Chemistry_Project_on_Determination_of_Co.docx

Chemistry
Project on
Determination
of Contents of
Cold Drinks
Project Prepared by –
BHAGYA LAKSHMI.L
VARSHANA.R
XII – B
Session: 2017-2018
SCHOOL:VENKAT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project is submitted by
BHAGYALAKSHMI.L baring register no”:
and VARSHANA.R to the chemistry
department,VENKAT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC
SHCOOL was carried out by her under the
guidance and supervision of VENKATALAKSHMI
during academic session 2017-2018
Date:
(Chemistry teacher) External Examiner
Principal signature

*Acknowledgement*
It would be my utmost pleasure to
express my sincere thanks to my
chemistry teacher Mrs.Venkatalakshmi
mam in providing a helping hand in this
project.
Her valuable guidance, support and
supervision all through this project are
responsible for attaining its present
form. I would also like to thank my
parents as they encouraged me to put
forward my project.
TEACHER SIGNATURE

*Contents*
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Aim
4. Apparatus
5. Chemicals Required
6. Detection of pH
7. Test for Carbon Dioxide
VIII. Test for Glucose
1. Test for Phosphate
2. Test for Alcohol
3. Test for Sucrose
4. Result
XIII. Precautions
XIV. Conclusion
5. Bibliography

*Introduction
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
industrialization in India marked its beginning with
launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley group of
companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was
highly profitable and luring, many multinational
companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi
and Coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority of
people viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give
feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to
activate pulse and brain.

*Theory*
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft
drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste
which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the
formation of froth on shaking the bottle.
The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy
to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y.
On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:-
Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also
present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of
the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in
nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main
source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and
sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of
sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and
fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold
drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by
finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic
contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

*Aim*
Comparitive Study and Qualitative Analysis
of different brands of Cold Drinks
available in market.
*Apparatus*
⦁ Test Tubes
⦁ Test Tube Holder
⦁ Test Tube Stand
⦁ Stop Watch
⦁ Beaker
⦁ Bunsen Burner
⦁ pH Paper
⦁ Tripod Stand
⦁ China Dish
⦁ Wire Gauge
⦁ Water Bath
*Chemicals Required*
⦁ Iodine Solution
⦁ Potassium Iodide
⦁ Sodium Hydroxide
⦁ Lime Water
⦁ Fehling’s A & B Solution
⦁ Concentrated Nitric Acid
⦁ Benedict Solution

*Detection Of pH*
Experiment
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put
on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was
compared with standard pH scale.
Observation
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Colour Change pH Value
1 Coca Cola Pinkish 2 – 3
2 Sprite Dark Orange 3
3 Limca Light Orange 4
5 Fanta Orange 3 – 4
Inference
Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid
and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are
different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.

*Test For Carbon Dioxide*
Experiment
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were
passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.
Observation
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Time Taken (sec) Conclusion
1 Coca Cola 28 CO2 IS PRESENT
2 Sprite 27 CO2 IS PRESENT
3 Limca 38 CO2 IS PRESENT
4 Fanta 36 CO2 IS PRESENT
Inference
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water.
The carbon
dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is
responsible for its tangy taste.
Chemical Reaction
Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)

*Test For Glucose*
Experiment
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-
1.Benedict’s Reagent Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a
few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few
seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold
drinks.
Observation
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Observation Conclusion
1 Coca Cola Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present
2 Sprite Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present
3 Limca Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present
4 Fanta Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present
Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent.
Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

2. Fehling’s Solution Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a
few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal
amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of
brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Observation
1 Coca Cola Reddish Brown Precipitate Glucose is Present
2 Sprite Reddish Brown Precipitate Glucose is Present
3 Limca Reddish Brown Precipitate Glucose is Present
4 Fanta Reddish Brown Precipitate Glucose is Present
Inference
All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B)
solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

*Test For Phosphate*
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and
Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added
to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed
the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.
Observation
1 Coca Cola Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
2 Sprite Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
3 Limca Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
4 Fanta Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
Inference
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence
all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

*Test For Alcohol*
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and
Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was
added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30
minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of
alcohol in cold drinks.
Observation
1 Coca Cola Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
2 Sprite Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
3 Limca Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
4 Fanta Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
Inference
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks
contain alcohol.
Chemical Reaction
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH → CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

*Test for Sucrose*
Experiment
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china
dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black
coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.
Observation
1 Coca Cola Black Residue Sucrose is Present
2 Sprite Black Residue Sucrose is Present
3 Limca Black Residue Sucrose is Present
4 Fanta Black Residue Sucrose is Present
Inference
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose
varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.

*Result*
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold
drinks namely:
1. Coca Cola
2. Sprite
3. Limca
4. Fanta
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold
drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca
Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum
amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

*Precautions*
Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are –
1. Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care.
2. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each
experiment.
3. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any
possible damage.
4. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush
immediately with copious amounts of water.
5. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave
your workstation.
6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself
or your neighbour.

*Conclusion*
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As
they contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in
diabetes patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the
body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.
3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are
also harmful for our bones.
4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8.
So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck
must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for
highly consive material.
6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very
harmful to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.
2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove
grease from clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

*Bibliography*
Following books and websites were a source for my project .
Comprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual
– Dr. N. K. Verma
www. Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www. Icbse.com
www. Unoregon.edu

Biology Project
on Coffee
Addiction
BHAGYA LAKSHMI.L
XII – B
Session: 2017-2018

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project is submitted by
BHAGYALAKSHMI.L to the BIOLOGY department,VENKAT
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SHCOOL was carried out by her
under the guidance and supervision of MR.GIRISH during
academic session 2017-2018
Date:
(Biology teacher) External Examiner
Principal signature

*Acknowledgement*
express my sincere thanks to my biology
teacher Mr.Girish sir in providing a
helping hand in this project.
forward my project.
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

*Contents*
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Consumption and its effects
4. Sources
5. Overuse
6. Intoxication
7. Expert’s suggestion
8. Conclusion
9. Bibilography

Abstract
The goal of the project is to study coffee addiction its causes and
effects of coffee withdrawal in 3 persons.
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly
called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. They are seeds of coffee
cherries that grow on trees in over 70 countries, cultivated
primarily in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Green
unroasted coffee is one of the most traded agricultural
commodities in the world. Due to its caffeine content, coffee often
has a stimulating effect on humans.
Today, coffee is the third most popular drink in the world, behind
water and tea. Some controversy is associated with coffee
cultivation and its impact on the environment. Many studies have
examined the relationship between coffee consumption and
certain medical conditions; whether the overall effects of coffee
are ultimately positive or negative has been widely disputed. The
method of brewing coffee has been found to be important to its
health effects.

A General Introduction On Caffeine
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that is a
psychoactive stimulant drug. Caffeine was isolated in 1820 by a
German chemist, Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge. Caffeine is found in
varying quantities in the beans, leaves, and fruit of some plants,
where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain
insects feeding on the plants.[6] It is most commonly consumed
by humans in infusions extracted from the bean of the coffee plant
and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and
drinks containing products derived from the kola nut. In humans,
caffeine acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant,
temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness.
Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive
substance, but, unlike many other psychoactive substances, is
legal and unregulated in nearly all jurisdictions

Caffeine Consumption And Its Effects
Caffeine is a potent and quick-acting drug which produces an
effect similar to the stress response in our bodies. Caffeine affects
each person differently, depending on individual circumstances
such as weight, build, etc. It has an almost instant effect on your
mind-body which will continue to influence your state for 6-8 hours
afterwards.
Every time we drink tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, or cola we are
giving our body a 'hit' of caffeine. Along with nicotine and alcohol,
caffeine is one of the three most widely used mood -affecting
drugs in the world.
If you have more than two or three caffeine drinks per day your
'habit' may be affecting you emotionally and physically much more
powerfully than you might expect.
Some commonly observed effects of caffeine are:
1. Stimulates your heart, respiratory system, and central nervous
system.
2. Makes your blood more `sludgy' by raising the level of fatty
acids in the blood.
3. Causes messages to be passed along your nervous system
more quickly
4. Stimulates blood circulation
5. Raises blood pressure
6. Causes your stomach to produce more acid
7. Irritates the stomach lining

8. Makes digestion less effective by relaxing the muscles of your
intestinal system
9. Its diuretic effect caused increased urination - although you
would have to drink about 8 coups of coffee in one sitting for this
to occur
10. Stimulates the cortex of your brain heightening the intensity of
mental activity. This can result in a temporary feeling of alertness
and, in the short term, banishes drowsiness and feelings of
fatigue. In those who already have high levels of anxiety the
heightened intensity of mental activity can produce unpleasant
effects. But check out below which contradicts this.
11. Affects the length and quality of sleep. Heavy caffeine users
suffer from sleep-deprivation because their nervous system is too
stimulated to allow them deep, restful or prolonged sleep.
12. The American Medical Journal has reported a correlation
between caffeine and decreased bone density or osteoporosis in
women.
In addition to the above effects prolonged or very heavy caffeine
use can produce the following:
13. `Caffeine nerves' a jittery feeling with shaking hands,
palpitations, and wobbliness in the legs.
14. Caffeine addiction which involves nervousness, irritability,
agitation, headaches or ringing in the ears.
15. Causes your adrenal glands to release their hormones into
your bloodstream
16. Causes blood sugar, or blood glucose, to be released from
storage through the effects of the adrenal hormones. This gives
you a temporary lift but…
17. …requires your pancreas to over-work. This is because your
pancreas now has to produce extra insulin to reduce this extra
blood sugar. Once the extra insulin has 'mopped up' the extra

blood sugar your temporary lift from the caffeine ends. Your
vitality level is back to normal. However in heavy caffeine users
the pancreas, in time, becomes over-sensitive and over-zealous.
Now it begins producing too much insulin – it 'mops up' not just
the excess blood sugar but the blood sugar you need to feel alert
and energetic. The initial effect of this is a let-down effect and a
craving for more caffeine to give you a further boost. A later effect
can be excessive and chronic tiredness, even on waking in the
morning. Some people find that many of the psychological
complaints common to reactive hypoglycaemia (the emotional yo-
yo effect, shakiness, palpitations, weakness, tiredness, etc.)
disappear within a few days of stopping caffeine.

Sources Of Caffeine
As little as 20 mgs of caffeine can produce noticeable body and mood
changes. As a very rough guide to how much caffeine you may be taking
on a daily basis...
An average cup of tea contains around 50 mgs of caffeine.
An average cup of instant coffee contains around 70-100 mgs. Instant
decaffeinated coffee contains about 3 mgs.
A 6 oz cup of espresso coffee (much larger than the normal cafe cup,
incidentally) contains about 80-90 mgs. A single-hit cappuccino will contain
the same amount.
Filter coffee (called 'drip' in the US) can contain 25-50% more caffeine than
instant.
A 340 ml or 12 oz can of regular or diet cola contains between 35 and 45
mgs. of caffeine depending on the brand
Some so-called 'energy drinks' contain very high doses of caffeine -
equivalent to to 4 or more cups of strong coffee in one dose!
One ounce or 28 grams of chocolate contains about 10-15 mgs.

Overuse
In large amounts, and especially over extended periods of time,
caffeine can lead to a condition known as caffeinism. Caffeinism
usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of
unpleasant physical and mental conditions including nervousness,
irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching
(hyperreflexia), insomnia, headaches, respiratory alkalosis, and
heart palpitations.[103][104] Furthermore, because caffeine
increases the production of stomach acid, high usage over time
can lead to peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and
gastroesophageal reflux disease. Caffeine may also increase the
toxicity of certain other drugs, such as paracetamol.
There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized
by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition: caffeine intoxication, caffeine-induced anxiety
disorder, caffeine-induced sleep disorder, and caffeine-related
disorder not otherwise specified

caffeine intoxication:
An acute overdose of caffeine usually in excess of about 300 milligrams,
dependent on body weight and level of caffeine tolerance, can result in a
state of central nervous system over-stimulation called caffeine intoxication
(DSM-IV 305.90), or colloquially the "caffeine jitters". The symptoms of
caffeine intoxication are not unlike overdoses of other stimulants. It may
include restlessness,fidgetiness, nervousness, excitement, euphoria,
insomnia, flushing of the face, increased urination, gastrointestinal
disturbance,muscle twitching, a rambling flow of thought and speech,
irritability, irregular or rapid heart beat, and psychomotor agitation. In cases
of much larger overdoses, mania, depression, lapses in judgment,
disorientation, disinhibition, delusions, hallucinations, andpsychosis may
occur, and rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue) can be
provoked.
Extreme overdose can result in death.[110] The median lethal dose (LD50)
given orally, is 192 milligrams per kilogram in rats. The LD50 of caffeine in
humans is dependent on weight and individual sensitivity and estimated to
be about 150 to 200 milligrams per kilogram of body mass, roughly 80 to
100 cups of coffee for an average adult taken within a limited time frame
that is dependent onhalf-life. Though achieving lethal dose with caffeine
would be exceptionally difficult with regular coffee, there have been
reported deaths from overdosing on caffeine pills, with serious symptoms of
overdose requiring hospitalization occurring from as little as 2 grams of
caffeine.
An exception to this would be taking a drug such as fluvoxamine or
levofloxacin, which block the liver enzyme responsible for the metabolism
of caffeine, thus increasing the central effects and blood concentrations of
caffeine dramatically at 5-fold. It is not contraindicated, but highly advisable
to minimize the intake of caffeinated beverages, as drinking one cup of
coffee will have the same effect as drinking five under normal conditions.
Death typically occurs due to ventricular fibrillation brought about by effects
of caffeine on the cardiovascular system

Caffeine withdrawal a case study
The following symptoms were observed in common on the 4
members of my society, I conducted the study on. I choose them
as they drink coffee twice a day i.e. in morning and in the evening
The symptoms observed were
The symptoms were observed roughly 12-18 hours after
withdrawal. They get worst after 24-48 hours and could last for a
week.
• Irritable
• Restless
• Muscles stiffness
• Difficulty in concentrating
• Headache moderate to severe
• Chills &/or hot spells
• Causes more blood to gather in head causing migraine like
headache due to our body becoming over sensitive to adenosine.
• Excessive sleepiness

What the experts suggest?
To avoid uncomfortable withdrawal effects it is wise to ease off caffeine
over a period of 7-14 days to reduce the discomfort. Reduce and then stop
the richest sources (especially coffee) first. It is unwise, particularly if you
are a heavy user, to suddenly stop caffeine altogether
When you stop caffeine you allow your body to catch up on its lost rest.
This takes some time. Using caffeine to force yourself into activity is like
flogging an exhausted horse.
For the first few weeks after stopping caffeine you may find that you are
sleeping deeper and for longer. For this reason it is a good idea to allow
yourself an extra hour per night for a few weeks, increasing this if you
continue to experience lethargy in the mornings.
If you feel drowsy during the day use breathing exercises preferably out of
doors, to alert yourself.
And remind yourself that the drowsiness is a sign that you are allowing your
body to get back into a more normal state and that your natural energy
levels will soon return once things have got back to normal after the
onslaught of the caffeine regime

CONCLUSION:
Though the effect of coffee or caffeine on our body is debated
many agree for it being positive while many agree for it being
negative. The most accurate statement at such a debate will be
using it in a controlled way can be useful rather harmful. As is well
said Conscience keeps more people awake than coffee

Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine
http://pegasusnlpblog.com/caffeine-induced-panics
http://coffeetea.about.com/od/caffeine/a/symptoms.htm

Physics Project
Report on Rain
Alarm
BHAGYA LAKSHMI.L
VARSHANA.R
XII – B
Session: 2017-2018

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project is submitted by BHAGYALAKSHMI.L baring
registration no: and VARSHANA.R to the PHYSICS
department,VENKAT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SHCOOL was carried out by
her under the guidance and supervision of KAVITHA during academic session
2017-2018
Date:
(Physics teacher) External Examiner
PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE

*Acknowledgement*
express my sincere thanks to my Physics
Teacher MRS.Kavitha mam in providing a
helping hand in this project.

forward my project.
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
*Contents*
1. Introduction
2. Apparatus required
3. Construction
4. Working
5. Circuit diagram
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

Rain Alarm : Introduction
Rain Alarm is a device which is used to give the information is the
rain is occurring as it gives sound when rain falls between the two
aluminium rods. As the rain drop comes between the two rods the
circuit gets completed and a sound is produced from the speaker
indicating the falling of rain. It can be used in factories, open
godowns where the goods need to be protected from rain. It can
also be used as a water level indicator by fixing the two rods at
desired level when water will reach that level it will automatically
produce sound.

Apparatus Required:
Soldering iron, Hand drill machine, Solder wire, Plain PCB, PCB
Etching, Battery, Sencer probe
Construction of Rain Alarm :
It consists of various components named below :
(i) n-p-n transistor (BC 147)
(ii) p-n-p transistor (2N 6107)
(iii) Resistors (1.5 k, 330 k)—0.25 W

(iv) Capacitor ceramic (0.01 F)
(v) Two rain sensors (aluminium tube of diameter 5 mm anbd length 6 to 7
cm)
(vi) Speaker (5 to 8 )
(vii) Battery (6 V)
(viii) Switch.
First, drill a small hole in the center of a penny just big enough for a copper plated nail
to pass through. Solder the head of the nail to the penny with a complete fillet to seal
out the rain. Now find a fairly thin sheet of plastic slightly bigger than the penny.
Possible sources include the lid from a drink bottle or a lid from a peanut jar. I used a
flat section of plastic from a bubble packaged product. (My particular choice was quite
thin and the sensor takes a long time to dry out. ) Coat the plastic with spray adhesive
and push the nail through, gluing the plastic to the underside of the penny. Once the
glue has dried, use scissors to carefully trim the plastic flush with the penny. The goal is
to form an insulating washer the exact size of the penny. Now drill a larger hole in the
center of a nickel, perhaps 1/4". Wrap the nail with tape to mask it and spray the
exposed face of the plastic washer with glue. Stick the nail through the nickel to make a
penny, washer, nickel sandwich. Position the penny right in the center of the nickel and
let the glue dry.
Once the glue has dried, remove the masking tape from the nail and fill the gap
between the nail and the nickel with epoxy. Cut the nail short with a pair of old cutters
or the cutter on a pair of pliers (not your best electronic wire cutters) since the core of
the nail is steel. To avoid stress on the epoxy, don't hold the nickel as you cut the nail;
hold your hand below and catch it as it falls. Solder one conductors of a length of phone
wire to the nail and the other to the nickel as shown in the photo. Do not solder the wire
to the nickel close to the edge as I did in the photo; that wire had to be moved in
toward the center to prevent interference with the housing. Cut an arbitrary length of
1/2" PVC electrical conduit to form the housing; three or four inches is fine. Make sure
one end is perfectly flat and straight. Coat that end of the pipe with epoxy and feed the
wire through to glue the nickel in position. Once that has cured, turn the assembly over

and pour a tablespoon or two of epoxy into the tube to get a good seal. I decided to
shove a few shipping peanuts into the hole to form a plug and poured in more epoxy to
get a flush seal so that insects can't build a nest inside and surprise me later. Lead the
wire inside the house to the electronics, leaving a hanging loop near the entry point to
prevent water from following the wire inside, add a connector and that's it. This probe
should be quite weatherproof but it may need an occasional cleaning if debris collects
between the edges of the coins.
Working of Rain Alarm :
The aluminium tubes (rain sensors) are fixed on plastic plate with a small
distance between them. The plastic plate is immersed in water taken in a
beaker. Presence of water between the aluminium tubes effects circuit
adjustment.
When switch P is closed current flows through the speaker and an audible
note is produced. The alarm is on.
When water is removed from the beaker or the tubes are taken out of
water, alarm becomes dead.
When a rain alarm is set up according to circuit diagram and is connected
to input A-C source then its working starts.

Since when there is no water droplet complete and speaker doesn’t
produce sound. But as soon as rain starts water drop comes between the
two rods the circuit gets completed and speaker starts giving sound.
Value of Resistances and their percentage accuracy are
indicated on carbon resistance by a colour code printed on
them.
Colour Number Multiplier Colour Tolerance
Black 0 100
Gold 8%
Brown 1 101
Silver 10%
Red 2 102
No Colour 20%
Orange 3 103
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105
Blue 6 106

Violet 7 107
Grey 8 108
White 9 109
Circuit diagram with Parts list.

Conclusion
Advantages of Rain Alarm
1. Conserve Water
There is a lot of water that you can save by using a rain sensor. By automatically
turning off your lawn irrigation system every time it rains, the conserved water can
be used in other essential purposes such as fighting fire.
2. Prevent Disease Damage and Nutrient Loss
Over-watering prevent the roots of your plants from reaching deep into –the
ground making your plants vulnerable to disease. Over-watering is also one of the
major cause of nutrient loss in plants as excessive watering washes away the
nutrients of the soil leaving your plants weak and unhealthy. 3. Save Money on
Fertilizer
A rain sensor prevents you from overwatering your plants and lawn. When a plant
is overwatered, the nutrients from the turf wash away into the drainage system.
You have to compensate by adding more fertilizers to your lawn and plants. This
means spending more money on fertilizers. With a rain sensor that effectively
prevents your lawn irrigation system from overwatering your lawn and plants, your
garden turf will remain to be an ideal environment for your plants in accordance
with the fertilizer that you are using.
4. Increase the Life-span of your Irrigation System
Using a rain sensor prevents unnecessary wear and tear of your lawn irrigation

system since it minimizes the amount of time that your lawn irrigation is in
operation. This is especially useful during the rainy season where rain
unpredictably come and go.
5. Prevent Groundwater and Waterways Pollution
A lawn irrigation system equipped with a rain sensor minimizes wasteful runoff
such as pesticides, motor oil, fertilizer, pet waste and sediments from reaching your
waterways. It also minimizes garden pollutants such as herbicides and fertilizers
from getting into your groundwater system.
IMAGES

*Bibliography*
Following books and websites were a source for my project .
Comprehensive PHIYSCS Lab Manual
– Dr. N. K. Verma
www. Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www. Icbse.com
www. Unoregon.edu

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