land they
had won would be taken back by the
Muslims in 50 years.

26. Second Crusade
1147-1149
The Crusades won the first Crusade largely
through the disunity and poor organization
among the Muslims. In 1147, however, the
Muslims united, and captured one of the
Crusader Kingdoms, Edessa. The entire
population of Edessa was enslaved or killed.
This prompted the Pope Eugenous to call
for another Crusade.

28. Leaders
In the second Crusade, even the
kings were caught up with the
sacred frenzy. King Conrad of
Germany and King Lois of France led
their armies to retake the country of
Eddessa.

30. Failure
As with the first crusade, all the talk of
defending Christianity against its
enemies made the European population
attack the Non-Christians closer to
home.
In Rhineland, mobs of people began
massacring the Jewish population.

31. Jewish Massacres

32. Failure
Out of the 35 thousand, only a couple
thousand survived the Turkish attacks
on Asia Minor.
The survivors sieged the city of
Damascus, but had to surrender in 4
days.

33. Crusader returning home

34. Saladin’s Conquest

35. 3rd
Crusade
(1189–1192)
After the 2nd Crusade, Saladin
recaptured Jerusalem and the rest
of the Holy Land. The 3rd Crusade is
also known as the King’s
Crusade, as it was led by 3 kings.

36. Richard the Lionhearted of England
Philip Augustus of France
Frederick Barbarossa of
the Holy Roman Empire
Even before they first set off, Richard and Phillip were enemies.

37. 3rd Crusade

38. Routes
The Crusading armies took two different
routes. Fredrick, the ruler of the Holy Roman
Empire took his armies overland. His army’s
march was one of the most organized
overland travel up to that date. He managed
to cross Asia Minor which had been
disastrous for the other crusaders. His
100,000 strong army greatly alarmed
Saladin. However, while the army was
encamped by the Saleph River, the elderly
Fredrick Barbossa drowned in the river.

40. Richard and Phillip
Richard and Phillip travelled together
by sea. They stopped for the winter
in Sicily, where they had an
argument. After they landed in the
Middle East, Phillip returned to
France. Richard would face Saladin
alone.

42. Richard the Lion-Hearted
Richard marched slowly around the coast, keeping his army
organized, and not letting the Muslims pick off at the army. This
scored him a number of victories.
However, Saladin then used a scorched earth strategy. Saladin
stripped the land that Richard was about to enter from water
and all supplies. Richard, who had run out of food and water to
feed his army, was unable to siege Jerusalem. However, he and
Saladin were able to negotiate a treaty.
Jerusalem would remain under the control of the Muslims, but
Christian pilgrims and traders would still be able to enter the
city.

44. Fourth Crusade
6 years later, the crusaders were sent again. While on
their way to Jerusalem, they decided to attack
Constantinople, capitol of the Byzantine Empire, which
was a Christian country………
The crusaders looted the city for three days, and for a
little while, the Latin and Byzantines were reunited. The
Greeks reestablished control of the city soon after, but
would never have the same power. It did.
All the fourth crusade accomplished was weaken the
country that was the main protection from the Eastern
Turks.

45. The sacking of Constantinople

46. Fifth Crusade
1213-1218
While the Christians were still fighting
among themselves, a new Muslim
empire grew to power.
The Egyptian Muslims took Jerusalem
and the Holy land.

49. Fifth Crusade
• Instead of going straight for Jerusalem like
always, the crusaders tried something
different
• They tried attacking Egypt, and from there go
to Jerusalem.
• The crusaders had initial success, capturing an
important city named Damietta. They began
marching towards Cairo with a huge army.

50. Fifth Crusade
The Egyptians began retreating back towards the
city, which lay on the banks of the Nile. Hasty to take
the city, the Crusader Generals overlooked an important
detail, the Nile Flood.
The Crusaders marched along the Nile, when they were
trapped from the flooding and a canal.
Also, the crusaders did not take enough supplies with
them.
This is when the Egyptians launched a counter
attack, and the Crusaders had to retreat from the land
of the Nile.

51. Sixth
Crusade
1228-1229
The Sixth Crusade was led by Fredrick the 2nd, leader of
the Holy Roman Empire. Fredrick didn’t join the Fifth
Crusade, and was excommunicated by the Church.
To repent, Fredrick set off on the Sixth Crusade without
any other Christian support.
The sixth Crusade involved very little fighting. Fredrick
engaged the Muslim rulers of Jerusalem in negotiations.
Surprisingly, the Muslims agreed to compromise. They
would give up the control of Jerusalem, with the
exception of some of their holy places. For the first time
since the First Crusade, the Christians were in the Holy
Land.
But then in 15 years the Muslims invaded again.

53. 7th
Crusade
1248-1250
The seventh Crusade occurred in Egypt, in the same
place the Fifth Crusade was fought.
Both Crusader and Egyptian Army faced each other
across a large canal.
The Crusaders attempted to build a bridge across
the canal, while the Egyptians kept widening it.
Finally, the Crusaders crossed 4 miles up the
canal, and attacked the Egyptians head on.
The Egyptians won.