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Visual Vocab
Unit 5
Andrew Shaw
AP Bio 5th
Codon
 Sequences    of
 three
 nucleotides




                     DNAsequence
                     chromatogram. 3 of the
                     bases equal one codon.
Elongation
A cycle in which
 the polypeptide is
 elongated by 1
 amino acid per
 cycle.




                       Elongation
                                 adds 1
                       amino acid
Exon
 Exonsare the DNA
 bases that are
 transcribed into
 mRNA and
                        Exonsare the
 eventually code for
                        bases being
 amino acids in the
                        copied
 proteins
Frame Shift Mutation
a  genetic mutation
 caused by indels
 (insertions or
 deletions) of a
 number of
 nucleotides that is
 not evenly divisible
 by three from a
 DNA sequence              Sickle cell anemia is
                            caused by a frame
                            shift mutation
Helicase
 Theyare motor
 proteins that move
 directionally along
 a nucleic acid
 phosphodiester
 backbone, separat
 ing two nucleic
 acid strands
                       Does this count…
Initiation
 Initiation involves
  the small subunit of
  the ribosome
  binding to the 5'
  end of mRNA with
  the help of
  initiation factors
  (IF).                   Initiator
                                   proteins
                           break the bonds
                           between the base
                           pairs
Intron
 Long segments of
 nucleotides that
 have no coding
 information



                        Sequence of human
                         T intron 7 DNA
Ligase
 an enzyme that
 can catalyse the
 joining of two large
 molecules by
 forming a new
 chemical bond




                         DNA   “glue”
Missense Mutation
a  point mutation in
 which a single
 nucleotide is
 changed, resulting
 in a codon that
 codes for a
 different amino      this can render the resulting
 acid[                 protein nonfunctional. Such
                       mutations are responsible
                       for diseases such as
                       Epidermolysis bullosa
mRNA
   a molecule of RNA
    that encodes a
    chemical "blueprint"
    for a protein
    product. mRNA is
    transcribed from a
    DNA template, and
    carries coding
    information to the
    sites of protein
    synthesis               RNA Protein
                            Synthesis Model
Mutagens
   is a physical or
    chemical agent that
    changes the genetic
    material, usually
    DNA, of an organism
    and thus increases
    the frequency of
    mutations above the
                           The
                              Teenage
    natural background
    level.                 Mutant Ninja Turtles
                           were mutated by a
                           mutagen
Nonsense Mutation
 pointmutation in a
 sequence of DNA
 that results in a
 premature stop
 codon



                        Sickle
                              cell anemia
                        is caused by a
                        nonsense mutation
Nuclease
 anenzyme
 capable of
 cleaving the
 phosphodiester
 bonds between
 the nucleotide
                        The enzyme DNA
 subunits of nucleic
                        nuclease checks
 acids
                        all the pairs in the
                        DNA chain for any
                        mistakes
Point Mutation
a  type of mutation
 that causes the
 replacement of a
 single base
 nucleotide with
 another nucleotide
 of the genetic
 material,
Polymerases
 primary function of
 a polymerase is the
 polymerization of
 new DNA or RNA
 against an existing
 DNA or RNA
 template in the
 processes of
 replication and           RNA Polymerase
 transcription.
Polyribosomes
a  cluster of
 ribosomes linked
 together by a
 molecule of
 messenger RNA
 and forming the
 site of protein
 synthesis
Primary Transcript
 an  RNA molecule
 that has not yet
 undergone any
 modification after
 its synthesis
Primase
 anenzyme
 involved in the
 replication of DNA
Promotor
a region of DNA
 that facilitates the
 transcription of a
 particular gene
Redundancy(in DNA)
 DNAthat contains
 repeated
 sequences at each
 end called terminal
 repeats
Replication
 biologicalprocess
 that occurs in all
 living organisms
 and copies their
 DNA
Semiconservative model
 themechanism by
 which DNA is
 replicated in all
 known cells.
Spliceosome
a  complex of
 snRNA and protein
 subunits that
 removes introns
 from a transcribed
 pre-mRNA (hnRNA)
 segment
TATA Box
 isa DNA sequence
  that indicates the
  point at which a
  genetic sequence
  can be read and
  decoded.
Telomerase
a
 ribonucleoprotein
 that is an enzyme
 which adds DNA
 sequence repeats
Termination
 Eukaryotes initiate
 DNA replication at
 multiple points in
 the
 chromosome, so
 replication forks
 meet and
 terminate at many
 points in the
 chromosome
Terminator
 sectionof genetic
 sequence that
 marks the end of
 gene or operon on
 genomic DNA for
 transcription.
Transcription
 Transcription
              is the
 process of creating
 a complementary
 RNA copy of a
 sequence of DNA
Transcription Factors
 is a protein that
  binds to specific
  DNA
  sequences, thereb
  y controlling the
  flow (or
  transcription) of
  genetic
  information from
  DNA to mRNA
Translation
 the
    cell uses
 messenger RNA to
 produce proteins
Translocation
 Chromosomal
 translocation, that
 is a chromosomal
 segment is moved
 from one position
 to another, either
 within the same
 chromosome or to
 another
 chromosome.
Transformation
   the genetic
    alteration of a cell
    resulting from the
    direct
    uptake, incorporatio
    n and expression of
    exogenous genetic
    material (exogenous
    DNA) from its
    surroundings and
    taken up through the
    cell membrane
tRNA
   an adaptor
    molecule composed
    of RNA, typically 73
    to 93 nucleotides in
    length, that is used in
    biology to bridge the
    four-letter genetic
    code (ATCG) in
    messenger RNA
Wobble
a non-Watson-
 Crick base pairing
 between two
 nucleotides in RNA
 molecules

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Visual vocab

  • 1. Visual Vocab Unit 5 Andrew Shaw AP Bio 5th
  • 2. Codon  Sequences of three nucleotides  DNAsequence chromatogram. 3 of the bases equal one codon.
  • 3. Elongation A cycle in which the polypeptide is elongated by 1 amino acid per cycle.  Elongation adds 1 amino acid
  • 4. Exon  Exonsare the DNA bases that are transcribed into mRNA and  Exonsare the eventually code for bases being amino acids in the copied proteins
  • 5. Frame Shift Mutation a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence  Sickle cell anemia is caused by a frame shift mutation
  • 6. Helicase  Theyare motor proteins that move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separat ing two nucleic acid strands Does this count…
  • 7. Initiation  Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to the 5' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF).  Initiator proteins break the bonds between the base pairs
  • 8. Intron  Long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information  Sequence of human T intron 7 DNA
  • 9. Ligase  an enzyme that can catalyse the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond  DNA “glue”
  • 10. Missense Mutation a point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino  this can render the resulting acid[ protein nonfunctional. Such mutations are responsible for diseases such as Epidermolysis bullosa
  • 11. mRNA  a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis  RNA Protein Synthesis Model
  • 12. Mutagens  is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the  The Teenage natural background level. Mutant Ninja Turtles were mutated by a mutagen
  • 13. Nonsense Mutation  pointmutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon  Sickle cell anemia is caused by a nonsense mutation
  • 14. Nuclease  anenzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide  The enzyme DNA subunits of nucleic nuclease checks acids all the pairs in the DNA chain for any mistakes
  • 15. Point Mutation a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material,
  • 16. Polymerases  primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and  RNA Polymerase transcription.
  • 17. Polyribosomes a cluster of ribosomes linked together by a molecule of messenger RNA and forming the site of protein synthesis
  • 18. Primary Transcript  an RNA molecule that has not yet undergone any modification after its synthesis
  • 19. Primase  anenzyme involved in the replication of DNA
  • 20. Promotor a region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular gene
  • 21. Redundancy(in DNA)  DNAthat contains repeated sequences at each end called terminal repeats
  • 22. Replication  biologicalprocess that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA
  • 23. Semiconservative model  themechanism by which DNA is replicated in all known cells.
  • 24. Spliceosome a complex of snRNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA (hnRNA) segment
  • 25. TATA Box  isa DNA sequence that indicates the point at which a genetic sequence can be read and decoded.
  • 26. Telomerase a ribonucleoprotein that is an enzyme which adds DNA sequence repeats
  • 27. Termination  Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome
  • 28. Terminator  sectionof genetic sequence that marks the end of gene or operon on genomic DNA for transcription.
  • 29. Transcription  Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA
  • 30. Transcription Factors  is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereb y controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA
  • 31. Translation  the cell uses messenger RNA to produce proteins
  • 32. Translocation  Chromosomal translocation, that is a chromosomal segment is moved from one position to another, either within the same chromosome or to another chromosome.
  • 33. Transformation  the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporatio n and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane
  • 34. tRNA  an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 73 to 93 nucleotides in length, that is used in biology to bridge the four-letter genetic code (ATCG) in messenger RNA
  • 35. Wobble a non-Watson- Crick base pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules