14. Math History
CS Lagado
3100 B.C. Egyptian papyrus 紙莎草紙
2100 B.C. Sumerian / Babylonian 300 mathematical tables (clay table)
800 B.C. Greek/Roman
825 A.D. Persian
Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-
Khowarizmi
14~17 C
Europe Renaissance
/ Age of Discovery
logarithm, analytic geometry, and
calculus
18 C
Europe
Industry Revolution
14
數學:Number, Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra
15. Math History
CS Lagado
• Hindu–Arabic Numeral System
ーNumerals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
ーPositional (Place-Value) Notation
ー0 glyph
15
Numeral System / 數字的表⽰系統 — FINALLY
22. Math History
CS Lagado
• Yale YBC 7289
• 1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603 = 1.41421296…
• gives an example where one side of the square
is 30, and the resulting diagonal is 42 25 35 or
42.4263888...
Clay Table:
22
27. Math History
CS Lagado
• “On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals”
ー ~ A.D. 825
ー Hindu-Arabic numeral system
• numerals, place-value, 0
• Algorithm
ー “Algoritmi”: 他的名字當初被翻成的拉丁⽂文
ー 花喇喇⼦子模
• “Liber algebrae et almucabala”
ー 阿拉伯⽂文的代數學⼀一書翻成的拉丁⽂文書名
ー “al-jabr” => Algebra
• 他⽤用來來解⼆二次⽅方程式的⼀一個運算⽅方法
• restoration(還原) : 等號兩兩邊各加上同⼀一數,等號仍成立
ー The father of Algebra
アル=フワーリズミー
27
33. Math History
CS Lagado
• “Liber Abaci“ (Book of Calculation)
ー 1202年年,將“On the Calculation with
Hindu Numerals” 翻譯成拉丁⽂文
ー Hindu-Arabic numeral system
ー Calculation
• figura merchantsco (商⼈人的數字)
ー 數學開始應⽤用在⾦金金錢上:+/-
ー Modern Finance
33
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1170 – 1250)
Fibonacci sequence
Gregor Reisch, 1508
Madame Arithmatica
35. Math History
CS Lagado
• 1453年,奧圖曼⼟⽿其包圍君⼠坦丁堡
ー Byzantine Empire
ー 330-1204 AD & 1261-1453 AD
• ⾃此,戰爭的勝敗取決於⼤砲的優劣 The Ottoman Cannon
St. Romanus gate
35
另⼀種交流
44. Math History
CS Lagado
⼈⼈⽣⽽平等
• Metric System
ー 1791 by Paris Academy of Sciences
ー 國會委託「法國研究院」成⽴度量衡委員會
ー 長度、體積、重量
• 公尺的定義
ー 通過巴黎的⼦午線,從北極到⾚道的長度的
1千萬分之⼀
ー Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre (1749-1822)
ー Pierre François André Méchain (1744-1804)
Paris Observatory
44
45. Math History
CS Lagado
• bring UNIFORMITY throughout the nation
ー In 1791
ー logarithmic and trigonometric tables
ー for the French Cadastre
• inspired by Adam Smith (1723-1790)
ー Wealth of Nations
• divided up the labor (第⼆次⼯業⾰命)
ー "could manufacture logarithms as easily as one
manufactures pins"
- scientists and mathematicians
* devised the formulas
- workers
* created the instructions for doing the calculations
- computers (~ 90)
* not trained in mathematics
* just followed the instructions
45
Gaspard de Prony (1755-1839)
47. Math History
CS Lagado
In 1812 he was sitting in his rooms in the
Analytical Society looking at a table of logarithms,
which he knew to be full of mistakes, when the
idea occurred to him of computing all tabular
functions by machinery.
• for the first time, mass production was applied to arithmetic
• the labors of the unskilled computers could be taken over
completely by machinery
• quicker and more reliable.
Charles Babbage
(1791-1871, England)
The French government had produced several tables by a new method.
• 計算⼯作從x==0開始,先直接算出p(0), p(1),
p(2), diff1(0), diff1(1), 級diff2(0)
• 在diff1(x)欄:Anne將每個數字都加上4,
• 在p(x)欄:Bob則將Anne的計算結果再加上⾃
⼰前⼀次的計算結果,得到的和就是各個x對
應的p(x)值.
• Anne跟Bob都只⽤到簡單的加法,詳細計算
步驟如下表所⽰.
47
為什麼會有電腦?
49. Math History
CS Lagado
• mathematicians/intellectuals: produced creative and abstract ideas
• laborers: perform tedious and repetitive computations
Bletchley Park (World War II code-breaking)
49
Calculation — by the turn of the 19th century