Role of science, data and systems models - Stephen Passmore - Finance for #SD...
Эрсдэлд Уян Ухаалаг Улаанбаатар - Financing Resilience in UB City - Peter Head - 2015-6-10
1. Экологи Хамгаалал
Хөгжлийн Сан
Эрсдэлд Уян
Ухаалаг Улаанбаатар
Prof. Peter Head CBE FREng FRSA
University of Bristol-Cabot Institute Fellow
Chief Executive The Ecological Sequestration Trust
2015-6-10
48. Тус Сангийн төлөвлөгөөт жишиг хотууд
CHINA
NDRC
MOHURD
Eco Demo Regions
International Centre
Chongqing
University
UK
Demo region
Dorset
IFS
DFID
Cities Alliance
Country programme
5 Centres
African Centre for
Cities
African Urban Research
Initiative
Mainland Europe
Denmark,
ICLEI GIZ Climate KIC-IFS
Global
UNEP
UN Habitat
UNDP
UNSDSN
UCCRN
Americas
Demo regions
Rio de Janeiro
USA city
Mongolia
Demo region
UN ADB FCO
49. 9-Jun-15 www.theriseinitiative.org 49
Дэлхийн хотуудын төсөл, хөтөлбөр, боломж
Boston
ECR
Florida
ECR
New Orleans / Gulf Coast
CRC + Small business fragility
assessment + Green infrastructure
Mexico City
ECR
Medellin
ECR
Rio de Janeiro
Insurance database
Cape Town
RCbD + ECR
Kumasi+Accra
RCbD, TEST
Amadora
Scorecard
Manchester
Scorecard
Paris
ECR
Luanda
Scorecard
Bogotá
ECR
Cali
ECR + RCbD
Tirana
RCbD
Jeddah
ECR
Addis Ababa
RCbD, TEST
Nairobi
RCbD
Coimbatore
ECR
Gujarat
RCbD
Bandung,
Jakarta
ECR, RCbD
Ho Chi Minh City
RCbD
Manila, Tacloban, Makati
ECR, Green Infrastructure
Mandalay
CRC
Tokyo,
Yokohama,
Iwaki
RCbD, ECR
UlaanBaatar,
South Gobi
TEST
Gold Coast
Scorecard
Istanbul
RCbD, ECR
Beijing
RCbD
Seoul
RCbD
Bangkok
RCbD
Lima
Mining supply chain
resilience assessment
Live R!SE Contributors and Endorsing
Organizations Programs, Projects and
Opportunities
Enhancing City Resilience (Scorecard,
Simulation, Benchmark)
Resilient Cities by Design
Community Resilience Coalitions
The Ecological Sequestration Trust
ECR
RCbD
CRC
TEST
Victoria
ECR
Silicon Valley, CA
Green
Infrastructure
Mato Grosso
Agroforestry
Exploiting this source of energy requires techniques similar to those used in oil and gas, with the objective of extracting a hot geothermal fluid (hot water, steam) which is then used in power plants to generate electricity. Clearly, electricity is much more versatile than heat as it can be converted with high efficiency in most other sources of energy.
Three ingredients are generally needed for geothermal exploration (Boyle, 2012): an aquifer containing water within reach of drilling techniques, a relatively impermeable cap rock which retains the fluid at depth and a heat source. In some regions (e.g. Iceland, Azores, Hawaii), abundant heat is available from volcanic sources. Other geothermal developments are located within extinct volcanic regions, such as North Italy and West USA, which is made possible because the cap rock is able to trap heat for sufficient time to allow its exploration even today.
Preliminary studies indicate that Mongolia is comparatively rich in low temperature geothermal resources (Lkhagvadorj & Tseesuren, 2005). There are over 40 hot springs primarily in the northwest and north-central regions. These are associated with regions of geologically-recent volcanic activity or basin formation (where the crust is extended and thinned by tectonic activity) resulting in an increase in the local crustal geothermal gradient.
Heat flow measurements range from 44 mW/m2 to 80 mW/m2. Measurements are limited to the north and central parts of the country and many of the measurements are from shallow boreholes or near-surface measurements. It is unknown whether these are local anomalies or representative of region-wide heat flow. The greatest heat flow measurements are recorded in Lake Hovsgol on the southern flank of the Baikal Rift, a zone of significant crustal attenuation; heat flow in this region is 92 mW/m2 (Lysak & Dorofeeva, 2003). These values are similar to those measured in the two most promising UK regions in terms of enhanced geothermal systems: the South-West (Devon and Cornwall) and the Lake District.
The most promising regions for geothermal resources are the geologically young intermontaine basins; essentially the low-lying regions of the country. In these regions the crust has been thinned, allowing the underlying, partially molten, mantle to come closer to the surface. This results in an increase in the geothermal gradient. All the areas with elevated heat flow measurements and/or hot springs have been subject to recent geological activity and/or contain recently active fault systems. The latter can act as conduits for warm/hot groundwater from lower crustal levels to reach the surface. Based on this observation it is expected that similar geothermal anomalies may be found in the southern parts of the country, particularly along the northern margin of the Gobi Altay (see next slide).
An as-yet-to-be-evaluated source of geothermal heat may be radiogenic crystalline rock. Many igneous (commonly granite) and metamorphic rocks contain significant amounts of radiogenic material that through their decay series, generate heat.
The Trust has also chosen Chongming Island in Shanghai which is a demonstrator region for China State Government’s ecological development plans, Kigali in Rwanda which aims to implement Rwanda’s low carbon action plan and the Swansea Region of South Wales which aims to regenerate the local economy through green sustainable growth.