2. Codon
Sequences of
three
nucleotides
DNAsequence
chromatogram. 3 of the
bases equal one codon.
3. Elongation
A cycle in which
the polypeptide is
elongated by 1
amino acid per
cycle.
Elongation
adds 1
amino acid
4. Exon
Exonsare the DNA
bases that are
transcribed into
mRNA and
Exonsare the
eventually code for
bases being
amino acids in the
copied
proteins
5. Frame Shift Mutation
a genetic mutation
caused by indels
(insertions or
deletions) of a
number of
nucleotides that is
not evenly divisible
by three from a
DNA sequence Sickle cell anemia is
caused by a frame
shift mutation
6. Helicase
Theyare motor
proteins that move
directionally along
a nucleic acid
phosphodiester
backbone, separat
ing two nucleic
acid strands
Does this count…
7. Initiation
Initiation involves
the small subunit of
the ribosome
binding to the 5'
end of mRNA with
the help of
initiation factors
(IF). Initiator
proteins
break the bonds
between the base
pairs
8. Intron
Long segments of
nucleotides that
have no coding
information
Sequence of human
T intron 7 DNA
9. Ligase
an enzyme that
can catalyse the
joining of two large
molecules by
forming a new
chemical bond
DNA “glue”
10. Missense Mutation
a point mutation in
which a single
nucleotide is
changed, resulting
in a codon that
codes for a
different amino this can render the resulting
acid[ protein nonfunctional. Such
mutations are responsible
for diseases such as
Epidermolysis bullosa
11. mRNA
a molecule of RNA
that encodes a
chemical "blueprint"
for a protein
product. mRNA is
transcribed from a
DNA template, and
carries coding
information to the
sites of protein
synthesis RNA Protein
Synthesis Model
12. Mutagens
is a physical or
chemical agent that
changes the genetic
material, usually
DNA, of an organism
and thus increases
the frequency of
mutations above the
The
Teenage
natural background
level. Mutant Ninja Turtles
were mutated by a
mutagen
13. Nonsense Mutation
pointmutation in a
sequence of DNA
that results in a
premature stop
codon
Sickle
cell anemia
is caused by a
nonsense mutation
14. Nuclease
anenzyme
capable of
cleaving the
phosphodiester
bonds between
the nucleotide
The enzyme DNA
subunits of nucleic
nuclease checks
acids
all the pairs in the
DNA chain for any
mistakes
15. Point Mutation
a type of mutation
that causes the
replacement of a
single base
nucleotide with
another nucleotide
of the genetic
material,
16. Polymerases
primary function of
a polymerase is the
polymerization of
new DNA or RNA
against an existing
DNA or RNA
template in the
processes of
replication and RNA Polymerase
transcription.
17. Polyribosomes
a cluster of
ribosomes linked
together by a
molecule of
messenger RNA
and forming the
site of protein
synthesis
18. Primary Transcript
an RNA molecule
that has not yet
undergone any
modification after
its synthesis
27. Termination
Eukaryotes initiate
DNA replication at
multiple points in
the
chromosome, so
replication forks
meet and
terminate at many
points in the
chromosome
30. Transcription Factors
is a protein that
binds to specific
DNA
sequences, thereb
y controlling the
flow (or
transcription) of
genetic
information from
DNA to mRNA
32. Translocation
Chromosomal
translocation, that
is a chromosomal
segment is moved
from one position
to another, either
within the same
chromosome or to
another
chromosome.
33. Transformation
the genetic
alteration of a cell
resulting from the
direct
uptake, incorporatio
n and expression of
exogenous genetic
material (exogenous
DNA) from its
surroundings and
taken up through the
cell membrane
34. tRNA
an adaptor
molecule composed
of RNA, typically 73
to 93 nucleotides in
length, that is used in
biology to bridge the
four-letter genetic
code (ATCG) in
messenger RNA